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合并分支 'shanweiqiao' 到 'caorunzhe' 

Shanweiqiao

查看合并请求 !17
parents 6a57a57f 5480aa61
正在显示 包含 347 行增加 和 333 行删除
Book/Chapter4/Figures/cut-different-positions-of-word-string.tex
...@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ ...@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@
\begin{tikzpicture} \begin{tikzpicture}
\begin{scope} \begin{scope}
{\scriptsize {\small
\node [anchor=west] (sw11) at (0,0) {阿都拉$_1$}; \node [anchor=west] (sw11) at (0,0) {阿都拉$_1$};
\node [anchor=west] (sw12) at ([xshift=0.1em]sw11.east) {对$_2$}; \node [anchor=west] (sw12) at ([xshift=0.1em]sw11.east) {对$_2$};
......
Book/Chapter4/Figures/different-representations-of-syntax-tree.tex
%%%------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ %%%------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
%%% 树结构的表示 %%% 树结构的表示
\begin{tikzpicture} \begin{tikzpicture}
{\footnotesize {\small
\begin{scope}[sibling distance=3pt, level distance = 22pt] \begin{scope}[sibling distance=3pt, level distance = 22pt]
\Tree[.S [.NN ] [.VP [.AD ] [.VP [.VV ] [.AS ] ] ] ] \Tree[.S [.NN ] [.VP [.AD ] [.VP [.VV ] [.AS ] ] ] ]
\end{scope} \end{scope}
\begin{scope}[xshift=1in,yshift=0.25in] \begin{scope}[xshift=1.25in,yshift=0.25in]
\node [anchor=north west,align=left] (string1) at (0,0) {[S \\\hspace{1em}NN\\\hspace{1em}VP[\\\hspace{2.5em}AD \\\hspace{2.5em}VP[\\\hspace{4em}VV \\\hspace{4em}AS]]]}; \node [anchor=north west,align=left] (string1) at (0,0) {[S \\\hspace{1em}NN\\\hspace{1em}VP[\\\hspace{2.5em}AD \\\hspace{2.5em}VP[\\\hspace{4em}VV \\\hspace{4em}AS]]]};
\end{scope} \end{scope}
\begin{scope}[xshift=2.5in,yshift=-0.80in] \begin{scope}[xshift=2.78in,yshift=-0.80in]
\node [anchor=west,align=left] (string2) at (0,0) {(S NN VP(AD \\ VP(VV AS)))}; \node [anchor=west,align=left] (string2) at (0,0) {(S NN VP(AD \\ VP(VV AS)))};
\end{scope} \end{scope}
\node [anchor=north west] (cap1) at (-1.5em,-1in) {\scriptsize{(a) 树状表示}}; \node [anchor=north west] (cap1) at (-1.5em,-1in) {{(a) 树状表示}};
\node [anchor=west] (cap2) at ([xshift=0.5in]cap1.east) {\scriptsize{(b) 序列表示(缩进)}}; \node [anchor=west] (cap2) at ([xshift=0.5in]cap1.east) {{(b) 序列表示(缩进)}};
\node [anchor=west] (cap3) at ([xshift=0.5in]cap2.east) {\scriptsize{(c) 序列表示}}; \node [anchor=west] (cap3) at ([xshift=0.5in]cap2.east) {{(c) 序列表示}};
} }
\end{tikzpicture} \end{tikzpicture}
\ No newline at end of file
Book/Chapter4/Figures/example-of-hypothesis-recombination.tex
...@@ -3,58 +3,58 @@ ...@@ -3,58 +3,58 @@
\begin{tikzpicture} \begin{tikzpicture}
\begin{scope} \begin{scope}
{ {
\node [anchor=north,inner sep=2pt,fill=red!20,minimum height=1.5em,minimum width=2.0em] (h0) at (0,0) {\tiny{null}}; \node [anchor=north,inner sep=2pt,fill=red!20,minimum height=2em,minimum width=3em] (h0) at (0,0) {\small{null}};
\node [anchor=north west,inner sep=1.0pt,fill=black] (hl0) at (h0.north west) {\tiny{{\color{white} \textbf{0}}}}; \node [anchor=north west,inner sep=1.0pt,fill=black] (hl0) at (h0.north west) {\scriptsize{{\color{white} \textbf{0}}}};
\node [anchor=north,rotate=90,inner sep=1pt,minimum width=1.5em,fill=black] (pt0) at (h0.east) {\tiny{{\color{white} \textbf{P=1}}}}; \node [anchor=north,rotate=90,inner sep=1pt,minimum width=2em,fill=black] (pt0) at (h0.east) {\footnotesize{{\color{white} \textbf{P=1}}}};
\node [anchor=west,inner sep=2pt,fill=red!20,minimum height=1.5em,minimum width=2.0em] (h2) at ([xshift=1.8em,yshift=2.5em]h0.east) {\tiny{an}}; \node [anchor=west,inner sep=2pt,fill=red!20,minimum height=2em,minimum width=3em] (h2) at ([xshift=2.2em,yshift=3.5em]h0.east) {\small{an}};
\node [anchor=west,inner sep=2pt,fill=red!20,minimum height=1.5em,minimum width=2.0em] (h3) at ([xshift=1.8em]h2.east) {\tiny{apple}}; \node [anchor=west,inner sep=2pt,fill=red!20,minimum height=2em,minimum width=3em] (h3) at ([xshift=2.2em]h2.east) {\small{apple}};
\node [anchor=north west,inner sep=1.0pt,fill=black] (hl2) at (h2.north west) {\tiny{{\color{white} \textbf{1}}}}; \node [anchor=north west,inner sep=1.0pt,fill=black] (hl2) at (h2.north west) {\scriptsize{{\color{white} \textbf{1}}}};
\node [anchor=north west,inner sep=1.0pt,fill=black] (hl3) at (h3.north west) {\tiny{{\color{white} \textbf{2}}}}; \node [anchor=north west,inner sep=1.0pt,fill=black] (hl3) at (h3.north west) {\scriptsize{{\color{white} \textbf{2}}}};
\node [anchor=north,rotate=90,inner sep=1pt,minimum width=1.5em,fill=black] (pt2) at (h2.east) {\tiny{{\color{white} \textbf{P=.3}}}}; \node [anchor=north,rotate=90,inner sep=1pt,minimum width=2em,fill=black] (pt2) at (h2.east) {\footnotesize{{\color{white} \textbf{P=.3}}}};
\node [anchor=north,rotate=90,inner sep=1pt,minimum width=1.5em,fill=black] (pt3) at (h3.east) {\tiny{{\color{white} \textbf{P=.5}}}}; \node [anchor=north,rotate=90,inner sep=1pt,minimum width=2em,fill=black] (pt3) at (h3.east) {\footnotesize{{\color{white} \textbf{P=.5}}}};
\draw [->,very thick,ublue] ([xshift=0.1em]pt0.south) -- ([xshift=-0.1em]h2.west); \draw [->,very thick,ublue] ([xshift=0.1em]pt0.south) -- ([xshift=-0.1em]h2.west);
\draw [->,very thick,ublue] ([xshift=0.1em]pt2.south) -- ([xshift=-0.1em]h3.west); \draw [->,very thick,ublue] ([xshift=0.1em]pt2.south) -- ([xshift=-0.1em]h3.west);
{ {
\node [anchor=west,inner sep=2pt,fill=red!20,minimum height=1.5em,minimum width=2.0em] (h1) at ([xshift=5.42em]h0.east) {\tiny{an apple}}; \node [anchor=west,inner sep=2pt,fill=red!20,minimum height=2em,minimum width=3em] (h1) at ([xshift=7em]h0.east) {\small{an apple}};
\node [anchor=north west,inner sep=1.0pt,fill=black] (hl1) at (h1.north west) {\tiny{{\color{white} \textbf{1-2}}}}; \node [anchor=north west,inner sep=1.0pt,fill=black] (hl1) at (h1.north west) {\scriptsize{{\color{white} \textbf{1-2}}}};
\node [anchor=north,rotate=90,inner sep=1pt,minimum width=1.5em,fill=black] (pt1) at (h1.east) {\tiny{{\color{white} \textbf{P=.5}}}}; \node [anchor=north,rotate=90,inner sep=1pt,minimum width=2em,fill=black] (pt1) at (h1.east) {\footnotesize{{\color{white} \textbf{P=.5}}}};
\draw [->,very thick,ublue] ([xshift=0.1em]pt0.south) -- ([xshift=-0.1em]h1.west); \draw [->,very thick,ublue] ([xshift=0.1em]pt0.south) -- ([xshift=-0.1em]h1.west);
} }
} }
{ {
\node [anchor=north west,inner sep=2pt,fill=red!20,minimum height=1.5em,minimum width=2.0em] (h4) at ([yshift=-4em]h0.south west) {\tiny{null}}; \node [anchor=north west,inner sep=2pt,fill=red!20,minimum height=2em,minimum width=3em] (h4) at ([yshift=-5.5em]h0.south west) {\small{null}};
\node [anchor=west,inner sep=2pt,fill=red!20,minimum height=1.5em,minimum width=2.0em] (h5) at ([xshift=1.8em]h4.east) {\tiny{he}}; \node [anchor=west,inner sep=2pt,fill=red!20,minimum height=2em,minimum width=3em] (h5) at ([xshift=2.2em]h4.east) {\small{he}};
\node [anchor=west,inner sep=2pt,fill=red!20,minimum height=1.5em,minimum width=2.0em] (h6) at ([xshift=1.8em,yshift=2.5em]h4.east) {\tiny{it}}; \node [anchor=west,inner sep=2pt,fill=red!20,minimum height=2em,minimum width=3em] (h6) at ([xshift=2.2em,yshift=3.5em]h4.east) {\small{it}};
\node [anchor=west,inner sep=2pt,fill=red!20,minimum height=1.5em,minimum width=2.0em] (h8) at ([xshift=1.8em]h6.east) {\tiny{is not}}; \node [anchor=west,inner sep=2pt,fill=red!20,minimum height=2em,minimum width=3em] (h8) at ([xshift=2.2em]h6.east) {\small{is not}};
\node [anchor=north west,inner sep=1.0pt,fill=black] (hl4) at (h4.north west) {\tiny{{\color{white} \textbf{0}}}}; \node [anchor=north west,inner sep=1.0pt,fill=black] (hl4) at (h4.north west) {\scriptsize{{\color{white} \textbf{0}}}};
\node [anchor=north west,inner sep=1.0pt,fill=black] (hl5) at (h5.north west) {\tiny{{\color{white} \textbf{1}}}}; \node [anchor=north west,inner sep=1.0pt,fill=black] (hl5) at (h5.north west) {\scriptsize{{\color{white} \textbf{1}}}};
\node [anchor=north west,inner sep=1.0pt,fill=black] (hl5) at (h6.north west) {\tiny{{\color{white} \textbf{1}}}}; \node [anchor=north west,inner sep=1.0pt,fill=black] (hl5) at (h6.north west) {\scriptsize{{\color{white} \textbf{1}}}};
\node [anchor=north west,inner sep=1.0pt,fill=black] (hl5) at (h8.north west) {\tiny{{\color{white} \textbf{2}}}}; \node [anchor=north west,inner sep=1.0pt,fill=black] (hl5) at (h8.north west) {\scriptsize{{\color{white} \textbf{2}}}};
\node [anchor=north,rotate=90,inner sep=1pt,minimum width=1.5em,fill=black] (pt4) at (h4.east) {\tiny{{\color{white} \textbf{P=1}}}}; \node [anchor=north,rotate=90,inner sep=1pt,minimum width=2em,fill=black] (pt4) at (h4.east) {\footnotesize{{\color{white} \textbf{P=1}}}};
\node [anchor=north,rotate=90,inner sep=1pt,minimum width=1.5em,fill=black] (pt5) at (h5.east) {\tiny{{\color{white} \textbf{P=.3}}}}; \node [anchor=north,rotate=90,inner sep=1pt,minimum width=2em,fill=black] (pt5) at (h5.east) {\footnotesize{{\color{white} \textbf{P=.3}}}};
\node [anchor=north,rotate=90,inner sep=1pt,minimum width=1.5em,fill=black] (pt6) at (h6.east) {\tiny{{\color{white} \textbf{P=.4}}}}; \node [anchor=north,rotate=90,inner sep=1pt,minimum width=2em,fill=black] (pt6) at (h6.east) {\footnotesize{{\color{white} \textbf{P=.4}}}};
\node [anchor=north,rotate=90,inner sep=1pt,minimum width=1.5em,fill=black] (pt8) at (h8.east) {\tiny{{\color{white} \textbf{P=.2}}}}; \node [anchor=north,rotate=90,inner sep=1pt,minimum width=2em,fill=black] (pt8) at (h8.east) {\footnotesize{{\color{white} \textbf{P=.2}}}};
\draw [->,very thick,ublue] ([xshift=0.1em]pt4.south) -- ([xshift=-0.1em]h5.west); \draw [->,very thick,ublue] ([xshift=0.1em]pt4.south) -- ([xshift=-0.1em]h5.west);
\draw [->,very thick,ublue] ([xshift=0.1em]pt4.south) -- ([xshift=-0.1em]h6.west); \draw [->,very thick,ublue] ([xshift=0.1em]pt4.south) -- ([xshift=-0.1em]h6.west);
\draw [->,very thick,ublue] ([xshift=0.1em]pt6.south) -- ([xshift=-0.1em]h8.west); \draw [->,very thick,ublue] ([xshift=0.1em]pt6.south) -- ([xshift=-0.1em]h8.west);
{ {
\node [anchor=west,inner sep=2pt,fill=red!20,minimum height=1.5em,minimum width=2.0em] (h7) at ([xshift=1.8em]h5.east) {\tiny{is not}}; \node [anchor=west,inner sep=2pt,fill=red!20,minimum height=2em,minimum width=3em] (h7) at ([xshift=2.2em]h5.east) {\small{is not}};
\node [anchor=north,rotate=90,inner sep=1pt,minimum width=1.5em,fill=black] (pt7) at (h7.east) {\tiny{{\color{white} \textbf{P=.2}}}}; \node [anchor=north,rotate=90,inner sep=1pt,minimum width=2em,fill=black] (pt7) at (h7.east) {\footnotesize{{\color{white} \textbf{P=.2}}}};
\node [anchor=north west,inner sep=1.0pt,fill=black] (hl5) at (h7.north west) {\tiny{{\color{white} \textbf{2}}}}; \node [anchor=north west,inner sep=1.0pt,fill=black] (hl5) at (h7.north west) {\scriptsize{{\color{white} \textbf{2}}}};
\draw [->,very thick,ublue] ([xshift=0.1em]pt5.south) -- ([xshift=-0.1em]h7.west); \draw [->,very thick,ublue] ([xshift=0.1em]pt5.south) -- ([xshift=-0.1em]h7.west);
} }
} }
%\node [anchor=west,inner sep=2pt,fill=red!20,minimum height=1.5em,minimum width=2.0em,opacity=0.7] (h1) at ([xshift=-1em,yshift=2em]h2.north) {原假设}; %\node [anchor=west,inner sep=2pt,fill=red!20,minimum height=2em,minimum width=3em,opacity=0.7] (h1) at ([xshift=-1em,yshift=2em]h2.north) {原假设};
\end{scope} \end{scope}
...@@ -62,20 +62,20 @@ ...@@ -62,20 +62,20 @@
\begin{scope}[xshift = 13em, yshift = 0em] \begin{scope}[xshift = 16em, yshift = 0em]
{ {
\node [anchor=north,inner sep=2pt,fill=red!20,minimum height=1.5em,minimum width=2.0em] (h0) at (0,0) {\tiny{null}}; \node [anchor=north,inner sep=2pt,fill=red!20,minimum height=2em,minimum width=3em] (h0) at (0,0) {\small{null}};
\node [anchor=north west,inner sep=1.0pt,fill=black] (hl0) at (h0.north west) {\tiny{{\color{white} \textbf{0}}}}; \node [anchor=north west,inner sep=1.0pt,fill=black] (hl0) at (h0.north west) {\scriptsize{{\color{white} \textbf{0}}}};
\node [anchor=north,rotate=90,inner sep=1pt,minimum width=1.5em,fill=black] (pt0) at (h0.east) {\tiny{{\color{white} \textbf{P=1}}}}; \node [anchor=north,rotate=90,inner sep=1pt,minimum width=2em,fill=black] (pt0) at (h0.east) {\footnotesize{{\color{white} \textbf{P=1}}}};
\node [anchor=west,inner sep=2pt,fill=red!20,minimum height=1.5em,minimum width=2.0em] (h2) at ([xshift=1.8em,yshift=2.5em]h0.east) {\tiny{an}}; \node [anchor=west,inner sep=2pt,fill=red!20,minimum height=2em,minimum width=3em] (h2) at ([xshift=2.2em,yshift=3.5em]h0.east) {\small{an}};
\node [anchor=west,inner sep=2pt,fill=red!20,minimum height=1.5em,minimum width=2.0em] (h3) at ([xshift=1.8em]h2.east) {\tiny{apple}}; \node [anchor=west,inner sep=2pt,fill=red!20,minimum height=2em,minimum width=3em] (h3) at ([xshift=2.2em]h2.east) {\small{apple}};
\node [anchor=north west,inner sep=1.0pt,fill=black] (hl2) at (h2.north west) {\tiny{{\color{white} \textbf{1}}}}; \node [anchor=north west,inner sep=1.0pt,fill=black] (hl2) at (h2.north west) {\scriptsize{{\color{white} \textbf{1}}}};
\node [anchor=north west,inner sep=1.0pt,fill=black] (hl3) at (h3.north west) {\tiny{{\color{white} \textbf{2}}}}; \node [anchor=north west,inner sep=1.0pt,fill=black] (hl3) at (h3.north west) {\scriptsize{{\color{white} \textbf{2}}}};
\node [anchor=north,rotate=90,inner sep=1pt,minimum width=1.5em,fill=black] (pt2) at (h2.east) {\tiny{{\color{white} \textbf{P=.3}}}}; \node [anchor=north,rotate=90,inner sep=1pt,minimum width=2em,fill=black] (pt2) at (h2.east) {\footnotesize{{\color{white} \textbf{P=.3}}}};
\node [anchor=north,rotate=90,inner sep=1pt,minimum width=1.5em,fill=black] (pt3) at (h3.east) {\tiny{{\color{white} \textbf{P=.5}}}}; \node [anchor=north,rotate=90,inner sep=1pt,minimum width=2em,fill=black] (pt3) at (h3.east) {\footnotesize{{\color{white} \textbf{P=.5}}}};
\draw [->,very thick,ublue] ([xshift=0.1em]pt0.south) -- ([xshift=-0.1em]h2.west); \draw [->,very thick,ublue] ([xshift=0.1em]pt0.south) -- ([xshift=-0.1em]h2.west);
\draw [->,very thick,ublue] ([xshift=0.1em]pt2.south) -- ([xshift=-0.1em]h3.west); \draw [->,very thick,ublue] ([xshift=0.1em]pt2.south) -- ([xshift=-0.1em]h3.west);
...@@ -85,20 +85,20 @@ ...@@ -85,20 +85,20 @@
} }
} }
{ {
\node [anchor=north west,inner sep=2pt,fill=red!20,minimum height=1.5em,minimum width=2.0em] (h4) at ([yshift=-4em]h0.south west) {\tiny{null}}; \node [anchor=north west,inner sep=2pt,fill=red!20,minimum height=2em,minimum width=3em] (h4) at ([yshift=-5.5em]h0.south west) {\small{null}};
\node [anchor=west,inner sep=2pt,fill=red!20,minimum height=1.5em,minimum width=2.0em] (h5) at ([xshift=1.8em]h4.east) {\tiny{he}}; \node [anchor=west,inner sep=2pt,fill=red!20,minimum height=2em,minimum width=3em] (h5) at ([xshift=2.2em]h4.east) {\small{he}};
\node [anchor=west,inner sep=2pt,fill=red!20,minimum height=1.5em,minimum width=2.0em] (h6) at ([xshift=1.8em,yshift=2.5em]h4.east) {\tiny{it}}; \node [anchor=west,inner sep=2pt,fill=red!20,minimum height=2em,minimum width=3em] (h6) at ([xshift=2.2em,yshift=3.5em]h4.east) {\small{it}};
\node [anchor=west,inner sep=2pt,fill=red!20,minimum height=1.5em,minimum width=2.0em] (h8) at ([xshift=1.8em]h6.east) {\tiny{is not}}; \node [anchor=west,inner sep=2pt,fill=red!20,minimum height=2em,minimum width=3em] (h8) at ([xshift=2.2em]h6.east) {\small{is not}};
\node [anchor=north west,inner sep=1.0pt,fill=black] (hl4) at (h4.north west) {\tiny{{\color{white} \textbf{0}}}}; \node [anchor=north west,inner sep=1.0pt,fill=black] (hl4) at (h4.north west) {\scriptsize{{\color{white} \textbf{0}}}};
\node [anchor=north west,inner sep=1.0pt,fill=black] (hl5) at (h5.north west) {\tiny{{\color{white} \textbf{1}}}}; \node [anchor=north west,inner sep=1.0pt,fill=black] (hl5) at (h5.north west) {\scriptsize{{\color{white} \textbf{1}}}};
\node [anchor=north west,inner sep=1.0pt,fill=black] (hl5) at (h6.north west) {\tiny{{\color{white} \textbf{1}}}}; \node [anchor=north west,inner sep=1.0pt,fill=black] (hl5) at (h6.north west) {\scriptsize{{\color{white} \textbf{1}}}};
\node [anchor=north west,inner sep=1.0pt,fill=black] (hl5) at (h8.north west) {\tiny{{\color{white} \textbf{2}}}}; \node [anchor=north west,inner sep=1.0pt,fill=black] (hl5) at (h8.north west) {\scriptsize{{\color{white} \textbf{2}}}};
\node [anchor=north,rotate=90,inner sep=1pt,minimum width=1.5em,fill=black] (pt4) at (h4.east) {\tiny{{\color{white} \textbf{P=1}}}}; \node [anchor=north,rotate=90,inner sep=1pt,minimum width=2em,fill=black] (pt4) at (h4.east) {\footnotesize{{\color{white} \textbf{P=1}}}};
\node [anchor=north,rotate=90,inner sep=1pt,minimum width=1.5em,fill=black] (pt5) at (h5.east) {\tiny{{\color{white} \textbf{P=.3}}}}; \node [anchor=north,rotate=90,inner sep=1pt,minimum width=2em,fill=black] (pt5) at (h5.east) {\footnotesize{{\color{white} \textbf{P=.3}}}};
\node [anchor=north,rotate=90,inner sep=1pt,minimum width=1.5em,fill=black] (pt6) at (h6.east) {\tiny{{\color{white} \textbf{P=.4}}}}; \node [anchor=north,rotate=90,inner sep=1pt,minimum width=2em,fill=black] (pt6) at (h6.east) {\footnotesize{{\color{white} \textbf{P=.4}}}};
\node [anchor=north,rotate=90,inner sep=1pt,minimum width=1.5em,fill=black] (pt8) at (h8.east) {\tiny{{\color{white} \textbf{P=.2}}}}; \node [anchor=north,rotate=90,inner sep=1pt,minimum width=2em,fill=black] (pt8) at (h8.east) {\footnotesize{{\color{white} \textbf{P=.2}}}};
\draw [->,very thick,ublue] ([xshift=0.1em]pt4.south) -- ([xshift=-0.1em]h5.west); \draw [->,very thick,ublue] ([xshift=0.1em]pt4.south) -- ([xshift=-0.1em]h5.west);
\draw [->,very thick,ublue] ([xshift=0.1em]pt4.south) -- ([xshift=-0.1em]h6.west); \draw [->,very thick,ublue] ([xshift=0.1em]pt4.south) -- ([xshift=-0.1em]h6.west);
...@@ -113,23 +113,23 @@ ...@@ -113,23 +113,23 @@
{ {
{ {
\node [anchor=west,inner sep=2pt,fill=red!20,minimum height=1.5em,minimum width=2.0em,opacity=0.3] (h1) at ([xshift=5.42em]h0.east) {\tiny{an apple}}; \node [anchor=west,inner sep=2pt,fill=red!20,minimum height=2em,minimum width=3em,opacity=0.3] (h1) at ([xshift=7em]h0.east) {\small{an apple}};
\node [anchor=north west,inner sep=1.0pt,fill=black,opacity=0.3] (hl1) at (h1.north west) {\tiny{{\color{white} \textbf{1-2}}}}; \node [anchor=north west,inner sep=1.0pt,fill=black,opacity=0.3] (hl1) at (h1.north west) {\scriptsize{{\color{white} \textbf{1-2}}}};
\node [anchor=north,rotate=90,inner sep=1pt,minimum width=1.5em,fill=black,opacity=0.3] (pt1) at (h1.east) {\tiny{{\color{white} \textbf{P=.5}}}}; \node [anchor=north,rotate=90,inner sep=1pt,minimum width=2em,fill=black,opacity=0.3] (pt1) at (h1.east) {\footnotesize{{\color{white} \textbf{P=.5}}}};
} }
{ {
\node [anchor=west,inner sep=2pt,fill=red!20,minimum height=1.5em,minimum width=2.0em,opacity=0.3] (h7) at ([xshift=1.8em]h5.east) {\tiny{is not}}; \node [anchor=west,inner sep=2pt,fill=red!20,minimum height=2em,minimum width=3em,opacity=0.3] (h7) at ([xshift=2.2em]h5.east) {\small{is not}};
\node [anchor=north,rotate=90,inner sep=1pt,minimum width=1.5em,fill=black,opacity=0.3] (pt7) at (h7.east) {\tiny{{\color{white} \textbf{P=.2}}}}; \node [anchor=north,rotate=90,inner sep=1pt,minimum width=2em,fill=black,opacity=0.3] (pt7) at (h7.east) {\footnotesize{{\color{white} \textbf{P=.2}}}};
\node [anchor=north west,inner sep=1.0pt,fill=black,opacity=0.3] (hl5) at (h7.north west) {\tiny{{\color{white} \textbf{2}}}}; \node [anchor=north west,inner sep=1.0pt,fill=black,opacity=0.3] (hl5) at (h7.north west) {\scriptsize{{\color{white} \textbf{2}}}};
} }
} }
\node [anchor=west] (l1) at ([xshift=1em, yshift=0.5em]h1.east) {\scriptsize{舍弃概率}}; \node [anchor=west] (l1) at ([xshift=1em, yshift=0.5em]h1.east) {\footnotesize{舍弃概率}};
\node [anchor=west] (l11) at ([xshift=0em, yshift=-1em]l1.west) {\scriptsize{较低假设}}; \node [anchor=west] (l11) at ([xshift=0em, yshift=-1em]l1.west) {\footnotesize{较低假设}};
\node [anchor=west] (l2) at ([xshift=1em, yshift=0.5em]h7.east) {\scriptsize{舍弃概率}}; \node [anchor=west] (l2) at ([xshift=1em, yshift=0.5em]h7.east) {\footnotesize{舍弃概率}};
\node [anchor=west] (l21) at ([xshift=0em, yshift=-1em]l2.west) {\scriptsize{较低假设}}; \node [anchor=west] (l21) at ([xshift=0em, yshift=-1em]l2.west) {\footnotesize{较低假设}};
%\node [anchor=west,inner sep=2pt,fill=red!20,minimum height=1.5em,minimum width=2.0em,opacity=0.7] (h1) at ([xshift=-1em,yshift=2em]h2.north) {重组假设}; %\node [anchor=west,inner sep=2pt,fill=red!20,minimum height=2em,minimum width=3em,opacity=0.7] (h1) at ([xshift=-1em,yshift=2em]h2.north) {重组假设};
\end{scope} \end{scope}
......
Book/Chapter4/Figures/example-of-phrase-table.tex
...@@ -2,13 +2,13 @@ ...@@ -2,13 +2,13 @@
%%% 展示短语表的内容 %%% 展示短语表的内容
\begin{center} \begin{center}
\begin{tikzpicture} \begin{tikzpicture}
\node [anchor=west] (s1) at (0,0) {\scriptsize{报告 认为 $\vert\vert\vert$ report holds that $\vert\vert\vert$ -2.62 -5.81 -0.91 -2.85 1 0 $\vert\vert\vert$ 4 $\vert\vert\vert$ 0-0 1-1 1-2}}; \node [anchor=west] (s1) at (0,0) {\small{报告 认为 $\vert\vert\vert$ report holds that $\vert\vert\vert$ -2.62 -5.81 -0.91 -2.85 1 0 $\vert\vert\vert$ 4 $\vert\vert\vert$ 0-0 1-1 1-2}};
\node [anchor=west] (s2) at ([yshift=-1.2em]s1.west) {\scriptsize{，悲伤 $\vert\vert\vert$ , sadness $\vert\vert\vert$ -1.946 -3.659 0 -3.709 1 0 $\vert\vert\vert$ 1 $\vert\vert\vert$ 0-0 1-1}}; \node [anchor=west] (s2) at ([yshift=-1.2em]s1.west) {\small{，悲伤 $\vert\vert\vert$ , sadness $\vert\vert\vert$ -1.946 -3.659 0 -3.709 1 0 $\vert\vert\vert$ 1 $\vert\vert\vert$ 0-0 1-1}};
\node [anchor=west] (s3) at ([yshift=-1.2em]s2.west) {\scriptsize{，北京 等 $\vert\vert\vert$ , beijing , and other $\vert\vert\vert$ 0 -7.98 0 -3.84 1 0 $\vert\vert\vert$ 2 $\vert\vert\vert$ 0-0 1-1 2-2 2-3 2-4}}; \node [anchor=west] (s3) at ([yshift=-1.2em]s2.west) {\small{，北京 等 $\vert\vert\vert$ , beijing , and other $\vert\vert\vert$ 0 -7.98 0 -3.84 1 0 $\vert\vert\vert$ 2 $\vert\vert\vert$ 0-0 1-1 2-2 2-3 2-4}};
\node [anchor=west] (s4) at ([yshift=-1.2em]s3.west) {\scriptsize{，北京 及 $\vert\vert\vert$ , beijing , and $\vert\vert\vert$ -0.69 -1.45 -0.92 -4.80 1 0 $\vert\vert\vert$ 2 $\vert\vert\vert$ 0-0 1-1 2-2}}; \node [anchor=west] (s4) at ([yshift=-1.2em]s3.west) {\small{，北京 及 $\vert\vert\vert$ , beijing , and $\vert\vert\vert$ -0.69 -1.45 -0.92 -4.80 1 0 $\vert\vert\vert$ 2 $\vert\vert\vert$ 0-0 1-1 2-2}};
\node [anchor=west] (s5) at ([yshift=-1.2em]s4.west) {\scriptsize{一个 中国 $\vert\vert\vert$ one china $\vert\vert\vert$ 0 -1.725 0 -1.636 1 0 $\vert\vert\vert$ 2 $\vert\vert\vert$ 1-1 2-2}}; \node [anchor=west] (s5) at ([yshift=-1.2em]s4.west) {\small{一个 中国 $\vert\vert\vert$ one china $\vert\vert\vert$ 0 -1.725 0 -1.636 1 0 $\vert\vert\vert$ 2 $\vert\vert\vert$ 1-1 2-2}};
\node [anchor=west] (s7) at ([yshift=-1.1em]s5.west) {\scriptsize{...}}; \node [anchor=west] (s7) at ([yshift=-1.1em]s5.west) {\small{...}};
\node [anchor=west] (s6) at ([yshift=1.0em]s1.west) {\scriptsize{...}}; \node [anchor=west] (s6) at ([yshift=1.0em]s1.west) {\small{...}};
\begin{pgfonlayer}{background} \begin{pgfonlayer}{background}
\node [rectangle,inner sep=0.3em,fill=red!20] [fit = (s1) (s3) (s4) (s6) (s7)] (box1) {}; \node [rectangle,inner sep=0.3em,fill=red!20] [fit = (s1) (s3) (s4) (s6) (s7)] (box1) {};
\end{pgfonlayer} \end{pgfonlayer}
......
Book/Chapter4/Figures/example-of-stack-decode.tex
...@@ -4,46 +4,43 @@ ...@@ -4,46 +4,43 @@
\begin{tikzpicture} \begin{tikzpicture}
\begin{scope} \begin{scope}
{ {
\node [anchor=north,inner sep=2pt,fill=red!20,minimum height=1.5em,minimum width=2.2em] (h0) at (0,0) {\tiny{null}}; \node [anchor=north,inner sep=2pt,fill=red!20,minimum height=2em,minimum width=3em] (h0) at (0,0) {\scriptsize{null}};
\node [anchor=north west,inner sep=1.5pt,fill=black] (hl0) at (h0.north west) {\tiny{{\color{white} \textbf{0}}}}; \node [anchor=north west,inner sep=1.5pt,fill=black] (hl0) at (h0.north west) {\scriptsize{{\color{white} \textbf{0}}}};
\node [anchor=north,rotate=90,inner sep=1pt,minimum width=1.5em,fill=black] (pt0) at (h0.east) {\tiny{{\color{white} \textbf{P=1}}}}; \node [anchor=north,rotate=90,inner sep=1pt,minimum width=2em,fill=black] (pt0) at (h0.east) {\scriptsize{{\color{white} \textbf{P=1}}}};
} }
{ {
\node [anchor=west,inner sep=2pt,fill=red!20,minimum height=1.5em,minimum width=2.2em] (h13) at ([xshift=2.1em,yshift=5em]h0.east) {\tiny{there is}}; \node [anchor=west,inner sep=2pt,fill=red!20,minimum height=2em,minimum width=3em] (h13) at ([xshift=2.1em,yshift=6em]h0.east) {\scriptsize{there is}};
%\node [anchor=west,inner sep=2pt,fill=red!20,minimum height=1.5em,minimum width=2.2em] (h12) at ([xshift=2.1em,yshift=2.5em]h0.east) {\tiny{on}}; \node [anchor=west,inner sep=2pt,minimum height=2em,minimum width=3em] (h12) at ([xshift=2.1em,yshift=3.5em]h0.east) {\small{\textbf{...}}};
\node [anchor=west,inner sep=2pt,minimum height=1.5em,minimum width=2.2em] (h12) at ([xshift=2.1em,yshift=3em]h0.east) {\footnotesize{\textbf{...}}}; \node [anchor=west,inner sep=2pt,fill=red!20,minimum height=2em,minimum width=3em] (h1) at ([xshift=2.1em]h0.east) {\scriptsize{tabel}};
\node [anchor=west,inner sep=2pt,fill=red!20,minimum height=1.5em,minimum width=2.2em] (h1) at ([xshift=2.1em]h0.east) {\tiny{tabel}};
\node [anchor=north west,inner sep=1.0pt,fill=black] (hl1) at (h1.north west) {\tiny{{\color{white} \textbf{1}}}}; \node [anchor=north west,inner sep=1.0pt,fill=black] (hl1) at (h1.north west) {\scriptsize{{\color{white} \textbf{1}}}};
%\node [anchor=north west,inner sep=1.0pt,fill=black] (hl2) at (h12.north west) {\tiny{{\color{white} \textbf{2}}}}; \node [anchor=north west,inner sep=1.0pt,fill=black] (hl3) at (h13.north west) {\scriptsize{{\color{white} \textbf{3}}}};
\node [anchor=north west,inner sep=1.0pt,fill=black] (hl3) at (h13.north west) {\tiny{{\color{white} \textbf{3}}}};
\node [anchor=north,rotate=90,inner sep=1pt,minimum width=1.5em,fill=black] (pt1) at (h1.east) {\tiny{{\color{white} \textbf{P=.2}}}}; \node [anchor=north,rotate=90,inner sep=1pt,minimum width=2em,fill=black] (pt1) at (h1.east) {\scriptsize{{\color{white} \textbf{P=.2}}}};
%\node [anchor=north,rotate=90,inner sep=1pt,minimum width=1.5em,fill=black] (pt2) at (h12.east) {\tiny{{\color{white} \textbf{P=.3}}}}; \node [anchor=north,rotate=90,inner sep=1pt,minimum width=2em,fill=black] (pt3) at (h13.east) {\scriptsize{{\color{white} \textbf{P=.5}}}};
\node [anchor=north,rotate=90,inner sep=1pt,minimum width=1.5em,fill=black] (pt3) at (h13.east) {\tiny{{\color{white} \textbf{P=.5}}}};
\node [anchor=west,inner sep=2pt,fill=red!20,minimum height=1.5em,minimum width=2.2em] (h2) at ([xshift=2.1em]h1.east) {\tiny{have}}; \node [anchor=west,inner sep=2pt,fill=red!20,minimum height=2em,minimum width=3em] (h2) at ([xshift=2.1em]h1.east) {\scriptsize{have}};
\node [anchor=west,inner sep=2pt,minimum height=1.5em,minimum width=2.2em] (h22) at ([xshift=2.1em]h12.east) {\footnotesize{\textbf{...}}}; \node [anchor=west,inner sep=2pt,minimum height=2em,minimum width=3em] (h22) at ([xshift=2.1em]h12.east) {\small{\textbf{...}}};
\node [anchor=west,inner sep=2pt,fill=red!20,minimum height=1.5em,minimum width=2.2em] (h23) at ([xshift=2.1em]h13.east) {\tiny{an}}; \node [anchor=west,inner sep=2pt,fill=red!20,minimum height=2em,minimum width=3em] (h23) at ([xshift=2.1em]h13.east) {\scriptsize{an}};
\node [anchor=west,inner sep=2pt,fill=red!20,minimum height=1.5em,minimum width=2.2em] (h3) at ([xshift=2.1em]h2.east) {\tiny{there is}}; \node [anchor=west,inner sep=2pt,fill=red!20,minimum height=2em,minimum width=3em] (h3) at ([xshift=2.1em]h2.east) {\scriptsize{there is}};
\node [anchor=west,inner sep=2pt,minimum height=1.5em,minimum width=2.2em] (h32) at ([xshift=2.1em]h22.east) {\footnotesize{\textbf{...}}}; \node [anchor=west,inner sep=2pt,minimum height=2em,minimum width=3em] (h32) at ([xshift=2.1em]h22.east) {\small{\textbf{...}}};
\node [anchor=west,inner sep=2pt,fill=red!20,minimum height=1.5em,minimum width=2.2em] (h33) at ([xshift=2.1em]h23.east) {\tiny{an apple}}; \node [anchor=west,inner sep=2pt,fill=red!20,minimum height=2em,minimum width=3em] (h33) at ([xshift=2.1em]h23.east) {\scriptsize{an apple}};
\node [anchor=north west,inner sep=1.0pt,fill=black] (hl2) at (h2.north west) {\tiny{{\color{white} \textbf{3}}}}; \node [anchor=north west,inner sep=1.0pt,fill=black] (hl2) at (h2.north west) {\scriptsize{{\color{white} \textbf{3}}}};
\node [anchor=north west,inner sep=1.0pt,fill=black] (hl23) at (h23.north west) {\tiny{{\color{white} \textbf{4}}}}; \node [anchor=north west,inner sep=1.0pt,fill=black] (hl23) at (h23.north west) {\scriptsize{{\color{white} \textbf{4}}}};
\node [anchor=north west,inner sep=1.0pt,fill=black] (hl3) at (h3.north west) {\tiny{{\color{white} \textbf{2}}}}; \node [anchor=north west,inner sep=1.0pt,fill=black] (hl3) at (h3.north west) {\scriptsize{{\color{white} \textbf{2}}}};
\node [anchor=north west,inner sep=1.0pt,fill=black] (hl33) at (h33.north west) {\tiny{{\color{white} \textbf{4-5}}}}; \node [anchor=north west,inner sep=1.0pt,fill=black] (hl33) at (h33.north west) {\scriptsize{{\color{white} \textbf{4-5}}}};
\node [anchor=north,rotate=90,inner sep=1pt,minimum width=1.5em,fill=black] (pt2) at (h2.east) {\tiny{{\color{white} \textbf{P=.5}}}}; \node [anchor=north,rotate=90,inner sep=1pt,minimum width=2em,fill=black] (pt2) at (h2.east) {\scriptsize{{\color{white} \textbf{P=.5}}}};
\node [anchor=north,rotate=90,inner sep=1pt,minimum width=1.5em,fill=black] (pt23) at (h23.east) {\tiny{{\color{white} \textbf{P=.5}}}}; \node [anchor=north,rotate=90,inner sep=1pt,minimum width=2em,fill=black] (pt23) at (h23.east) {\scriptsize{{\color{white} \textbf{P=.5}}}};
\node [anchor=north,rotate=90,inner sep=1pt,minimum width=1.5em,fill=black] (pt3) at (h3.east) {\tiny{{\color{white} \textbf{P=.5}}}}; \node [anchor=north,rotate=90,inner sep=1pt,minimum width=2em,fill=black] (pt3) at (h3.east) {\scriptsize{{\color{white} \textbf{P=.5}}}};
\node [anchor=north,rotate=90,inner sep=1pt,minimum width=1.5em,fill=black] (pt33) at (h33.east) {\tiny{{\color{white} \textbf{P=.5}}}}; \node [anchor=north,rotate=90,inner sep=1pt,minimum width=2em,fill=black] (pt33) at (h33.east) {\scriptsize{{\color{white} \textbf{P=.5}}}};
} }
\node [anchor=north] (l0) at ([xshift=0.2em,yshift=-0.7em]h0.south) {\scriptsize{\textbf{未译词}}}; \node [anchor=north] (l0) at ([xshift=0.2em,yshift=-0.7em]h0.south) {\small{\textbf{未译词}}};
\node [anchor=north] (l1) at ([xshift=0.3em,yshift=-0.7em]h1.south) {\scriptsize{\textbf{已译1词}}}; \node [anchor=north] (l1) at ([xshift=0.3em,yshift=-0.7em]h1.south) {\small{\textbf{已译1词}}};
\node [anchor=north] (l2) at ([xshift=0.3em,yshift=-0.7em]h2.south) {\scriptsize{\textbf{已译2词}}}; \node [anchor=north] (l2) at ([xshift=0.3em,yshift=-0.7em]h2.south) {\small{\textbf{已译2词}}};
\node [anchor=north] (l3) at ([xshift=0.3em,yshift=-0.7em]h3.south) {\scriptsize{\textbf{已译3词}}}; \node [anchor=north] (l3) at ([xshift=0.3em,yshift=-0.7em]h3.south) {\small{\textbf{已译3词}}};
\begin{pgfonlayer}{background} \begin{pgfonlayer}{background}
\node [rectangle,inner sep=0.3em,fill=blue!10] [fit = (h0) (pt0)] (box0) {}; \node [rectangle,inner sep=0.3em,fill=blue!10] [fit = (h0) (pt0)] (box0) {};
...@@ -58,14 +55,14 @@ ...@@ -58,14 +55,14 @@
\draw [->,thick,red] (h1.north).. controls +(60:0.5) and +(120:0.5) .. (h2.north); \draw [->,thick,red] (h1.north).. controls +(60:0.5) and +(120:0.5) .. (h2.north);
\draw [->,thick,red] (h2.north).. controls +(60:0.5) and +(120:0.5) .. (h3.north); \draw [->,thick,red] (h2.north).. controls +(60:0.5) and +(120:0.5) .. (h3.north);
} }
\node [anchor=south east] (wtranslabel) at ([xshift=-1.7em,yshift=-2em]h0.south west) {\scriptsize{\textbf{：假设堆栈}}}; \node [anchor=south east] (wtranslabel) at ([xshift=-1.5em,yshift=-2.2em]h0.south west) {\small{\textbf{：假设堆栈}}};
\node [anchor=east,inner sep=2pt,fill=blue!10,minimum height=1em,minimum width=2em] (stacklabel) at ([xshift=-0.1em]wtranslabel.west) {}; \node [anchor=east,inner sep=2pt,fill=blue!10,minimum height=1em,minimum width=2em] (stacklabel) at ([xshift=-0.1em]wtranslabel.west) {};
{ {
\node [anchor=east] (line1) at ([xshift=-1.0em,yshift=0em]h0.west) {\footnotesize{0号栈包含空假设}}; \node [anchor=east] (line1) at ([xshift=-1.0em,yshift=0.4em]h0.west) {\small{0号栈包含空假设}};
} }
{ {
\node [anchor=east] (line2) at ([xshift=-1.8em,yshift=0.3em]h13.west) {\footnotesize{通过假设扩展产生新的假设}}; \node [anchor=east] (line2) at ([xshift=-2.3em,yshift=0.5em]h13.west) {\small{通过假设扩展产生新的假设}};
\node [anchor=north west] (line3) at ([yshift=0.1em]line2.south west) {\footnotesize{并不断的被存入假设堆栈中}}; \node [anchor=north west] (line3) at ([yshift=0.1em]line2.south west) {\small{并不断的被存入假设堆栈中}};
} }
\begin{pgfonlayer}{background} \begin{pgfonlayer}{background}
{ {
......
Book/Chapter4/Figures/example-of-tree-to-string-rule-and-word-alignment.tex
...@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@ ...@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@
\begin{center} \begin{center}
\begin{tikzpicture} \begin{tikzpicture}
{\footnotesize {\small
\begin{scope}[sibling distance=25pt, level distance=20pt] \begin{scope}[sibling distance=25pt, level distance=20pt]
\Tree[.\node(n1){IP}; \Tree[.\node(n1){IP};
...@@ -29,6 +29,8 @@ ...@@ -29,6 +29,8 @@
\node[anchor=west,minimum size=18pt] (tw5) at ([xshift=1.1em]tw4.east){the}; \node[anchor=west,minimum size=18pt] (tw5) at ([xshift=1.1em]tw4.east){the};
\node[anchor=west,minimum size=18pt] (tw6) at ([yshift=-0.1em,xshift=1.1em]tw5.east){answer}; \node[anchor=west,minimum size=18pt] (tw6) at ([yshift=-0.1em,xshift=1.1em]tw5.east){answer};
\node[anchor=north,minimum size=18pt] (empty) at ([xshift=-2.0em]cw1.south){};
\draw[dashed] (cw1.south) -- ([yshift=-0.4em]tw1.north); \draw[dashed] (cw1.south) -- ([yshift=-0.4em]tw1.north);
\draw[dashed] (cw2.south) .. controls +(south:1.6) and +(north:0.6) .. ([yshift=-0.4em]tw4.north); \draw[dashed] (cw2.south) .. controls +(south:1.6) and +(north:0.6) .. ([yshift=-0.4em]tw4.north);
\draw[dashed] (cw3.south) -- ([yshift=-0.4em]tw5.north); \draw[dashed] (cw3.south) -- ([yshift=-0.4em]tw5.north);
...@@ -49,10 +51,10 @@ ...@@ -49,10 +51,10 @@
\end{pgfonlayer} \end{pgfonlayer}
{ {
\node [anchor=south] (rule1label) at ([xshift=1em]rule1s.north west) {\scriptsize\sffamily\bfseries{\red{正确的规则}}}; \node [anchor=south] (rule1label) at ([xshift=1em]rule1s.north west) {\footnotesize\sffamily\bfseries{\red{正确的规则}}};
} }
{ {
\node [anchor=north west,align=left] (rule2label) at (rule2s.north east) {\scriptsize{\sffamily\bfseries{\color{blue} 错误的规则}}\\\scriptsize{因为``satisfied''会}\\\scriptsize{对齐到规则外，}\\\scriptsize{也就是这条规则}\\\scriptsize{与词对齐不相容}}; \node [anchor=north west,align=left] (rule2label) at (rule2s.north east) {\footnotesize{\sffamily\bfseries{\color{blue} 错误的规则}}\\\footnotesize{因为``satisfied''会}\\\footnotesize{对齐到规则外，}\\\footnotesize{也就是这条规则}\\\footnotesize{与词对齐不相容}};
} }
\end{scope} \end{scope}
......
Book/Chapter4/Figures/example-of-vocabulary-translation-probability.tex
...@@ -39,10 +39,10 @@ ...@@ -39,10 +39,10 @@
\node[align=center,elementnode,minimum size=0.3cm,inner sep=0.1pt,fill=blue!50] (la4) at (a41) {}; \node[align=center,elementnode,minimum size=0.3cm,inner sep=0.1pt,fill=blue!50] (la4) at (a41) {};
\node[align=center,elementnode,minimum size=0.3cm,inner sep=0.1pt,fill=blue!50] (la5) at (a30) {}; \node[align=center,elementnode,minimum size=0.3cm,inner sep=0.1pt,fill=blue!50] (la5) at (a30) {};
\node[anchor=west] (f1) at ([xshift=3em,yshift=0.8em]a43.east) {\footnotesize{$\textrm{P}_{\textrm{lex}}(\bar{t}|\bar{s})=w(t_1|s_1)\times$}}; \node[anchor=west] (f1) at ([xshift=3em,yshift=0.8em]a43.east) {\small{$\textrm{P}_{\textrm{lex}}(\bar{t}|\bar{s})=w(t_1|s_1)\times$}};
\node[anchor=north] (f2) at ([xshift=5.2em]f1.south) {\footnotesize{$\frac{1}{2}(w(t_2|s_2)+w(t_4|s_2))\times$}}; \node[anchor=north] (f2) at ([xshift=5.2em]f1.south) {\small{$\frac{1}{2}(w(t_2|s_2)+w(t_4|s_2))\times$}};
\node[anchor=north west] (f3) at (f2.south west) {\footnotesize{$w(N|s_3)\times$}}; \node[anchor=north west] (f3) at (f2.south west) {\small{$w(N|s_3)\times$}};
\node[anchor=north west] (f4) at (f3.south west) {\footnotesize{$w(t_4|s_4)\times$}}; \node[anchor=north west] (f4) at (f3.south west) {\small{$w(t_4|s_4)\times$}};
\end{scope} \end{scope}
......
Book/Chapter4/Figures/function-image-about-weight-and-Bleu-1.tex
...@@ -10,18 +10,18 @@ ...@@ -10,18 +10,18 @@
{ {
\draw[thick] ([yshift=1em]x0.center) -- ([xshift=8em,yshift=5em]x0.center); \draw[thick] ([yshift=1em]x0.center) -- ([xshift=8em,yshift=5em]x0.center);
\draw[thick] ([yshift=2em]x0.center) -- ([xshift=8em,yshift=4em]x0.center); \draw[thick] ([yshift=2em]x0.center) -- ([xshift=8em,yshift=4em]x0.center);
\node[anchor=north] (e1) at ([xshift=6em,yshift=6em]x0.south) {\footnotesize{$d_1$}}; \node[anchor=north] (e1) at ([xshift=6em,yshift=6em]x0.south) {\small{$d_1$}};
\node[anchor=north] (e2) at ([xshift=7em,yshift=4em]x0.south) {\footnotesize{$d_2$}}; \node[anchor=north] (e2) at ([xshift=7em,yshift=4em]x0.south) {\small{$d_2$}};
\node[anchor=north,rotate=90] (e2) at ([xshift=-1.3em,yshift=3.6em]x0.south) {\footnotesize{model score}}; \node[anchor=north,rotate=90] (e2) at ([xshift=-1.3em,yshift=3.6em]x0.south) {\small{model score}};
} }
{ {
\node [anchor=center,draw=red,circle,inner sep=2pt,thick] (x1) at ([xshift=4em,yshift=3em]x0.center) {}; \node [anchor=center,draw=red,circle,inner sep=2pt,thick] (x1) at ([xshift=4em,yshift=3em]x0.center) {};
\draw[thick,dotted] ([xshift=4em]x0.center) -- ([xshift=4em,yshift=3em]x0.center); \draw[thick,dotted] ([xshift=4em]x0.center) -- ([xshift=4em,yshift=3em]x0.center);
} }
\node[anchor=north] (zero) at ([yshift=0.1em]x0.south) {\footnotesize{0}}; \node[anchor=north] (zero) at ([yshift=0.1em]x0.south) {\small{0}};
\node[anchor=north] (wx) at ([xshift=4em,yshift=0.1em]x0.south) {\footnotesize{$w_x$}}; \node[anchor=north] (wx) at ([xshift=4em,yshift=0.1em]x0.south) {\small{$w_x$}};
\node[anchor=north] (wi) at ([xshift=8em,yshift=0.1em]x0.south) {\footnotesize{$w_i$}}; \node[anchor=north] (wi) at ([xshift=8em,yshift=0.1em]x0.south) {\small{$w_i$}};
\end{scope} \end{scope}
......
Book/Chapter4/Figures/function-image-about-weight-and-Bleu-2.tex
...@@ -7,9 +7,9 @@ ...@@ -7,9 +7,9 @@
\draw[->,thick] (x0.center) -- ([xshift=8.2em]x0.east); \draw[->,thick] (x0.center) -- ([xshift=8.2em]x0.east);
\draw[->,thick] (x0.center) -- ([yshift=5.6em]x0.center); \draw[->,thick] (x0.center) -- ([yshift=5.6em]x0.center);
\node[anchor=north] (zero) at ([yshift=0.1em]x0.south) {\footnotesize{0}}; \node[anchor=north] (zero) at ([yshift=0.1em]x0.south) {\small{0}};
\node[anchor=north] (wx) at ([xshift=4em,yshift=0.1em]x0.south) {\footnotesize{$w_x$}}; \node[anchor=north] (wx) at ([xshift=4em,yshift=0.1em]x0.south) {\small{$w_x$}};
\node[anchor=north] (wi) at ([xshift=8em,yshift=0.1em]x0.south) {\footnotesize{$w_i$}}; \node[anchor=north] (wi) at ([xshift=8em,yshift=0.1em]x0.south) {\small{$w_i$}};
{ {
\draw[thick] ([yshift=2em]x0.center) -- ([xshift=4em,yshift=2em]x0.center); \draw[thick] ([yshift=2em]x0.center) -- ([xshift=4em,yshift=2em]x0.center);
...@@ -17,12 +17,12 @@ ...@@ -17,12 +17,12 @@
\draw[thick,dotted] ([xshift=4em]x0.center) -- ([xshift=4em,yshift=5.5em]x0.center); \draw[thick,dotted] ([xshift=4em]x0.center) -- ([xshift=4em,yshift=5.5em]x0.center);
\node[anchor=north] (e1) at ([xshift=2em,yshift=3em]x0.north) {\footnotesize{$d^*=d_1$}}; \node[anchor=north] (e1) at ([xshift=2em,yshift=3em]x0.north) {\small{$d^*=d_1$}};
\node[anchor=north] (e2) at ([xshift=6.2em,yshift=5em]x0.north) {\footnotesize{$d^*=d_2$}}; \node[anchor=north] (e2) at ([xshift=6.2em,yshift=5em]x0.north) {\small{$d^*=d_2$}};
\node[anchor=north,rotate=90] (e2) at ([xshift=-1.3em,yshift=3.6em]x0.south) {\footnotesize{BLEU}}; \node[anchor=north,rotate=90] (e2) at ([xshift=-1.3em,yshift=3.6em]x0.south) {\small{BLEU}};
\draw[decorate,decoration={brace,amplitude=0.4em},red,thick] ([xshift=3.8em,yshift=0.5em]x0.south) -- ([xshift=8.2em,yshift=0.5em]x0.south); \draw[decorate,decoration={brace,amplitude=0.4em},red,thick] ([xshift=4em,yshift=0.5em]x0.south) -- ([xshift=8.2em,yshift=0.5em]x0.south);
\node[anchor=north] (wi) at ([xshift=6.1em,yshift=2em]x0.south) {\tiny{\red{挑选$w_i$}}}; \node[anchor=north] (wi) at ([xshift=6.1em,yshift=2.1em]x0.south) {\footnotesize{\red{挑选$w_i$}}};
} }
\end{scope} \end{scope}
\end{tikzpicture} \end{tikzpicture}
Book/Chapter4/Figures/get-word-alignment.tex
...@@ -88,9 +88,9 @@ ...@@ -88,9 +88,9 @@
\node[align=center,elementnode,minimum size=0.3cm,inner sep=0.1pt,fill=red!50] (lc4) at (c22) {}; \node[align=center,elementnode,minimum size=0.3cm,inner sep=0.1pt,fill=red!50] (lc4) at (c22) {};
\node[align=center,elementnode,minimum size=0.3cm,inner sep=0.1pt,fill=blue!50] (lc5) at (c30) {}; \node[align=center,elementnode,minimum size=0.3cm,inner sep=0.1pt,fill=blue!50] (lc5) at (c30) {};
\node[anchor=north] (l1) at ([xshift=0.5em,yshift=-0.5em]a10.south) {\scriptsize{S - T}}; \node[anchor=north] (l1) at ([xshift=0.5em,yshift=-0.5em]a10.south) {\footnotesize{S - T}};
\node[anchor=north] (l2) at ([xshift=0.5em,yshift=-0.5em]b10.south) {\scriptsize{T - S}}; \node[anchor=north] (l2) at ([xshift=0.5em,yshift=-0.5em]b10.south) {\footnotesize{T - S}};
\node[anchor=north] (l3) at ([xshift=0.5em,yshift=-0.5em]c10.south) {\scriptsize{交集/并集}}; \node[anchor=north] (l3) at ([xshift=0.5em,yshift=-0.5em]c10.south) {\footnotesize{交集/并集}};
\end{scope} \end{scope}
......
Book/Chapter4/Figures/hyper-graph-representation-of-machine-translation-derivation.tex
...@@ -6,18 +6,18 @@ ...@@ -6,18 +6,18 @@
{\footnotesize {\footnotesize
{ {
\node [anchor=north,inner sep=0em,draw,minimum height=1.1em,minimum width=9em] (n1) at (0,0) {X | 0,4 | the answer | a question }; \node [anchor=north,inner sep=0.2em,draw,minimum height=1.4em,minimum width=13.5em] (n1) at (0,0) {X | 0,4 | the answer | a question };
\node [anchor=west,inner sep=0em,draw,minimum height=1.1em,minimum width=9em] (n2) at ([xshift=5em,yshift=0em]n1.east) {X | 0,4 | a question | the answer }; \node [anchor=west,inner sep=0.2em,draw,minimum height=1.4em,minimum width=13.5em] (n2) at ([xshift=5em,yshift=0em]n1.east) {X | 0,4 | a question | the answer };
\node [anchor=north,inner sep=0em,draw,minimum height=1.1em,minimum width=9em] (n3) at ([xshift=0em,yshift=-12em]n1.south) {X | 0,2 | the answer | NA }; \node [anchor=north,inner sep=0.2em,draw,minimum height=1.4em,minimum width=10.5em] (n3) at ([xshift=-3em,yshift=-12em]n1.south) {X | 0,2 | the answer | NA };
\node [anchor=west,inner sep=0em,draw,minimum height=1.1em,minimum width=9em] (n4) at ([xshift=8em,yshift=0em]n3.east) {X | 3,4 | a question | NA}; \node [anchor=west,inner sep=0.2em,draw,minimum height=1.4em,minimum width=10.5em] (n4) at ([xshift=14em,yshift=0em]n3.east) {X | 3,4 | a question | NA};
\node [anchor=south,inner sep=0em,draw,minimum height=1.2em,minimum width=4em] (s1) at ([xshift=9em,yshift=4em]n1.north) {goal item}; \node [anchor=south,inner sep=0.2em,draw,minimum height=1.4em,minimum width=4.3em] (s1) at ([xshift=9.3em,yshift=4em]n1.north) {goal item};
\node [anchor=north] (n5) at ([xshift=0em,yshift=-3em]n3.south) {$\textrm{对}_0 \textrm{回答}_1$}; \node [anchor=north] (n5) at ([xshift=0em,yshift=-3em]n3.south) {$\textrm{对}_0 \textrm{回答}_1$};
\node [anchor=north] (n51) at ([xshift=0em,yshift=0em]n5.south) {with the answer}; \node [anchor=north] (n51) at ([xshift=0em,yshift=0em]n5.south) {with the answer};
\node [anchor=west] (n6) at ([xshift=6em,yshift=0em]n5.east) {$\textrm{有}_2$}; \node [anchor=west] (n6) at ([xshift=9em,yshift=0em]n5.east) {$\textrm{有}_2$};
\node [anchor=north] (n61) at ([xshift=0em,yshift=0em]n6.south) {have}; \node [anchor=north] (n61) at ([xshift=0em,yshift=0em]n6.south) {have};
\node [anchor=west] (n7) at ([xshift=6em,yshift=0em]n6.east) {$\textrm{疑问}_3$}; \node [anchor=north] (n7) at ([xshift=0em,yshift=-3em]n4.south) {$\textrm{疑问}_3$};
\node [anchor=north] (n71) at ([xshift=0em,yshift=0em]n7.south) {a question}; \node [anchor=north] (n71) at ([xshift=0em,yshift=0em]n7.south) {a question};
\draw[->,thick] ([xshift=-3em,yshift=0em]n1.north) .. controls +(north:3em) and +(south:1em) .. ([xshift=-1em,yshift=0em]s1.south); \draw[->,thick] ([xshift=-3em,yshift=0em]n1.north) .. controls +(north:3em) and +(south:1em) .. ([xshift=-1em,yshift=0em]s1.south);
...@@ -27,7 +27,7 @@ ...@@ -27,7 +27,7 @@
{\tiny {\tiny
\node [anchor=south] (s1) at ([xshift=0em,yshift=1.5em]n5.north) {$\textrm{NP} \to \langle\ \textrm{NP}(\textrm{NN}(\textrm{回答})), \textrm{回答} \rangle$}; \node [anchor=south] (s1) at ([xshift=0em,yshift=1.5em]n5.north) {$\textrm{NP} \to \langle\ \textrm{NP}(\textrm{NN}(\textrm{回答})), \textrm{回答} \rangle$};
\node [anchor=south] (s2) at ([xshift=0em,yshift=1.5em]n7.north) {$\textrm{NP} \to \langle\ \textrm{NP}(\textrm{疑问}), \textrm{疑问} \rangle$}; \node [anchor=south] (s2) at ([xshift=0em,yshift=1.5em]n7.north) {$\textrm{NP} \to \langle\ \textrm{NP}(\textrm{疑问}), \textrm{疑问} \rangle$};
\node [anchor=south] (s3) at ([xshift=-8em,yshift=6em]n3.north) {$\textrm{NP} \to \langle\ \textrm{VP}(\textrm{NP}_1\ \textrm{VP}(\textrm{VV}(\textrm{有})\ \textrm{NN}_2)), $}; \node [anchor=south] (s3) at ([xshift=-2em,yshift=6em]n3.north) {$\textrm{NP} \to \langle\ \textrm{VP}(\textrm{NP}_1\ \textrm{VP}(\textrm{VV}(\textrm{有})\ \textrm{NN}_2)), $};
\node [anchor=west] (s31) at ([xshift=0em,yshift=-1.5em]s3.west) {$\textrm{have}\ \textrm{NP}_1\ \textrm{NN}_2 \rangle$}; \node [anchor=west] (s31) at ([xshift=0em,yshift=-1.5em]s3.west) {$\textrm{have}\ \textrm{NP}_1\ \textrm{NN}_2 \rangle$};
\node [anchor=south] (s4) at ([xshift=14em,yshift=1em]s3.north) {$\textrm{NP} \to \langle\ \textrm{VP}(\textrm{NP}_1\ \textrm{VP}(\textrm{VV}(\textrm{有})\ \textrm{NN}_2)), $}; \node [anchor=south] (s4) at ([xshift=14em,yshift=1em]s3.north) {$\textrm{NP} \to \langle\ \textrm{VP}(\textrm{NP}_1\ \textrm{VP}(\textrm{VV}(\textrm{有})\ \textrm{NN}_2)), $};
\node [anchor=west] (s41) at ([xshift=8.8em,yshift=-1.3em]s4.west) {$\textrm{NP}_1\ \textrm{possess}\ \textrm{NN}_2 \rangle$}; \node [anchor=west] (s41) at ([xshift=8.8em,yshift=-1.3em]s4.west) {$\textrm{NP}_1\ \textrm{possess}\ \textrm{NN}_2 \rangle$};
...@@ -42,7 +42,7 @@ ...@@ -42,7 +42,7 @@
{ {
\draw[->, dash dot dot, thick] ([xshift=0em,yshift=0em]n3.north) .. controls +(north:1.4em) and +(south:3em) .. ([xshift=2em,yshift=-0em]s3.south); \draw[->, dash dot dot, thick] ([xshift=-1.5em,yshift=0em]n3.north) .. controls +(north:1.4em) and +(south:3em) .. ([xshift=2em,yshift=-0em]s3.south);
\draw[->, dash dot dot, thick] ([xshift=0em,yshift=0em]n6.north west) .. controls +(north:8em) and +(south:2.5em) .. ([xshift=2em,yshift=-0em]s3.south); \draw[->, dash dot dot, thick] ([xshift=0em,yshift=0em]n6.north west) .. controls +(north:8em) and +(south:2.5em) .. ([xshift=2em,yshift=-0em]s3.south);
\draw[->, dash dot dot, thick] ([xshift=0em,yshift=0em]n4.west) .. controls +(north:3em) and +(south:1em) .. ([xshift=2em,yshift=-0em]s3.south); \draw[->, dash dot dot, thick] ([xshift=0em,yshift=0em]n4.west) .. controls +(north:3em) and +(south:1em) .. ([xshift=2em,yshift=-0em]s3.south);
...@@ -56,18 +56,18 @@ ...@@ -56,18 +56,18 @@
\draw[->, dotted, thick] ([xshift=0em,yshift=0em]n3.east) .. controls +(north:3em) and +(south:2em) .. ([xshift=-3em,yshift=0em]s6.south); \draw[->, dotted, thick] ([xshift=0em,yshift=0em]n3.east) .. controls +(north:3em) and +(south:2em) .. ([xshift=-3em,yshift=0em]s6.south);
\draw[->, dotted, thick] ([xshift=0.5em,yshift=0em]n6.north) .. controls +(north:7.5em) and +(south:2.5em) .. ([xshift=-3em,yshift=0em]s6.south); \draw[->, dotted, thick] ([xshift=0.5em,yshift=0em]n6.north) .. controls +(north:7.5em) and +(south:2.5em) .. ([xshift=-3em,yshift=0em]s6.south);
\draw[->, dotted, thick] ([xshift=0em,yshift=0em]n4.north) .. controls +(north:4em) and +(south:4em) .. ([xshift=-3em,yshift=0em]s6.south); \draw[->, dotted, thick] ([xshift=1.5em,yshift=0em]n4.north) .. controls +(north:1.4em) and +(south:3em) .. ([xshift=-3em,yshift=0em]s6.south);
\draw[->, dash dot dot, thick] ([xshift=2em,yshift=0em]s3.north) .. controls +(north:1em) and +(south:3em) .. ([xshift=-2em,yshift=0em]n1.south); \draw[->, dash dot dot, thick] ([xshift=2em,yshift=0em]s3.north) .. controls +(north:2.5em) and +(south:3em) .. ([xshift=0em,yshift=0em]n1.south);
\draw[->, thick] ([xshift=2em,yshift=0em]s4.north) .. controls +(north:1em) and +(south:2em) .. ([xshift=2em,yshift=0em]n1.south); \draw[->, thick] ([xshift=2em,yshift=0em]s4.north) .. controls +(north:1em) and +(south:2em) .. ([xshift=2em,yshift=0em]n1.south);
\draw[->, dashed, thick] ([xshift=0em,yshift=0em]s5.north) .. controls +(north:0.5em) and +(south:1em) .. ([xshift=-2em,yshift=0em]n2.south); \draw[->, dashed, thick] ([xshift=0em,yshift=0em]s5.north) .. controls +(north:0.5em) and +(south:1em) .. ([xshift=-2em,yshift=0em]n2.south);
\draw[->, dotted, thick] ([xshift=-2.8em,yshift=0em]s6.north) .. controls +(north:0.5em) and +(south:3em) .. ([xshift=2em,yshift=0em]n2.south); \draw[->, dotted, thick] ([xshift=-2.8em,yshift=0em]s6.north) .. controls +(north:2.5em) and +(south:3em) .. ([xshift=0em,yshift=0em]n2.south);
} }
\draw [->] ([xshift=0em,yshift=0em]n5.north) -- ([xshift=0em,yshift=0em]s1.south); \draw [->] ([xshift=0em,yshift=0em]n5.north) -- ([xshift=0em,yshift=0em]s1.south);
\draw [->] ([xshift=0em,yshift=0em]s1.north) -- ([xshift=0em,yshift=0em]n3.south); \draw [->] ([xshift=0em,yshift=0em]s1.north) -- ([xshift=0em,yshift=0em]n3.south);
\draw [->,dashed] ([xshift=0em,yshift=0em]n7.north) -- ([xshift=0.05em,yshift=0em]s2.south); \draw [->,dashed] ([xshift=0em,yshift=0em]n7.north) -- ([xshift=0em,yshift=0em]s2.south);
\draw [->,dashed] ([xshift=0em,yshift=0em]s2.north) -- ([xshift=0.45em,yshift=0em]n4.south); \draw [->,dashed] ([xshift=0em,yshift=0em]s2.north) -- ([xshift=0em,yshift=0em]n4.south);
} }
......
Book/Chapter4/Figures/phrase-extraction-consistent-with-word-alignment-1.tex
...@@ -66,19 +66,19 @@ ...@@ -66,19 +66,19 @@
\draw[-] (rules.south west)--([xshift=2.0in]rules.south west); \draw[-] (rules.south west)--([xshift=2.0in]rules.south west);
{ {
\node[anchor=north west] (r1) at ([yshift=-0.3em]rules.south west) {天气 -- The weather}; \node[anchor=north west] (r1) at ([yshift=-0.3em]rules.south west) {天气\ $\leftrightarrow$\ The weather};
} }
{ {
\node[anchor=north west] (r2) at ([yshift=-0.4em]r1.south west) {天气 -- The weather is}; \node[anchor=north west] (r2) at ([yshift=-0.4em]r1.south west) {天气\ $\leftrightarrow$\ The weather is};
} }
{ {
\node[anchor=north west] (r3) at ([yshift=-0.4em]r2.south west) {天气真 -- The weather is very}; \node[anchor=north west] (r3) at ([yshift=-0.4em]r2.south west) {天气\ 真\ $\leftrightarrow$\ The weather is very};
} }
{ {
\node[anchor=north west] (r4) at ([yshift=-0.4em]r3.south west) {天气真好 -- The weather is very good}; \node[anchor=north west] (r4) at ([yshift=-0.4em]r3.south west) {天气\ 真\ 好\ $\leftrightarrow$\ The weather is very good};
} }
{ {
......
Book/Chapter4/Figures/phrase-structure-tree-and-dependency-tree.tex
%------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ %------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
%%% 使用句法信息的一些思考 %%% 使用句法信息的一些思考
\begin{tikzpicture} \begin{tikzpicture}
{\footnotesize {\small
\begin{scope}[xshift = -0.3in, sibling distance=3pt, level distance = 18pt] \begin{scope}[xshift = -0.3in, sibling distance=3pt, level distance = 18pt]
\Tree[.S \Tree[.S
[.NP [.NP
...@@ -15,9 +15,9 @@ ...@@ -15,9 +15,9 @@
] ]
] ]
] ]
\node [anchor=north west] (cap1) at ([yshift=-2.0em,xshift=2.0em]w1.south west) {\footnotesize{(a) 短语结构树}}; \node [anchor=north west] (cap1) at ([yshift=-2.0em,xshift=2.0em]w1.south west) {\small{(a) 短语结构树}};
\node [anchor=west] (t1) at ([xshift=3em,]w4.east) {Messi}; \node [anchor=west] (t1) at ([xshift=4em,]w4.east) {Messi};
\node [anchor=west] (t2) at ([xshift=0.5em,]t1.east) {hit}; \node [anchor=west] (t2) at ([xshift=0.5em,]t1.east) {hit};
\node [anchor=west] (t3) at ([xshift=0.5em,]t2.east) {the}; \node [anchor=west] (t3) at ([xshift=0.5em,]t2.east) {the};
\node [anchor=west] (t4) at ([xshift=0.5em,]t3.east) {ball}; \node [anchor=west] (t4) at ([xshift=0.5em,]t3.east) {ball};
...@@ -26,7 +26,7 @@ ...@@ -26,7 +26,7 @@
\draw [->] ([xshift=0.2em]t4.north) .. controls +(north:2.5em) and +(north:2.5em) .. ([xshift=0.2em]t2.north); \draw [->] ([xshift=0.2em]t4.north) .. controls +(north:2.5em) and +(north:2.5em) .. ([xshift=0.2em]t2.north);
\draw [->] ([xshift=0.0em]t1.north) .. controls +(north:2.5em) and +(north:2.5em) .. ([xshift=-0.2em]t2.north); \draw [->] ([xshift=0.0em]t1.north) .. controls +(north:2.5em) and +(north:2.5em) .. ([xshift=-0.2em]t2.north);
\node [anchor=north west] (cap2) at ([yshift=-0.2em,xshift=-0.5em]t2.south west) {\footnotesize{(b) 依存树}}; \node [anchor=north west] (cap2) at ([yshift=-0.2em,xshift=-0.5em]t2.south west) {\small{(b) 依存树}};
\end{scope} \end{scope}
} }
\end{tikzpicture} \end{tikzpicture}
Book/Chapter4/Figures/process-of-machine-translation-base-phrase.tex
...@@ -8,17 +8,17 @@ ...@@ -8,17 +8,17 @@
\tikzstyle{modelnode} = [minimum width=7em,minimum height=1.7em,fill=blue!20,rounded corners=0.3em]; \tikzstyle{modelnode} = [minimum width=7em,minimum height=1.7em,fill=blue!20,rounded corners=0.3em];
\tikzstyle{decodingnode} = [minimum width=7em,minimum height=1.7em,fill=green!20,rounded corners=0.3em]; \tikzstyle{decodingnode} = [minimum width=7em,minimum height=1.7em,fill=green!20,rounded corners=0.3em];
\node [datanode,anchor=north west] (bitext) at (0,0) {{ \scriptsize{训练用双语数据}}}; \node [datanode,anchor=north west,minimum height=1.7em,minimum width=8em] (bitext) at (0,0) {{ \small{训练用双语数据}}};
\node [modelnode,anchor=north] (phrase) at ([yshift=-1.5em]bitext.south) {{ \scriptsize{短语抽取及打分}}}; \node [modelnode,anchor=north,minimum height=1.7em,minimum width=8em] (phrase) at ([yshift=-1.5em]bitext.south) {{ \small{短语抽取及打分}}};
\node [modelnode,anchor=west] (reorder) at ([xshift=1.5em]phrase.east) {{ \scriptsize{调序建模}}}; \node [modelnode,anchor=west,minimum height=1.7em,minimum width=8em] (reorder) at ([xshift=1.5em]phrase.east) {{ \small{调序建模}}};
\node [modelnode,anchor=west] (lm) at ([xshift=1.5em]reorder.east) {{ \scriptsize{语言建模}}}; \node [modelnode,anchor=west,minimum height=1.7em,minimum width=8em] (lm) at ([xshift=1.5em]reorder.east) {{ \small{语言建模}}};
\node [datanode,anchor=south] (monotext) at ([yshift=1.5em]lm.north) {{ \scriptsize{目标语单语数据}}}; \node [datanode,anchor=south,minimum height=1.7em,minimum width=8em] (monotext) at ([yshift=1.5em]lm.north) {{ \small{目标语单语数据}}};
\node [datanode,anchor=north] (phrasetable) at ([yshift=-1.5em]phrase.south) {{ \scriptsize{短语表}}}; \node [datanode,anchor=north,minimum height=1.7em,minimum width=8em] (phrasetable) at ([yshift=-1.5em]phrase.south) {{ \small{短语表}}};
\node [datanode,anchor=north] (reordertable) at ([yshift=-1.5em]reorder.south) {{ \scriptsize{调序模型}}}; \node [datanode,anchor=north,minimum height=1.7em,minimum width=8em] (reordertable) at ([yshift=-1.5em]reorder.south) {{ \small{调序模型}}};
\node [datanode,anchor=north] (lmtable) at ([yshift=-1.5em]lm.south) {{ \scriptsize{语言模型}}}; \node [datanode,anchor=north,minimum height=1.7em,minimum width=8em] (lmtable) at ([yshift=-1.5em]lm.south) {{ \small{语言模型}}};
\node [decodingnode,anchor=north] (decoding) at ([yshift=-2em]reordertable.south) {{ \scriptsize{解码器}}}; \node [decodingnode,anchor=north,minimum height=1.7em,minimum width=8em] (decoding) at ([yshift=-2em]reordertable.south) {{ \small{解码器}}};
\draw [->,very thick] ([yshift=-0.1em]bitext.south) -- ([yshift=0.1em]phrase.north); \draw [->,very thick] ([yshift=-0.1em]bitext.south) -- ([yshift=0.1em]phrase.north);
\draw [->,very thick] (bitext.south east) -- ([yshift=0.1em]reorder.north west); \draw [->,very thick] (bitext.south east) -- ([yshift=0.1em]reorder.north west);
......
Book/Chapter4/Figures/processing-of-hierarchical-phrase-system.tex
...@@ -8,18 +8,18 @@ ...@@ -8,18 +8,18 @@
\tikzstyle{modelnode} = [minimum width=7em,minimum height=1.7em,fill=red!20,rounded corners=0.3em]; \tikzstyle{modelnode} = [minimum width=7em,minimum height=1.7em,fill=red!20,rounded corners=0.3em];
\tikzstyle{decodingnode} = [minimum width=7em,minimum height=1.7em,fill=green!20,rounded corners=0.3em]; \tikzstyle{decodingnode} = [minimum width=7em,minimum height=1.7em,fill=green!20,rounded corners=0.3em];
\node [datanode,anchor=north west] (bitext) at (0,0) {{ \scriptsize{训练用双语数据}}}; \node [datanode,anchor=north west,minimum height=1.7em,minimum width=8em] (bitext) at (0,0) {{ \small{训练用双语数据}}};
\node [modelnode, anchor=north west] (gi) at ([xshift=2em,yshift=-0.2em]bitext.south east) {{ \scriptsize{文法(规则)抽取}}}; \node [modelnode, anchor=north west,minimum height=1.7em,minimum width=8em] (gi) at ([xshift=2em,yshift=-0.2em]bitext.south east) {{ \small{文法(规则)抽取}}};
\node [datanode,anchor=north east] (birules) at ([xshift=-2em,yshift=-0.2em]gi.south west) {{ \scriptsize{同步翻译文法}}}; \node [datanode,anchor=north east,minimum height=1.7em,minimum width=8em] (birules) at ([xshift=-2em,yshift=-0.2em]gi.south west) {{ \small{同步翻译文法}}};
\node [modelnode, anchor=north west] (training) at ([xshift=2em,yshift=-0.2em]birules.south east) {{ \scriptsize{特征值学习}}}; \node [modelnode, anchor=north west,minimum height=1.7em,minimum width=8em] (training) at ([xshift=2em,yshift=-0.2em]birules.south east) {{ \small{特征值学习}}};
\node [datanode,anchor=north east] (model) at ([xshift=-2em,yshift=-0.2em]training.south west) {{ \scriptsize{翻译模型}}}; \node [datanode,anchor=north east,minimum height=1.7em,minimum width=8em] (model) at ([xshift=-2em,yshift=-0.2em]training.south west) {{ \small{翻译模型}}};
\node [decodingnode, anchor=north west] (tuning) at ([xshift=2em,yshift=-0.2em]model.south east) {{ \scriptsize{特征权重调优}}}; \node [decodingnode, anchor=north west,minimum height=1.7em,minimum width=8em] (tuning) at ([xshift=2em,yshift=-0.2em]model.south east) {{ \small{特征权重调优}}};
\node [datanode,anchor=north east] (tuningdata) at ([xshift=-2em,yshift=-0.2em]tuning.south west) {{ \scriptsize{调优用双语数据}}}; \node [datanode,anchor=north east,minimum height=1.7em,minimum width=8em] (tuningdata) at ([xshift=-2em,yshift=-0.2em]tuning.south west) {{ \small{调优用双语数据}}};
\node [decodingnode, anchor=north west] (decoding) at ([xshift=2em,yshift=-0.2em]tuningdata.south east) {{ \scriptsize{解码新句子}}}; \node [decodingnode, anchor=north west,minimum height=1.7em,minimum width=8em] (decoding) at ([xshift=2em,yshift=-0.2em]tuningdata.south east) {{ \small{解码新句子}}};
\node [datanode,anchor=south west] (monotext) at ([xshift=2em,yshift=0.2em]training.north east) {{ \scriptsize{目标语数据}}}; \node [datanode,anchor=south west,minimum height=1.7em,minimum width=8em] (monotext) at ([xshift=2em,yshift=0.2em]training.north east) {{ \small{目标语数据}}};
\node [modelnode,anchor=south west] (lm) at ([xshift=2em,yshift=0.2em]tuning.north east) {{ \scriptsize{$n$-gram语言建模}}}; \node [modelnode,anchor=south west,minimum height=1.7em,minimum width=8em] (lm) at ([xshift=2em,yshift=0.2em]tuning.north east) {{ \small{$n$-gram语言建模}}};
\node [datanode,anchor=south west] (lmmodel) at ([xshift=2em,yshift=0.2em]decoding.north east) {{ \scriptsize{语言模型}}}; \node [datanode,anchor=south west,minimum height=1.7em,minimum width=8em] (lmmodel) at ([xshift=2em,yshift=0.2em]decoding.north east) {{ \small{语言模型}}};
\draw [->,very thick] ([yshift=-0.3em,xshift=0.1em]bitext.east) -- ([yshift=0.1em]gi.north west); \draw [->,very thick] ([yshift=-0.3em,xshift=0.1em]bitext.east) -- ([yshift=0.1em]gi.north west);
\draw [->,very thick] ([yshift=-0.1em]gi.south west) -- ([yshift=0.3em,xshift=0.1em]birules.east); \draw [->,very thick] ([yshift=-0.1em]gi.south west) -- ([yshift=0.3em,xshift=0.1em]birules.east);
......
Book/Chapter4/Figures/reorder-base-distance.tex
...@@ -6,26 +6,26 @@ ...@@ -6,26 +6,26 @@
\begin{scope}[minimum height = 20pt] \begin{scope}[minimum height = 20pt]
\node[anchor=east] (s0) at (-0.5em, 0) {$\textbf{s}$:}; \node[anchor=east] (s0) at (-0.5em, 0) {$\textbf{s}$:};
\node[anchor=west,fill=green!20] (s1) at (0, 0) {\scriptsize{在 桌子 上 的}}; \node[anchor=west,fill=green!20] (s1) at (0, 0) {\small{在 桌子 上 的}};
\node[anchor=south] (n1) at ([xshift=-2.5em,yshift=-0.5em]s1.north) {\scriptsize{1}}; \node[anchor=south] (n1) at ([xshift=-3em,yshift=-0.5em]s1.north) {\small{1}};
\node[anchor=south] (n2) at ([xshift=-0.8em,yshift=-0.5em]s1.north) {\scriptsize{2}}; \node[anchor=south] (n2) at ([xshift=-0.8em,yshift=-0.5em]s1.north) {\small{2}};
\node[anchor=south] (n3) at ([xshift=1.1em,yshift=-0.5em]s1.north) {\scriptsize{3}}; \node[anchor=south] (n3) at ([xshift=1.1em,yshift=-0.5em]s1.north) {\small{3}};
\node[anchor=south] (n4) at ([xshift=2.5em,yshift=-0.5em]s1.north) {\scriptsize{4}}; \node[anchor=south] (n4) at ([xshift=3em,yshift=-0.5em]s1.north) {\small{4}};
\node[anchor=west,fill=red!20] (s2) at ([xshift=1em]s1.east) {\scriptsize{苹果}}; \node[anchor=west,fill=red!20] (s2) at ([xshift=1em]s1.east) {\small{苹果}};
\node[anchor=south] (n5) at ([yshift=-0.5em]s2.north) {\scriptsize{5}}; \node[anchor=south] (n5) at ([yshift=-0.5em]s2.north) {\small{5}};
\node[anchor=east] (t0) at (-0.5em, -1.5) {$\textbf{t}$:}; \node[anchor=east] (t0) at (-0.5em, -1.5) {$\textbf{t}$:};
\node[anchor=west,fill=red!20] (t1) at (0, -1.5) {\scriptsize{the apple}}; \node[anchor=west,fill=red!20] (t1) at (0, -1.5) {\small{the apple}};
\node[anchor=west,fill=green!20] (t2) at ([xshift=1em]t1.east) {\scriptsize{on the table}}; \node[anchor=west,fill=green!20] (t2) at ([xshift=1em]t1.east) {\small{on the table}};
\path[<->, thick] (s1.south) edge (t2.north); \path[<->, thick] (s1.south) edge (t2.north);
\path[<->, thick] (s2.south) edge (t1.north); \path[<->, thick] (s2.south) edge (t1.north);
\node[anchor=west] (target) at ([xshift=3.5em,yshift=2.3em]n5.east) {\scriptsize{目标短语}}; \node[anchor=west] (target) at ([xshift=3.5em,yshift=2.3em]n5.east) {\small{目标短语}};
\node[anchor=west] (source) at ([xshift=0.5em]target.east) {\scriptsize{源短语}}; \node[anchor=west] (source) at ([xshift=0.5em]target.east) {\small{源短语}};
\node[anchor=west] (distance) at ([xshift=0.9em]source.east) {\scriptsize{距离}}; \node[anchor=west] (distance) at ([xshift=0.9em]source.east) {\small{距离}};
\node[anchor=north] (t1) at ([xshift=-0em,yshift=-0.1em]target.south) {1}; \node[anchor=north] (t1) at ([xshift=0em,yshift=-0.1em]target.south) {1};
\node[anchor=north] (t2) at ([yshift=-1.8em]t1.south) {2}; \node[anchor=north] (t2) at ([yshift=-1.8em]t1.south) {2};
\node[anchor=north] (so1) at ([yshift=-0.1em]source.south) {5}; \node[anchor=north] (so1) at ([yshift=-0.1em]source.south) {5};
...@@ -34,10 +34,10 @@ ...@@ -34,10 +34,10 @@
\node[anchor=north] (d1) at ([xshift=-0.1em,yshift=-0.1em]distance.south) {+4}; \node[anchor=north] (d1) at ([xshift=-0.1em,yshift=-0.1em]distance.south) {+4};
\node[anchor=north] (d2) at ([yshift=-1.8em]d1.south) {-5}; \node[anchor=north] (d2) at ([yshift=-1.8em]d1.south) {-5};
\node[anchor=north west,fill=blue!20] (m1) at ([xshift=-0.5em,yshift=-0.0em]t1.south west) {\scriptsize{$\textrm{start}_1\ -\ \textrm{end}_{0}\ -\ 1$\ =\ 5\ -\ 0\ -\ 1}}; \node[anchor=north west,fill=blue!20] (m1) at ([xshift=-1em,yshift=-0.0em]t1.south west) {\small{$\textrm{start}_1\ -\ \textrm{end}_{0}\ -\ 1$\ =\ 5\ -\ 0\ -\ 1}};
\node[anchor=north west,fill=blue!20] (m2) at ([xshift=-0.5em,yshift=-0.0em]t2.south west) {\scriptsize{$\textrm{start}_2\ -\ \textrm{end}_{1}\ -\ 1$\ =\ 1\ -\ 5\ -\ 1}}; \node[anchor=north west,fill=blue!20] (m2) at ([xshift=-1em,yshift=-0.0em]t2.south west) {\small{$\textrm{start}_2\ -\ \textrm{end}_{1}\ -\ 1$\ =\ 1\ -\ 5\ -\ 1}};
\draw[-] ([xshift=0.02in]target.south west)--([xshift=1.6in]target.south west); \draw[-] ([xshift=0.02in]target.south west)--([xshift=2in]target.south west);
\draw[-,thick] (s1.north west)--([yshift=0.3in]s1.north west); \draw[-,thick] (s1.north west)--([yshift=0.3in]s1.north west);
\draw[->,densely dotted,thick] ([yshift=0.3in]s1.north west)--([xshift=0.3in,yshift=0.3in]s1.north west); \draw[->,densely dotted,thick] ([yshift=0.3in]s1.north west)--([xshift=0.3in,yshift=0.3in]s1.north west);
...@@ -45,8 +45,8 @@ ...@@ -45,8 +45,8 @@
\draw[-,thick] (s2.north west)--([yshift=0.3in]s2.north west); \draw[-,thick] (s2.north west)--([yshift=0.3in]s2.north west);
\draw[->,densely dotted,thick] ([yshift=0.3in]s2.north west)--([xshift=-0.3in,yshift=0.3in]s2.north west); \draw[->,densely dotted,thick] ([yshift=0.3in]s2.north west)--([xshift=-0.3in,yshift=0.3in]s2.north west);
\node[anchor=south] (ld1) at ([xshift=-0.1em,yshift=0.4em]n1.north) {\scriptsize{$dr$=-5}}; \node[anchor=south] (ld1) at ([xshift=-0.5em,yshift=0.4em]n1.north) {\small{$dr$=-5}};
\node[anchor=south] (ld2) at ([xshift=6em,yshift=0.4em]n1.north) {\scriptsize{$dr$=+4}}; \node[anchor=south] (ld2) at ([xshift=6.5em,yshift=0.4em]n1.north) {\small{$dr$=+4}};
\end{scope} \end{scope}
\end{tikzpicture} \end{tikzpicture}
......
Book/Chapter4/Figures/reorder-base-phrase-translation.tex
...@@ -6,12 +6,12 @@ ...@@ -6,12 +6,12 @@
\begin{scope}[minimum height = 20pt] \begin{scope}[minimum height = 20pt]
\node[anchor=east] (s0) at (-0.5em, 0) {$\textbf{s}$:}; \node[anchor=east] (s0) at (-0.5em, 0) {$\textbf{s}$:};
\node[anchor=west,fill=green!20] (s1) at (0, 0) {\scriptsize{在 桌子 上 的}}; \node[anchor=west,fill=green!20] (s1) at (0, 0) {\footnotesize{在 桌子 上 的}};
\node[anchor=west,fill=red!20] (s2) at ([xshift=1em]s1.east) {\scriptsize{苹果}}; \node[anchor=west,fill=red!20] (s2) at ([xshift=1em]s1.east) {\footnotesize{苹果}};
\node[anchor=east] (t0) at (-0.5em, -1.5) {$\textbf{t}$:}; \node[anchor=east] (t0) at (-0.5em, -1.5) {$\textbf{t}$:};
\node[anchor=west,fill=red!20] (t1) at (0, -1.5) {\scriptsize{the apple}}; \node[anchor=west,fill=red!20] (t1) at (0, -1.5) {\footnotesize{the apple}};
\node[anchor=west,fill=green!20] (t2) at ([xshift=1em]t1.east) {\scriptsize{on the table}}; \node[anchor=west,fill=green!20] (t2) at ([xshift=1em]t1.east) {\footnotesize{on the table}};
\path[<->, thick] (s1.south) edge (t2.north); \path[<->, thick] (s1.south) edge (t2.north);
\path[<->, thick] (s2.south) edge (t1.north); \path[<->, thick] (s2.south) edge (t1.north);
......
Book/Chapter4/Figures/role-of-syntax-tree-in-different-decoding-methods.tex
...@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@ ...@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@
\begin{scope}[scale=0.9,level distance=30pt,sibling distance=7pt] \begin{scope}[scale=0.9,level distance=30pt,sibling distance=7pt]
{\scriptsize {\small
\Tree[.\node(bsn0){IP}; \Tree[.\node(bsn0){IP};
[.\node(bsn1){NP}; [.\node(bsn1){NP};
[.\node(bsn2){NN}; \node(bsw1){猫}; ] [.\node(bsn2){NN}; \node(bsw1){猫}; ]
...@@ -28,11 +28,11 @@ ...@@ -28,11 +28,11 @@
\begin{pgfonlayer}{background} \begin{pgfonlayer}{background}
{ {
\path [draw,dashed,rectangle,inner sep=1em,thick,blue,fill=blue!30,rounded corners=5pt] ([xshift=-3.5em,yshift=1em]bsn0.north west) -- ([xshift=5.5em,yshift=1em]bsn0.north east) -- ([xshift=5.5em,yshift=-13.5em]bsn0.north east) -- ([xshift=-3.5em,yshift=-13.5em]bsn0.north west) -- ([xshift=-3.5em,yshift=1em]bsn0.north west); \path [draw,dashed,rectangle,inner sep=1em,thick,blue,rounded corners=5pt] ([xshift=-3em,yshift=0.5em]bsn0.north west) -- ([xshift=5.3em,yshift=0.5em]bsn0.north east) -- ([xshift=5.3em,yshift=-10.5em]bsn0.north east) -- ([xshift=-3em,yshift=-10.5em]bsn0.north west) -- ([xshift=-3em,yshift=0.5em]bsn0.north west);
} }
\end{pgfonlayer} \end{pgfonlayer}
\begin{scope}[xshift=2.55in,yshift=-1em,sibling distance=7pt] \begin{scope}[xshift=3.18in,yshift=-0em,sibling distance=10pt]
\Tree[.\node(bsn0){IP}; \Tree[.\node(bsn0){IP};
[.\node(bsn1){NP}; [.\node(bsn1){NP};
[.\node(bsn2){NN}; ] [.\node(bsn2){NN}; ]
...@@ -44,7 +44,7 @@ ...@@ -44,7 +44,7 @@
] ]
\begin{pgfonlayer}{background} \begin{pgfonlayer}{background}
\node [draw,dashed,rectangle,inner sep=1em,thick,red,fill=red!30,rounded corners=5pt] (box) [fit = (bsn0) (bsn1) (bsn2) (bsn3) (bsn4) (bsn5)] {}; \node [draw,dashed,rectangle,inner sep=1em,thick,red,rounded corners=5pt] (box) [fit = (bsn0) (bsn1) (bsn2) (bsn3) (bsn4) (bsn5)] {};
\node [anchor=north west] (boxlabel) at ([xshift=2em,yshift=-1em]box.north east) {隐含结构}; \node [anchor=north west] (boxlabel) at ([xshift=2em,yshift=-1em]box.north east) {隐含结构};
\end{pgfonlayer} \end{pgfonlayer}
......
Book/Chapter4/Figures/rule-matching-base-tree.tex
...@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ ...@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@
\begin{tikzpicture} \begin{tikzpicture}
\begin{scope}[scale=0.97] \begin{scope}[scale=0.97]
{\scriptsize {\small
\begin{scope}[sibling distance=2pt,level distance=20pt,grow'=up] \begin{scope}[sibling distance=2pt,level distance=20pt,grow'=up]
\Tree[.\node(treeroot){IP}; \Tree[.\node(treeroot){IP};
...@@ -34,7 +34,7 @@ ...@@ -34,7 +34,7 @@
\end{pgfonlayer} \end{pgfonlayer}
{ {
\node [anchor=south west] at (rulemark.north west) {\tiny{{树到串翻译规则}}}; \node [anchor=south west] at (rulemark.north west) {\small{{树到串翻译规则}}};
} }
} }
...@@ -44,24 +44,24 @@ ...@@ -44,24 +44,24 @@
\node[anchor=center, minimum size=10pt,draw] (cell1and1) at (0,0) {}; \node[anchor=center, minimum size=10pt,draw] (cell1and1) at (0,0) {};
\node[anchor=west, minimum size=10pt,draw] (cell2and1) at ([xshift=-0.04em]cell1and1.east) {}; \node[anchor=west, minimum size=10pt,draw] (cell2and1) at ([xshift=-0.04em]cell1and1.east) {};
\node[anchor=west, minimum size=10pt,draw] (cell3and1) at ([xshift=-0.04em]cell2and1.east) {}; \node[anchor=west, minimum size=10pt,draw] (cell3and1) at ([xshift=-0.04em]cell2and1.east) {};
\node[anchor=west, minimum size=10pt] (cell4and1) at ([xshift=0]cell3and1.east) {\tiny{$\dots$}}; \node[anchor=west, minimum size=10pt] (cell4and1) at ([xshift=0]cell3and1.east) {\scriptsize{$\dots$}};
\node[anchor=west, minimum size=10pt,draw] (cellnand1) at ([xshift=0]cell4and1.east) {}; \node[anchor=west, minimum size=10pt,draw] (cellnand1) at ([xshift=0]cell4and1.east) {};
\node[anchor=south, minimum size=10pt,draw] (cell1and2) at ([yshift=-0.04em]cell1and1.north) {}; \node[anchor=south, minimum size=10pt,draw] (cell1and2) at ([yshift=-0.04em]cell1and1.north) {};
\node[anchor=west, minimum size=10pt,draw] (cell2and2) at ([xshift=-0.04em]cell1and2.east) {}; \node[anchor=west, minimum size=10pt,draw] (cell2and2) at ([xshift=-0.04em]cell1and2.east) {};
\node[anchor=south, minimum size=10pt,draw] (cell1and3) at ([yshift=-0.04em]cell1and2.north) {}; \node[anchor=south, minimum size=10pt,draw] (cell1and3) at ([yshift=-0.04em]cell1and2.north) {};
\node[anchor=south, minimum size=10pt] (cell1and4) at ([yshift=0]cell1and3.north) {\tiny{$\vdots$}}; \node[anchor=south, minimum size=10pt] (cell1and4) at ([yshift=0]cell1and3.north) {\scriptsize{$\vdots$}};
\node[anchor=south, minimum size=10pt] (cell2and3) at ([yshift=0pt]cell2and2.north) {\tiny{$\vdots$}}; \node[anchor=south, minimum size=10pt] (cell2and3) at ([yshift=0pt]cell2and2.north) {\scriptsize{$\vdots$}};
\node[anchor=south, minimum size=10pt] (cell3and2) at ([yshift=1pt]cell3and1.north) {\tiny{$\vdots$}}; \node[anchor=south, minimum size=10pt] (cell3and2) at ([yshift=1pt]cell3and1.north) {\scriptsize{$\vdots$}};
\node[anchor=south, minimum size=10pt,draw] (cell4andn) at ([yshift=11pt,xshift=10pt]cell3and1.north) {}; \node[anchor=south, minimum size=10pt,draw] (cell4andn) at ([yshift=11pt,xshift=10pt]cell3and1.north) {};
\node[anchor=south, minimum size=10pt,draw] (cell1andn) at ([yshift=-3pt]cell1and4.north) {}; \node[anchor=south, minimum size=10pt,draw] (cell1andn) at ([yshift=-3pt]cell1and4.north) {};
\node[anchor=south, minimum size=10pt,draw] (cell2andn) at ([xshift=0pt,yshift=-3pt]cell2and3.north) {}; \node[anchor=south, minimum size=10pt,draw] (cell2andn) at ([xshift=0pt,yshift=-3pt]cell2and3.north) {};
%\node[anchor=center, minimum size=10pt,draw] (cell3andn) at ([xshift=10pt,yshift=-10pt]cell2andn.center) {}; %\node[anchor=center, minimum size=10pt,draw] (cell3andn) at ([xshift=10pt,yshift=-10pt]cell2andn.center) {};
\node[anchor=west] (chartlabel) at ([xshift=-0em,yshift=-0.8em]cell1and1.south east) {\scriptsize{Chart}}; \node[anchor=west] (chartlabel) at ([xshift=-0em,yshift=-0.8em]cell1and1.south east) {\small{Chart}};
} }
\end{scope} \end{scope}
...@@ -77,7 +77,7 @@ ...@@ -77,7 +77,7 @@
\end{pgfonlayer} \end{pgfonlayer}
{ {
\path [draw,thick,ublue,<->] ([xshift=-2em]rulepart1.south east) .. controls +(south:1.7) and +(north:1.3) .. ([xshift=0em,yshift=0.10em]cw1.north) node[pos=0.5, below,xshift=0.3in] {\scriptsize{树片段的匹配}}; \path [draw,thick,ublue,<->] ([xshift=-2em]rulepart1.south east) .. controls +(south:1.7) and +(north:1.3) .. ([xshift=0em,yshift=0.10em]cw1.north) node[pos=0.5, below,xshift=0.3in] {\small{树片段的匹配}};
} }
\end{scope} \end{scope}
......
Book/Chapter4/Figures/structure-of-chart.tex
%------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ %------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
%%% 基于树的解码方法 - chart-based decoding %%% 基于树的解码方法 - chart-based decoding
\begin{center} \begin{center}
\begin{tikzpicture}\scriptsize \begin{tikzpicture}
\begin{scope}%[scale=0.2] \begin{scope}%[scale=0.2]
\node [anchor=north] (ch) at (0,0) {\small{\textbf{Chart}}}; \node [anchor=north] (ch) at (0,0) {\large{\textbf{Chart}}};
\draw [->] ([xshift=-1em,yshift=-1em]ch.south) -- ([xshift=-1em,yshift=-9em]ch.south); \draw [->,ublue] ([xshift=-1em,yshift=-1em]ch.south) -- ([xshift=-1em,yshift=-9em]ch.south);
\draw [->] ([xshift=-1em,yshift=-1em]ch.south) -- ([xshift=10em,yshift=-1em]ch.south); \draw [->,ublue] ([xshift=-1em,yshift=-1em]ch.south) -- ([xshift=10em,yshift=-1em]ch.south);
{\small
\node [anchor=north] (l11) at ([xshift=-1.7em,yshift=-2.5em]ch.south) {{起}}; \node [anchor=north] (l11) at ([xshift=-1.7em,yshift=-2.5em]ch.south) {{起}};
\node [anchor=north] (l12) at ([xshift=0em,yshift=0.5em]l11.south) {{始}}; \node [anchor=north] (l12) at ([xshift=0em,yshift=0.5em]l11.south) {{始}};
\node [anchor=north] (l13) at ([xshift=0em,yshift=0.5em]l12.south) {{位}}; \node [anchor=north] (l13) at ([xshift=0em,yshift=0.5em]l12.south) {{位}};
\node [anchor=north] (l14) at ([xshift=0em,yshift=0.5em]l13.south) {{置}}; \node [anchor=north] (l14) at ([xshift=0em,yshift=0.5em]l13.south) {{置}};
\node [anchor=north] (l2) at ([xshift=4.5em,yshift=0.4em]ch.south) {{跨度大小}}; \node [anchor=north] (l2) at ([xshift=4.5em,yshift=0.4em]ch.south) {{跨度大小}};
}
\draw [-] ([xshift=1em,yshift=-2em]ch.south) -- ([xshift=1em,yshift=-8em]ch.south); \draw [-,ublue] ([xshift=1em,yshift=-2em]ch.south) -- ([xshift=1em,yshift=-8em]ch.south);
\draw [-] ([xshift=5em,yshift=-2em]ch.south) -- ([xshift=5em,yshift=-8em]ch.south); \draw [-,ublue] ([xshift=5em,yshift=-2em]ch.south) -- ([xshift=5em,yshift=-8em]ch.south);
\draw [-] ([xshift=9em,yshift=-2em]ch.south) -- ([xshift=9em,yshift=-8em]ch.south); \draw [-,ublue] ([xshift=9em,yshift=-2em]ch.south) -- ([xshift=9em,yshift=-8em]ch.south);
\draw [-] ([xshift=1em,yshift=-2em]ch.south) -- ([xshift=9em,yshift=-2em]ch.south); \draw [-,ublue] ([xshift=1em,yshift=-2em]ch.south) -- ([xshift=9em,yshift=-2em]ch.south);
\draw [-] ([xshift=1em,yshift=-5em]ch.south) -- ([xshift=9em,yshift=-5em]ch.south); \draw [-,ublue] ([xshift=1em,yshift=-5em]ch.south) -- ([xshift=9em,yshift=-5em]ch.south);
\draw [-] ([xshift=1em,yshift=-8em]ch.south) -- ([xshift=9em,yshift=-8em]ch.south); \draw [-,ublue] ([xshift=1em,yshift=-8em]ch.south) -- ([xshift=9em,yshift=-8em]ch.south);
\node [anchor=north,rectangle,draw=ublue, inner sep=0mm,minimum height=4em,minimum width=9em,rounded corners=2pt] (n1) at ([xshift=16em,yshift=2em]ch.south) {}; \node [anchor=north,rectangle,draw=red!40, inner sep=0mm,minimum height=4em,minimum width=9em,rounded corners=2pt,very thick] (n1) at ([xshift=18em,yshift=2em]ch.south) {};
\node [anchor=north,rectangle,draw=ublue, inner sep=0mm,minimum height=4em,minimum width=9em,rounded corners=2pt] (n2) at ([xshift=0em,yshift=-0.5em]n1.south) {}; \node [anchor=north,rectangle,draw=red!40, inner sep=0mm,minimum height=4em,minimum width=9em,rounded corners=2pt,very thick] (n2) at ([xshift=0em,yshift=-0.5em]n1.south) {};
\node [anchor=north,rectangle,draw=ublue, inner sep=0mm,minimum height=4em,minimum width=9em,rounded corners=2pt] (n3) at ([xshift=0em,yshift=-0.5em]n2.south) {}; \node [anchor=north,rectangle,draw=red!40, inner sep=0mm,minimum height=4em,minimum width=9em,rounded corners=2pt,very thick] (n3) at ([xshift=0em,yshift=-0.5em]n2.south) {};
\node [anchor=north] (n11) at ([xshift=0em,yshift=-0.5em]n1.north) {Cell[0,1]:}; \node [anchor=north] (n11) at ([xshift=0em,yshift=-0.5em]n1.north) {Cell[0,1]:};
\node [anchor=north] (n12) at ([xshift=1em,yshift=-1.4em]n11.north) {VV[0,1]}; \node [anchor=north] (n12) at ([xshift=1em,yshift=-1.2em]n11.north) {VV[0,1]};
\node [anchor=north] (n21) at ([xshift=0em,yshift=-0.1em]n2.north) {Cell[1,2]:}; \node [anchor=north] (n21) at ([xshift=0em,yshift=-0.1em]n2.north) {Cell[1,2]:};
\node [anchor=north] (n22) at ([xshift=1em,yshift=-1.4em]n21.north) {NN[1,2]}; \node [anchor=north] (n22) at ([xshift=1em,yshift=-1.2em]n21.north) {NN[1,2]};
\node [anchor=north] (n23) at ([xshift=0em,yshift=-1.1em]n22.north) {NP[1,2]}; \node [anchor=north] (n23) at ([xshift=0em,yshift=-1.3em]n22.north) {NP[1,2]};
\node [anchor=north] (n31) at ([xshift=0em,yshift=-0.1em]n3.north) {Cell[0,2]:}; \node [anchor=north] (n31) at ([xshift=0em,yshift=-0.1em]n3.north) {Cell[0,2]:};
\node [anchor=north] (n32) at ([xshift=1em,yshift=-1.2em]n31.north) {VP[0,2]}; \node [anchor=north] (n32) at ([xshift=1em,yshift=-1.2em]n31.north) {VP[0,2]};
\node [anchor=north] (n33) at ([xshift=0em,yshift=-1.3em]n32.north) {NP[0,2]}; \node [anchor=north] (n33) at ([xshift=0em,yshift=-1.3em]n32.north) {NP[0,2]};
\draw [->,ublue,thick] ([xshift=0em,yshift=0.5em]n1.west) .. controls +(west:7em) and +(north:4em) .. ([xshift=-13em,yshift=-1.6em]n1.south); \draw [->,blue!40,very thick] ([xshift=0em,yshift=-0.5em]n1.west) .. controls +(west:6em) and +(north:3em) .. ([xshift=-15em,yshift=-2em]n1.south);
\draw [->,ublue,thick] ([xshift=0em,yshift=0.5em]n2.west) .. controls +(west:3em) and +(north:2em) .. ([xshift=-12.5em,yshift=1em]n2.south); \draw [->,blue!40,very thick] ([xshift=0em,yshift=1em]n2.west) .. controls +(west:2em) and +(north:2em) .. ([xshift=-14.5em,yshift=0em]n2.south);
\draw [->,ublue,thick] ([xshift=0em,yshift=-0.5em]n3.west) .. controls +(west:5em) and +(south:0.5em) .. ([xshift=-9em,yshift=5em]n3.south); \draw [->,blue!40,very thick] ([xshift=0em,yshift=-0.5em]n3.west) .. controls +(west:5em) and +(south:0.5em) .. ([xshift=-12em,yshift=5em]n3.south);
\end{scope} \end{scope}
\end{tikzpicture} \end{tikzpicture}
\end{center} \end{center}
Book/Chapter4/Figures/syntax-tree-in-ctb.tex
...@@ -3,8 +3,8 @@ ...@@ -3,8 +3,8 @@
\begin{center} \begin{center}
\begin{tikzpicture} \begin{tikzpicture}
{\scriptsize {\small
\begin{scope}[scale = 0.9, sibling distance=20pt, level distance=30pt] \begin{scope}[scale = 0.9, sibling distance=25pt, level distance=30pt]
{\footnotesize {\footnotesize
\Tree[.IP \Tree[.IP
......
Book/Chapter4/Figures/syntax-tree-with-admissible-node.tex
...@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@ ...@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@
\begin{center} \begin{center}
\begin{tikzpicture} \begin{tikzpicture}
{\footnotesize {\small
\begin{scope}[sibling distance=25pt, level distance=20pt] \begin{scope}[sibling distance=25pt, level distance=20pt]
\Tree[.\node(n1){IP}; \Tree[.\node(n1){IP};
...@@ -22,12 +22,12 @@ ...@@ -22,12 +22,12 @@
] ]
] ]
\node[anchor=north,minimum size=18pt,align=center] (tw1) at ([yshift=-6.0em]cw1.south){he\\\scriptsize{1}}; \node[anchor=north,minimum size=18pt,align=center] (tw1) at ([yshift=-6.0em]cw1.south){he\\\footnotesize{1}};
\node[anchor=west,minimum size=18pt,align=center] (tw2) at ([yshift=-0.1em,xshift=1.1em]tw1.east){was\\\scriptsize{2}}; \node[anchor=west,minimum size=18pt,align=center] (tw2) at ([yshift=-0.1em,xshift=1.1em]tw1.east){was\\\footnotesize{2}};
\node[anchor=west,minimum size=18pt,align=center] (tw3) at ([yshift=0.1em,xshift=1.1em]tw2.east){satisfied\\\scriptsize{3}}; \node[anchor=west,minimum size=18pt,align=center] (tw3) at ([yshift=0.1em,xshift=1.1em]tw2.east){satisfied\\\footnotesize{3}};
\node[anchor=west,minimum size=18pt,align=center] (tw4) at ([xshift=1.1em]tw3.east){with\\\scriptsize{4}}; \node[anchor=west,minimum size=18pt,align=center] (tw4) at ([xshift=1.1em]tw3.east){with\\\footnotesize{4}};
\node[anchor=west,minimum size=18pt,align=center] (tw5) at ([xshift=1.1em]tw4.east){the\\\scriptsize{5}}; \node[anchor=west,minimum size=18pt,align=center] (tw5) at ([xshift=1.1em]tw4.east){the\\\footnotesize{5}};
\node[anchor=west,minimum size=18pt,align=center] (tw6) at ([yshift=-0.1em,xshift=1.1em]tw5.east){answer\\\scriptsize{6}}; \node[anchor=west,minimum size=18pt,align=center] (tw6) at ([yshift=-0.1em,xshift=1.1em]tw5.east){answer\\\footnotesize{6}};
\draw[dashed] (cw1.south) -- ([yshift=-0.4em]tw1.north); \draw[dashed] (cw1.south) -- ([yshift=-0.4em]tw1.north);
\draw[dashed] (cw2.south) .. controls +(south:1.6) and +(north:0.6) .. ([yshift=-0.4em]tw4.north); \draw[dashed] (cw2.south) .. controls +(south:1.6) and +(north:0.6) .. ([yshift=-0.4em]tw4.north);
...@@ -36,8 +36,8 @@ ...@@ -36,8 +36,8 @@
\draw[dashed] (cw4.south) .. controls +(south:2.0) and +(north:0.6) .. ([yshift=-0.4em]tw3.north); \draw[dashed] (cw4.south) .. controls +(south:2.0) and +(north:0.6) .. ([yshift=-0.4em]tw3.north);
\draw[dashed] (cw5.south) .. controls +(south:2.0) and +(north:0.6) .. ([yshift=-0.4em]tw3.north); \draw[dashed] (cw5.south) .. controls +(south:2.0) and +(north:0.6) .. ([yshift=-0.4em]tw3.north);
\node [anchor=south west,align=left,fill=red!20,drop shadow] (label1) at ([xshift=0.5em]n11.north east) {\scriptsize{span=\{3\}}\\\scriptsize{c-span=\{1,3-6\}}}; \node [anchor=south west,align=left,fill=red!20,drop shadow] (label1) at ([xshift=0.5em]n11.north east) {\footnotesize{span=\{3\}}\\\footnotesize{c-span=\{1,3-6\}}};
\node [anchor=south west,align=left,fill=blue!20,drop shadow] (label2) at ([xshift=0.5em,yshift=-0.5em]n4.north east) {\scriptsize{span=\{3-6\}}\\\scriptsize{c-span=\{1\}}}; \node [anchor=south west,align=left,fill=blue!20,drop shadow] (label2) at ([xshift=0.5em,yshift=-0.5em]n4.north east) {\footnotesize{span=\{3-6\}}\\\footnotesize{c-span=\{1\}}};
\begin{pgfonlayer}{background} \begin{pgfonlayer}{background}
\node [rectangle,fill=red!20,inner sep=0] [fit = (n11)] (n11box) {}; \node [rectangle,fill=red!20,inner sep=0] [fit = (n11)] (n11box) {};
...@@ -57,15 +57,15 @@ ...@@ -57,15 +57,15 @@
\end{pgfonlayer} \end{pgfonlayer}
{ {
\node [anchor=north] (n11boxlabel) at (label1.south) {\tiny{{\red{不可信}}}}; \node [anchor=north] (n11boxlabel) at (label1.south) {\footnotesize{{\red{不可信}}}};
\node [anchor=north] (n4boxlabel) at (label2.south) {\tiny{{\red{可信}}}}; \node [anchor=north] (n4boxlabel) at (label2.south) {\footnotesize{{\red{可信}}}};
} }
{ {
\node [anchor=north west, minimum size=1.2em, fill=blue!20] (land1) at ([xshift=1.5em,yshift=-1em]cw5.south east) {}; \node [anchor=north west, minimum size=1.2em, fill=blue!20] (land1) at ([xshift=1.5em,yshift=-1em]cw5.south east) {};
\node [anchor=west] (land1label) at (land1.east) {\scriptsize{可信}}; \node [anchor=west] (land1label) at (land1.east) {\footnotesize{可信}};
\node [anchor=north west, minimum size=1.2em, fill=red!20] (land2) at ([yshift=-0.3em]land1.south west) {}; \node [anchor=north west, minimum size=1.2em, fill=red!20] (land2) at ([yshift=-0.3em]land1.south west) {};
\node [anchor=west] (land2label) at (land2.east) {\scriptsize{不可信}}; \node [anchor=west] (land2label) at (land2.east) {\footnotesize{不可信}};
} }
\end{scope} \end{scope}
......
Book/Chapter4/Figures/translation-hypothesis-extension.tex
...@@ -4,21 +4,21 @@ ...@@ -4,21 +4,21 @@
\begin{tikzpicture} \begin{tikzpicture}
\begin{scope} \begin{scope}
{ {
\node [anchor=north,inner sep=2pt,fill=red!20,minimum height=1.7em,minimum width=3.2em] (h0) at (0,0) {\scriptsize{null}}; \node [anchor=north,inner sep=2pt,fill=red!20,minimum height=2em,minimum width=3.5em] (h0) at (0,0) {\small{null}};
\node [anchor=north west,inner sep=1.5pt,fill=black] (hl0) at (h0.north west) {\tiny{{\color{white} \textbf{0}}}}; \node [anchor=north west,inner sep=1.5pt,fill=black] (hl0) at (h0.north west) {\scriptsize{{\color{white} \textbf{0}}}};
\node [anchor=north,rotate=90,inner sep=1pt,minimum width=1.7em,fill=black] (pt0) at (h0.east) {\tiny{{\color{white} \textbf{P=1}}}}; \node [anchor=north,rotate=90,inner sep=1pt,minimum width=2em,fill=black] (pt0) at (h0.east) {\footnotesize{{\color{white} \textbf{P=1}}}};
} }
{ {
\node [anchor=west,inner sep=2pt,fill=red!20,minimum height=1.7em,minimum width=3.2em] (h1) at ([xshift=2.5em]h0.east) {\scriptsize{on}}; \node [anchor=west,inner sep=2pt,fill=red!20,minimum height=2em,minimum width=3.5em] (h1) at ([xshift=3em]h0.east) {\small{on}};
\node [anchor=west,inner sep=2pt,fill=red!20,minimum height=1.7em,minimum width=3.2em] (h2) at ([xshift=2.5em,yshift=2.5em]h0.east) {\scriptsize{table}}; \node [anchor=west,inner sep=2pt,fill=red!20,minimum height=2em,minimum width=3.5em] (h2) at ([xshift=3em,yshift=3em]h0.east) {\small{table}};
\node [anchor=west,inner sep=2pt,fill=red!20,minimum height=1.7em,minimum width=3.2em] (h3) at ([xshift=2.5em,yshift=-2.5em]h0.east) {\scriptsize{there is}}; \node [anchor=west,inner sep=2pt,fill=red!20,minimum height=2em,minimum width=3.5em] (h3) at ([xshift=3em,yshift=-3em]h0.east) {\small{there is}};
\node [anchor=north west,inner sep=1.5pt,fill=black] (hl1) at (h1.north west) {\tiny{{\color{white} \textbf{2}}}}; \node [anchor=north west,inner sep=1.5pt,fill=black] (hl1) at (h1.north west) {\scriptsize{{\color{white} \textbf{2}}}};
\node [anchor=north west,inner sep=1.5pt,fill=black] (hl2) at (h2.north west) {\tiny{{\color{white} \textbf{1}}}}; \node [anchor=north west,inner sep=1.5pt,fill=black] (hl2) at (h2.north west) {\scriptsize{{\color{white} \textbf{1}}}};
\node [anchor=north west,inner sep=1.5pt,fill=black] (hl3) at (h3.north west) {\tiny{{\color{white} \textbf{3}}}}; \node [anchor=north west,inner sep=1.5pt,fill=black] (hl3) at (h3.north west) {\scriptsize{{\color{white} \textbf{3}}}};
\node [anchor=north,rotate=90,inner sep=1pt,minimum width=1.7em,fill=black] (pt1) at (h1.east) {\tiny{{\color{white} \textbf{P=.2}}}}; \node [anchor=north,rotate=90,inner sep=1pt,minimum width=2em,fill=black] (pt1) at (h1.east) {\footnotesize{{\color{white} \textbf{P=.2}}}};
\node [anchor=north,rotate=90,inner sep=1pt,minimum width=1.7em,fill=black] (pt2) at (h2.east) {\tiny{{\color{white} \textbf{P=.3}}}}; \node [anchor=north,rotate=90,inner sep=1pt,minimum width=2em,fill=black] (pt2) at (h2.east) {\footnotesize{{\color{white} \textbf{P=.3}}}};
\node [anchor=north,rotate=90,inner sep=1pt,minimum width=1.7em,fill=black] (pt3) at (h3.east) {\tiny{{\color{white} \textbf{P=.5}}}}; \node [anchor=north,rotate=90,inner sep=1pt,minimum width=2em,fill=black] (pt3) at (h3.east) {\footnotesize{{\color{white} \textbf{P=.5}}}};
\draw [->,very thick,ublue] ([xshift=0.1em]pt0.south) -- ([xshift=-0.1em]h1.west); \draw [->,very thick,ublue] ([xshift=0.1em]pt0.south) -- ([xshift=-0.1em]h1.west);
\draw [->,very thick,ublue] ([xshift=0.1em]pt0.south) -- ([xshift=-0.1em]h2.west); \draw [->,very thick,ublue] ([xshift=0.1em]pt0.south) -- ([xshift=-0.1em]h2.west);
...@@ -26,23 +26,23 @@ ...@@ -26,23 +26,23 @@
} }
{ {
\node [anchor=west,inner sep=2pt,fill=red!20,minimum height=1.7em,minimum width=3.2em] (h4) at ([xshift=2.5em,yshift=-1.8em]h3.east) {\scriptsize{one}}; \node [anchor=west,inner sep=2pt,fill=red!20,minimum height=2em,minimum width=3.5em] (h4) at ([xshift=3em,yshift=-1.8em]h3.east) {\small{one}};
\node [anchor=west,inner sep=2pt,fill=red!20,minimum height=1.7em,minimum width=3.2em] (h5) at ([xshift=2.5em,yshift=0.7em]h3.east) {\scriptsize{an apple}}; \node [anchor=west,inner sep=2pt,fill=red!20,minimum height=2em,minimum width=3.5em] (h5) at ([xshift=3em,yshift=1.2em]h3.east) {\small{an apple}};
\node [anchor=west,inner sep=2pt,fill=red!20,minimum height=1.7em,minimum width=3.2em] (h6) at ([xshift=2.5em,yshift=0.7em]h1.east) {\scriptsize{table}}; \node [anchor=west,inner sep=2pt,fill=red!20,minimum height=2em,minimum width=3.5em] (h6) at ([xshift=3em,yshift=1.2em]h1.east) {\small{table}};
\node [anchor=west,inner sep=2pt,fill=red!20,minimum height=1.7em,minimum width=3.5em] (h7) at ([xshift=2.5em,yshift=0.7em]h5.east) {\scriptsize{on the table}}; \node [anchor=west,inner sep=2pt,fill=red!20,minimum height=2em,minimum width=4em] (h7) at ([xshift=3em,yshift=1.2em]h5.east) {\small{on the table}};
\node [anchor=west,inner sep=2pt,fill=red!20,minimum height=1.7em,minimum width=3.73em] (h8) at ([xshift=2.5em,yshift=-2em]h5.east) {\scriptsize{\ \;apple}}; \node [anchor=west,inner sep=2pt,fill=red!20,minimum height=2em,minimum width=4.6em] (h8) at ([xshift=3em,yshift=-2em]h5.east) {\small{\ \;apple}};
\node [anchor=north west,inner sep=1.5pt,fill=black] (hl4) at (h4.north west) {\tiny{{\color{white} \textbf{4}}}}; \node [anchor=north west,inner sep=1.5pt,fill=black] (hl4) at (h4.north west) {\scriptsize{{\color{white} \textbf{4}}}};
\node [anchor=north west,inner sep=1.5pt,fill=black] (hl5) at (h5.north west) {\tiny{{\color{white} \textbf{4-5}}}}; \node [anchor=north west,inner sep=1.5pt,fill=black] (hl5) at (h5.north west) {\scriptsize{{\color{white} \textbf{4-5}}}};
\node [anchor=north west,inner sep=1.5pt,fill=black] (hl6) at (h6.north west) {\tiny{{\color{white} \textbf{1}}}}; \node [anchor=north west,inner sep=1.5pt,fill=black] (hl6) at (h6.north west) {\scriptsize{{\color{white} \textbf{1}}}};
\node [anchor=north west,inner sep=1.5pt,fill=black] (hl7) at (h7.north west) {\tiny{{\color{white} \textbf{1-2}}}}; \node [anchor=north west,inner sep=1.5pt,fill=black] (hl7) at (h7.north west) {\scriptsize{{\color{white} \textbf{1-2}}}};
\node [anchor=north west,inner sep=1.5pt,fill=black] (hl8) at (h8.north west) {\tiny{{\color{white} \textbf{5}}}}; \node [anchor=north west,inner sep=1.5pt,fill=black] (hl8) at (h8.north west) {\scriptsize{{\color{white} \textbf{5}}}};
\node [anchor=north,rotate=90,inner sep=1pt,minimum width=1.7em,fill=black] (pt4) at (h4.east) {\tiny{{\color{white} \textbf{P=.1}}}}; \node [anchor=north,rotate=90,inner sep=1pt,minimum width=2em,fill=black] (pt4) at (h4.east) {\footnotesize{{\color{white} \textbf{P=.1}}}};
\node [anchor=north,rotate=90,inner sep=1pt,minimum width=1.7em,fill=black] (pt5) at (h5.east) {\tiny{{\color{white} \textbf{P=.4}}}}; \node [anchor=north,rotate=90,inner sep=1pt,minimum width=2em,fill=black] (pt5) at (h5.east) {\footnotesize{{\color{white} \textbf{P=.4}}}};
\node [anchor=north,rotate=90,inner sep=1pt,minimum width=1.7em,fill=black] (pt6) at (h6.east) {\tiny{{\color{white} \textbf{P=.3}}}}; \node [anchor=north,rotate=90,inner sep=1pt,minimum width=2em,fill=black] (pt6) at (h6.east) {\footnotesize{{\color{white} \textbf{P=.3}}}};
\node [anchor=north,rotate=90,inner sep=1pt,minimum width=1.7em,fill=black] (pt7) at (h7.east) {\tiny{{\color{white} \textbf{P=.4}}}}; \node [anchor=north,rotate=90,inner sep=1pt,minimum width=2em,fill=black] (pt7) at (h7.east) {\footnotesize{{\color{white} \textbf{P=.4}}}};
\node [anchor=north,rotate=90,inner sep=1pt,minimum width=1.7em,fill=black] (pt8) at (h8.east) {\tiny{{\color{white} \textbf{P=.2}}}}; \node [anchor=north,rotate=90,inner sep=1pt,minimum width=2em,fill=black] (pt8) at (h8.east) {\footnotesize{{\color{white} \textbf{P=.2}}}};
\draw [->,very thick,ublue] ([xshift=0.1em]pt1.south) -- ([xshift=1em,yshift=0.7em]pt1.south); \draw [->,very thick,ublue] ([xshift=0.1em]pt1.south) -- ([xshift=1em,yshift=0.7em]pt1.south);
...@@ -65,7 +65,7 @@ ...@@ -65,7 +65,7 @@
{ {
\draw [->,ultra thick,red,line width=2pt,opacity=0.7] ([xshift=-0.2em]h0.west) -- ([xshift=0.7em]h0.east) -- ([xshift=-0.2em]h3.west) -- ([xshift=0.8em]h3.east) -- ([xshift=-0.2em]h5.west) -- ([xshift=0.8em]h5.east) -- ([xshift=-0.2em]h7.west) -- ([xshift=0.8em]h7.east); \draw [->,ultra thick,red,line width=2pt,opacity=0.7] ([xshift=-0.2em]h0.west) -- ([xshift=0.7em]h0.east) -- ([xshift=-0.2em]h3.west) -- ([xshift=0.8em]h3.east) -- ([xshift=-0.2em]h5.west) -- ([xshift=0.8em]h5.east) -- ([xshift=-0.2em]h7.west) -- ([xshift=0.8em]h7.east);
\node [anchor=north west] (wtranslabel) at ([yshift=-3em]h0.south west) {\scriptsize{翻译路径:}}; \node [anchor=north west] (wtranslabel) at ([yshift=-3em]h0.south west) {\small{翻译路径:}};
\draw [->,ultra thick,red,line width=1.5pt,opacity=0.7] (wtranslabel.east) -- ([xshift=1.5em]wtranslabel.east); \draw [->,ultra thick,red,line width=1.5pt,opacity=0.7] (wtranslabel.east) -- ([xshift=1.5em]wtranslabel.east);
} }
\end{scope} \end{scope}
......
Book/Chapter4/Figures/translation-rule-based-on-admissible-node.tex
...@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@ ...@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@
\begin{center} \begin{center}
\begin{tikzpicture} \begin{tikzpicture}
{\footnotesize {\small
\begin{scope}[sibling distance=25pt, level distance=20pt] \begin{scope}[sibling distance=25pt, level distance=20pt]
\Tree[.\node(n1){IP}; \Tree[.\node(n1){IP};
...@@ -22,12 +22,14 @@ ...@@ -22,12 +22,14 @@
] ]
] ]
\node[anchor=north,minimum size=18pt,align=center] (tw1) at ([yshift=-6.0em]cw1.south){he\\\scriptsize{1}}; \node[anchor=north,minimum size=18pt,align=center] (tw1) at ([yshift=-6.0em]cw1.south){he\\\footnotesize{1}};
\node[anchor=west,minimum size=18pt,align=center] (tw2) at ([yshift=-0.1em,xshift=1.1em]tw1.east){was\\\scriptsize{2}}; \node[anchor=west,minimum size=18pt,align=center] (tw2) at ([yshift=-0.1em,xshift=1.1em]tw1.east){was\\\footnotesize{2}};
\node[anchor=west,minimum size=18pt,align=center] (tw3) at ([yshift=0.1em,xshift=1.1em]tw2.east){satisfied\\\scriptsize{3}}; \node[anchor=west,minimum size=18pt,align=center] (tw3) at ([yshift=0.1em,xshift=1.1em]tw2.east){satisfied\\\footnotesize{3}};
\node[anchor=west,minimum size=18pt,align=center] (tw4) at ([xshift=1.1em]tw3.east){with\\\scriptsize{4}}; \node[anchor=west,minimum size=18pt,align=center] (tw4) at ([xshift=1.1em]tw3.east){with\\\footnotesize{4}};
\node[anchor=west,minimum size=18pt,align=center] (tw5) at ([xshift=1.1em]tw4.east){the\\\scriptsize{5}}; \node[anchor=west,minimum size=18pt,align=center] (tw5) at ([xshift=1.1em]tw4.east){the\\\footnotesize{5}};
\node[anchor=west,minimum size=18pt,align=center] (tw6) at ([yshift=-0.1em,xshift=1.1em]tw5.east){answer\\\scriptsize{6}}; \node[anchor=west,minimum size=18pt,align=center] (tw6) at ([yshift=-0.1em,xshift=1.1em]tw5.east){answer\\\footnotesize{6}};
\node[anchor=north,minimum size=18pt,align=center] (empty) at ([xshift=-2.0em]cw1.south){};
\draw[dashed] (cw1.south) -- ([yshift=-0.4em]tw1.north); \draw[dashed] (cw1.south) -- ([yshift=-0.4em]tw1.north);
\draw[dashed] (cw2.south) .. controls +(south:1.6) and +(north:0.6) .. ([yshift=-0.4em]tw4.north); \draw[dashed] (cw2.south) .. controls +(south:1.6) and +(north:0.6) .. ([yshift=-0.4em]tw4.north);
...@@ -59,15 +61,15 @@ ...@@ -59,15 +61,15 @@
\end{pgfonlayer} \end{pgfonlayer}
\node [anchor=north west, minimum size=1.2em, fill=green!20] (land1) at ([xshift=1.5em,yshift=-1em]cw5.south east) {}; \node [anchor=north west, minimum size=1.2em, fill=green!20] (land1) at ([xshift=1.5em,yshift=-1em]cw5.south east) {};
\node [anchor=west] (land1label) at (land1.east) {\scriptsize{可信}}; \node [anchor=west] (land1label) at (land1.east) {\footnotesize{可信}};
\node [anchor=north west, minimum size=1.2em, fill=orange!20] (land2) at ([yshift=-0.3em]land1.south west) {}; \node [anchor=north west, minimum size=1.2em, fill=orange!20] (land2) at ([yshift=-0.3em]land1.south west) {};
\node [anchor=west] (land2label) at (land2.east) {\scriptsize{不可信}}; \node [anchor=west] (land2label) at (land2.east) {\footnotesize{不可信}};
{ {
\node [draw,thick,red,fill=red!20] [fit = (n9)] (var1) {{\color{black} VP}}; \node [draw,thick,red,fill=red!20] [fit = (n9)] (var1) {{\color{black} VP}};
\node [draw,thick,red,fill=red!20] [fit = (tw3)] (var1v2) {{\color{black} \large{VP}}}; \node [draw,thick,red,fill=red!20] [fit = (tw3)] (var1v2) {{\color{black} \large{VP}}};
\node [anchor=west] (var1label) at ([yshift=0.5em]var1.east) {\tiny{\red{变量}}}; \node [anchor=west] (var1label) at ([yshift=0.5em]var1.east) {\footnotesize{\red{变量}}};
\node [anchor=south] (var1v2label) at ([xshift=-2em]var1v2.north) {\tiny{\red{变量}}}; \node [anchor=south] (var1v2label) at ([xshift=-2em]var1v2.north) {\footnotesize{\red{变量}}};
} }
\end{scope} \end{scope}
......
Book/Chapter4/Figures/tree-segment-corresponding-to-phrase.tex
...@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ ...@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@
%%% SPMT规则 %%% SPMT规则
\begin{tikzpicture} \begin{tikzpicture}
{\scriptsize {\small
\begin{scope} \begin{scope}
{ {
...@@ -26,14 +26,14 @@ ...@@ -26,14 +26,14 @@
([xshift=1.4em]cfrag3.south east) {\Tree[.\node(sn5){VP}; [.\node(sn6){VV}; 表示 ] [.\node(sn7){NN}; 担心 ]]}; ([xshift=1.4em]cfrag3.south east) {\Tree[.\node(sn5){VP}; [.\node(sn6){VV}; 表示 ] [.\node(sn7){NN}; 担心 ]]};
\end{scope} \end{scope}
\begin{scope}[sibling distance=32pt,level distance=20pt] \begin{scope}[sibling distance=40pt,level distance=20pt]
\node[scale=0.8, inner sep=0.1cm,align=center,anchor=south west,draw] (cfrag6) at \node[scale=0.8, inner sep=0.1cm,align=center,anchor=south west,draw] (cfrag6) at
([xshift=0.3em,yshift=4em]cfrag2.north west) {\Tree[.\node(sn11){VP}; [.\node(sn9){P}; ] [.\node(sn10){NP}; ] [.\node(sn13){VP}; ]]}; ([xshift=0em,yshift=4em]cfrag2.north west) {\Tree[.\node(sn11){VP}; [.\node(sn9){P}; ] [.\node(sn10){NP}; ] [.\node(sn13){VP}; ]]};
\end{scope} \end{scope}
\begin{scope}[sibling distance=65pt,level distance=18pt] \begin{scope}[sibling distance=75pt,level distance=18pt]
\node[scale=0.8, inner sep=0.1cm,align=center,anchor=south east,draw] (cfrag7) at \node[scale=0.8, inner sep=0.1cm,align=center,anchor=south east,draw] (cfrag7) at
([xshift=-4.5em,yshift=0.5em]cfrag6.north east) {\Tree[.\node(sn14){IP}; [.\node(sn15){NP}; ] [.\node(sn16){VP}; ]]}; ([xshift=-4.6em,yshift=0.5em]cfrag6.north east) {\Tree[.\node(sn14){IP}; [.\node(sn15){NP}; ] [.\node(sn16){VP}; ]]};
\end{scope} \end{scope}
\node[scale=0.9,anchor=north,minimum size=18pt] (tw11) at ([xshift=-0.3em,yshift=-1.2em]cfrag1.south){he}; \node[scale=0.9,anchor=north,minimum size=18pt] (tw11) at ([xshift=-0.3em,yshift=-1.2em]cfrag1.south){he};
...@@ -55,16 +55,16 @@ ...@@ -55,16 +55,16 @@
\draw[dashed,red] (cfrag3.south) -- ([yshift=-0.4em]tw16.north); \draw[dashed,red] (cfrag3.south) -- ([yshift=-0.4em]tw16.north);
} }
\draw[*-*] ([xshift=0.0em,yshift=-0.2em]cfrag1.north) -- ([xshift=0.0em,yshift=6.5em]cfrag1.north); \draw[*-*] ([xshift=0.0em,yshift=-0.2em]cfrag1.north) -- ([xshift=0.0em,yshift=6.3em]cfrag1.north);
\draw[*-*] ([xshift=-0.1em,yshift=-0.2em]cfrag2.north) -- ([xshift=-0.1em,yshift=4.4em]cfrag2.north); \draw[*-*] ([xshift=-0.1em,yshift=-0.2em]cfrag2.north) -- ([xshift=-0.1em,yshift=4.2em]cfrag2.north);
\draw[*-*] ([xshift=0.1em,yshift=-0.4em]cfrag3.north) .. controls +(north:2.4em) and +(south:2.4em) .. ([xshift=1.1em,yshift=2.5em]cfrag3.north); \draw[*-*] ([xshift=0.1em,yshift=-0.2em]cfrag3.north) .. controls +(north:2.4em) and +(south:2.4em) .. ([xshift=1.1em,yshift=2.6em]cfrag3.north);
\draw[*-*] ([xshift=0.0em,yshift=-0.2em]cfrag4.north) -- ([xshift=0.0em,yshift=2.5em]cfrag4.north); \draw[*-*] ([xshift=0.0em,yshift=-0.2em]cfrag4.north) -- ([xshift=0.0em,yshift=2.6em]cfrag4.north);
\draw[*-*] ([xshift=0.0em,yshift=-0.2em]cfrag6.north) -- ([xshift=0.0em,yshift=0.9em]cfrag6.north); \draw[*-*] ([xshift=0.0em,yshift=-0.2em]cfrag6.north) -- ([xshift=0em,yshift=0.8em]cfrag6.north);
{ {
\node [fill=blue,circle,inner sep=2pt] (rlabel2) at (cfrag2.north east) {{\color{white} \tiny{2}}}; \node [fill=blue,circle,inner sep=2pt] (rlabel2) at (cfrag2.north east) {{\color{white} \footnotesize{2}}};
\node [fill=blue,circle,inner sep=2pt] (rlabel3) at (cfrag3.north east) {{\color{white} \tiny{3}}}; \node [fill=blue,circle,inner sep=2pt] (rlabel3) at (cfrag3.north east) {{\color{white} \footnotesize{3}}};
\node [fill=blue,circle,inner sep=2pt] (rlabel6) at (cfrag6.north east) {{\color{white} \tiny{5}}}; \node [fill=blue,circle,inner sep=2pt] (rlabel6) at (cfrag6.north east) {{\color{white} \footnotesize{5}}};
} }
\begin{pgfonlayer}{background} \begin{pgfonlayer}{background}
......
Book/Chapter4/chapter4.tex
...@@ -153,24 +153,26 @@ ...@@ -153,24 +153,26 @@
\end{figure} \end{figure}
%------------------------------------------- %-------------------------------------------
\parinterval 不过，这里所说的短语并不是语言学上的短语，本身也没有任何句法等结构约束。在基于短语的模型中，可以把短语简单的理解为一个词串。具体来说，有如下定义。 \parinterval 不过，这里所说的短语并不是语言学上的短语，本身也没有任何语言学句法等结构约束。在基于短语的模型中，可以把短语简单的理解为一个词串。具体来说，有如下定义。
%------------------------------------------- %-------------------------------------------
\vspace{0.5em}
\begin{definition} 短语 \begin{definition} 短语
{\small {\small
对于一个句子$\textbf{w} = w_1...w_n$，任意子串$w_i...w_j$($i\leq j,0\leq i,j\leq n$)都是句子\textbf{w}的一个{\small\bfnew{短语}}。 对于一个句子$\textbf{w} = w_1...w_n$，任意子串$w_i...w_j$($i\leq j$且$0\leq i,j\leq n$)都是句子\textbf{w}的一个{\small\bfnew{短语}}。
} }
\end{definition} \end{definition}
%------------------------------------------- %-------------------------------------------
\parinterval 根据这个定义，对于一个由$n$个单词构成的句子，可以包含$\frac{n(n-1)}{2}$个短语（字串）。进一步，可以把每个句子看作是由一系列短语构成的序列。组成这个句子的短语序列也可以被看作是句子的一个{\small\bfnew{短语切分}}（Phrasal Segmentation）。 \parinterval 根据这个定义，对于一个由$n$个单词构成的句子，可以包含$\frac{n(n-1)}{2}$个短语（子串）。进一步，可以把每个句子看作是由一系列短语构成的序列。组成这个句子的短语序列也可以被看作是句子的一个{\small\bfnew{短语切分}}（Phrasal Segmentation）。
%------------------------------------------- %-------------------------------------------
\vspace{0.5em}
\begin{definition} 句子的短语切分 \begin{definition} 句子的短语切分
{\small {\small
对于一个句子$\textbf{w} = w_1...w_n$，可以被切分为$m$个子串，则称\textbf{w}由$m$个短语组成，记为$\textbf{w} = p_1...p_m$，其中$p_i$是\textbf{w}的一个短语，$p_1...p_m$也被称作句子\textbf{w}的一个{\small\bfnew{短语切分}}。 如果一个句子$\textbf{w} = w_1...w_n$可以被切分为$m$个子串，则称\textbf{w}由$m$个短语组成，记为$\textbf{w} = p_1...p_m$，其中$p_i$是\textbf{w}的一个短语，$p_1...p_m$也被称作句子\textbf{w}的一个{\small\bfnew{短语切分}}。
} }
\end{definition} \end{definition}
%------------------------------------------- %-------------------------------------------
...@@ -186,10 +188,11 @@ p_4 &=& \text{问题}\nonumber ...@@ -186,10 +188,11 @@ p_4 &=& \text{问题}\nonumber
\parinterval 进一步，把单语短语的概念推广到双语的情况： \parinterval 进一步，把单语短语的概念推广到双语的情况：
%------------------------------------------- %-------------------------------------------
\vspace{0.5em}
\begin{definition} 双语短语（或短语对） \begin{definition} 双语短语（或短语对）
{\small {\small
对于源语和目标语句对(\textbf{s},\textbf{t})，\textbf{s}中短语$\bar{s}_i$和\textbf{t}中的短语$\bar{t}_j$可以构成一个双语短语对($\bar{s}_i,\bar{t}_j$)，简称{\small\bfnew{短语对}}($\bar{s}_i,\bar{t}_j$)。 对于源语和目标语句对(\textbf{s},\textbf{t})，\textbf{s}中的一个短语$\bar{s}_i$和\textbf{t}中的一个短语$\bar{t}_j$可以构成一个双语短语对($\bar{s}_i,\bar{t}_j$)，简称{\small\bfnew{短语对}}($\bar{s}_i,\bar{t}_j$)。
} }
\end{definition} \end{definition}
%------------------------------------------- %-------------------------------------------
...@@ -204,13 +207,14 @@ p_4 &=& \text{问题}\nonumber ...@@ -204,13 +207,14 @@ p_4 &=& \text{问题}\nonumber
&&... \nonumber &&... \nonumber
\end{eqnarray} \end{eqnarray}
\parinterval 接下来的问题是，如何使用双语短语描述双语句子的生成，即句子翻译的建模问题。在基于词的翻译模型里，可以用词对齐来描述双语句子的对应关系。类似的，也可以使用双语短语描述句子的翻译。这里，借用形式文法中{\small\bfnew{推导}}（Derivation）的概念。把生成双语句对所使用的双语短语序列定义为一个基于短语的翻译推导： \parinterval 接下来的问题是，如何使用双语短语描述双语句子的生成，即句子翻译的建模问题。在基于词的翻译模型里，可以用词对齐来描述双语句子的对应关系。类似的，也可以使用双语短语描述句子的翻译。这里，借用形式文法中{\small\bfnew{推导}}（Derivation）的概念。把生成双语句对的过程定义为一个基于短语的翻译推导：
%------------------------------------------- %-------------------------------------------
\vspace{0.5em}
\begin{definition} 基于短语的翻译推导 \begin{definition} 基于短语的翻译推导
{\small {\small
对于源语和目标语句对($\textbf{s}, \textbf{t}$)，分别有短语切分$\{\bar{s}_i\}$和$\{\bar{t}_j\}$，且$\{\bar{s}_i\}$和$\{\bar{t}_j\}$之间存在一一对应的关系。令$\{\bar{a}_j\}$表示$\{\bar{t}_j\}$ 中每个短语对应到源语言短语的编号，则称短语对$\{(\bar{s}_{\bar{a}_j},\bar{t}_j)\}$构成了$\textbf{s}$到$\textbf{t}$的{\small\bfnew{基于短语的翻译推导}}(简称推导)，记为$d(\{(\bar{s}_{\bar{a}_j},\bar{t}_j)\},\textbf{s},\textbf{t})$(简记为$d(\{(\bar{s}_{\bar{a}_j},\bar{t}_j)\})$或$d$)。 对于源语言和目标语言句对($\textbf{s}, \textbf{t}$)，分别有短语切分$\{\bar{s}_i\}$和$\{\bar{t}_j\}$，且$\{\bar{s}_i\}$和$\{\bar{t}_j\}$之间存在一一对应的关系。令$\{\bar{a}_j\}$表示$\{\bar{t}_j\}$ 中每个短语对应到源语言短语的编号，则称短语对$\{(\bar{s}_{\bar{a}_j},\bar{t}_j)\}$构成了$\textbf{s}$到$\textbf{t}$的{\small\bfnew{基于短语的翻译推导}}(简称推导)，记为$d(\{(\bar{s}_{\bar{a}_j},\bar{t}_j)\},\textbf{s},\textbf{t})$(简记为$d(\{(\bar{s}_{\bar{a}_j},\bar{t}_j)\})$或$d$)。
} }
\end{definition} \end{definition}
%------------------------------------------- %-------------------------------------------
...@@ -227,7 +231,7 @@ p_4 &=& \text{问题}\nonumber ...@@ -227,7 +231,7 @@ p_4 &=& \text{问题}\nonumber
\end{figure} \end{figure}
%------------------------------------------- %-------------------------------------------
\parinterval 图\ref{fig:derivation-consist-of-bilingual-phrase}给出了一个由三个双语短语$\{(\bar{s}_{\bar{a}_1},\bar{t}_1),(\bar{s}_{\bar{a}_2},\bar{t}_2),(\bar{s}_{\bar{a}_3},\bar{t}_3)\}$ 构成的汉英互译句对，其中短语对齐信息为$\bar{a}_1 = 1$，$\bar{a}_2 = 2$，$\bar{a}_3 = 3$。这里，可以把这三个短语对的组合看作是翻译推导，形式化表示为如下公式。其中，${} \circ $表示短语的组合\footnote[2]{短语的组合是指将两个短语a和b进行拼接，形成新的短语ab。在机器翻译中，可以把双语短语的组合看作是对目标语短语的组合。比如，对于两个双语短语$(\bar{s}_{\bar{a}_1},\bar{t}_1),(\bar{s}_{\bar{a}_2},\bar{t}_2)$，短语的组合表示将$\bar{t}_1$和$\bar{t}_2$进行组合，而源语言端作为输入已经给定，因此直接匹配源语言句子中相应的部分即可。根据两个短语在源语言中位置的不同，通常又分为顺序翻译、反序翻译、不连续翻译。关于这部分内容将会在后面调序模型的部分进行介绍。}。 \parinterval 图\ref{fig:derivation-consist-of-bilingual-phrase}给出了一个由三个双语短语$\{(\bar{s}_{\bar{a}_1},\bar{t}_1),(\bar{s}_{\bar{a}_2},\bar{t}_2),(\bar{s}_{\bar{a}_3},\bar{t}_3)\}$ 构成的汉英互译句对，其中短语对齐信息为$\bar{a}_1 = 1$，$\bar{a}_2 = 2$，$\bar{a}_3 = 3$。这里，可以把这三个短语对的组合看作是翻译推导，形式化表示为如下公式。其中，${} \circ $表示短语的组合\footnote[2]{短语的组合是指将两个短语a和b进行拼接，形成新的短语ab。在机器翻译中，可以把双语短语的组合看作是对目标语短语的组合。比如，对于两个双语短语$(\bar{s}_{\bar{a}_1},\bar{t}_1),(\bar{s}_{\bar{a}_2},\bar{t}_2)$，短语的组合表示将$\bar{t}_1$和$\bar{t}_2$进行组合，而源语言端作为输入已经给定，因此直接匹配源语言句子中相应的部分即可。根据两个短语在源语言中位置的不同，通常又分为顺序翻译、反序翻译、不连续翻译。关于这部分内容将会在后面\ref{subsection-4.2.4}节调序模型的部分进行介绍。}。
%公式-------------------------------------------------------------------- %公式--------------------------------------------------------------------
\begin{eqnarray} \begin{eqnarray}
d = {(\bar{s}_{\bar{a}_1},\bar{t}_1)} \circ {(\bar{s}_{\bar{a}_2},\bar{t}_2)} \circ {(\bar{s}_{\bar{a}_3},\bar{t}_3)} d = {(\bar{s}_{\bar{a}_1},\bar{t}_1)} \circ {(\bar{s}_{\bar{a}_2},\bar{t}_2)} \circ {(\bar{s}_{\bar{a}_3},\bar{t}_3)}
...@@ -264,7 +268,8 @@ d = {(\bar{s}_{\bar{a}_1},\bar{t}_1)} \circ {(\bar{s}_{\bar{a}_2},\bar{t}_2)} \c ...@@ -264,7 +268,8 @@ d = {(\bar{s}_{\bar{a}_1},\bar{t}_1)} \circ {(\bar{s}_{\bar{a}_2},\bar{t}_2)} \c
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
\subsubsection{基于翻译推导的建模}\index{Chapter4.2.2.1} \subsubsection{基于翻译推导的建模}\index{Chapter4.2.2.1}
\parinterval 基于短语的翻译模型假设\textbf{s}到\textbf{t}的翻译可以用翻译推导进行描述，这些翻译推导都是由双语短语组成。于是，两个句子的之间映射就可以被看作是一个个短语的映射。显然短语翻译的建模要比整个句子翻译的建模简单得多。从模型上看，可以把翻译推导$d$当作是描述从\textbf{s}到\textbf{t}翻译的一种隐含结构。这种结构定义了对问题的一种描述，即翻译由一系列短语组成。根据这个假设，可以把句子的翻译概率定义为： \parinterval 基于短语的翻译模型假设\textbf{s}到\textbf{t}的翻译可以用翻译推导进行描述，这些翻译推导都是由双语短语组成。于是，两个句子的之间映射就可以被看作是一个个短语的映射。显然短语翻译的建模要比整个句子翻译的建模简单得多。从模型上看，可以把翻译推导$d$当作是从\textbf{s}到\textbf{t}翻译的一种隐含结构。这种结构定义了对问题的一种描述，即翻译由一系列短语组成。根据这个假设，可以把句子的翻译概率定义为：
%公式-------------------------------------------------------------------- %公式--------------------------------------------------------------------
\begin{eqnarray} \begin{eqnarray}
\textrm{P}(\textbf{t}|\textbf{s}) = \sum_{d} \textrm{P}(d,\textbf{t}|\textbf{s}) \textrm{P}(\textbf{t}|\textbf{s}) = \sum_{d} \textrm{P}(d,\textbf{t}|\textbf{s})
...@@ -274,10 +279,10 @@ d = {(\bar{s}_{\bar{a}_1},\bar{t}_1)} \circ {(\bar{s}_{\bar{a}_2},\bar{t}_2)} \c ...@@ -274,10 +279,10 @@ d = {(\bar{s}_{\bar{a}_1},\bar{t}_1)} \circ {(\bar{s}_{\bar{a}_2},\bar{t}_2)} \c
\parinterval 公式\ref{eqa4.3}中，$\textrm{P}(d,\textbf{t}|\textbf{s})$表示翻译推导的概率。公式\ref{eqa4.3}把翻译问题转化为翻译推导的生成问题。但是，由于翻译推导的数量十分巨大\footnote[3]{如果把推导看作是一种树结构，推导的数量与词串的长度成指数关系。}，公式\ref{eqa4.3}的右端需要对所有可能的推导进行枚举并求和，这几乎是无法计算的。 \parinterval 公式\ref{eqa4.3}中，$\textrm{P}(d,\textbf{t}|\textbf{s})$表示翻译推导的概率。公式\ref{eqa4.3}把翻译问题转化为翻译推导的生成问题。但是，由于翻译推导的数量十分巨大\footnote[3]{如果把推导看作是一种树结构，推导的数量与词串的长度成指数关系。}，公式\ref{eqa4.3}的右端需要对所有可能的推导进行枚举并求和，这几乎是无法计算的。
\parinterval 对于这个问题，常用的解决办法是利用一个化简的模型来近似完整的模型。如果把翻译推导的全体看作一个空间$D$，可以从$D$中选取一部分样本参与计算，而不是对整个$D$进行计算。比如，可以用最好的$n$个翻译推导来代表整个空间$D$。令$D_{n-\textrm{best}}$表示最好的$n$个翻译推导所构成的空间，于是可以定义： \parinterval 对于这个问题，常用的解决办法是利用一个化简的模型来近似完整的模型。如果把翻译推导的全体看作一个空间$D$，可以从$D$中选取一部分样本参与计算，而不是对整个$D$进行计算。比如，可以用最好的$n$个翻译推导来代表整个空间$D$。令$D_{n\textrm{-best}}$表示最好的$n$个翻译推导所构成的空间，于是可以定义：
%公式-------------------------------------------------------------------- %公式--------------------------------------------------------------------
\begin{eqnarray} \begin{eqnarray}
\textrm{P}(\textbf{t}|\textbf{s}) \approx \sum_{d \in D_{n-\textrm{best}}} \textrm{P}(d,\textbf{t}|\textbf{s}) \textrm{P}(\textbf{t}|\textbf{s}) \approx \sum_{d \in D_{n\textrm{-best}}} \textrm{P}(d,\textbf{t}|\textbf{s})
\label{eqa4.4} \label{eqa4.4}
\end{eqnarray} \end{eqnarray}
%公式-------------------------------------------------------------------- %公式--------------------------------------------------------------------
...@@ -285,12 +290,13 @@ d = {(\bar{s}_{\bar{a}_1},\bar{t}_1)} \circ {(\bar{s}_{\bar{a}_2},\bar{t}_2)} \c ...@@ -285,12 +290,13 @@ d = {(\bar{s}_{\bar{a}_1},\bar{t}_1)} \circ {(\bar{s}_{\bar{a}_2},\bar{t}_2)} \c
\parinterval 进一步，把公式\ref{eqa4.4}带入公式\ref{eqa4.2}，可以得到翻译的目标为： \parinterval 进一步，把公式\ref{eqa4.4}带入公式\ref{eqa4.2}，可以得到翻译的目标为：
%公式-------------------------------------------------------------------- %公式--------------------------------------------------------------------
\begin{eqnarray} \begin{eqnarray}
\hat{\textbf{t}} = \arg\max_{\textbf{t}} \sum_{d \in D_{n-\textrm{best}}} \textrm{P}(d,\textbf{t}|\textbf{s}) \hat{\textbf{t}} = \arg\max_{\textbf{t}} \sum_{d \in D_{n\textrm{-best}}} \textrm{P}(d,\textbf{t}|\textbf{s})
\label{eqa4.5} \label{eqa4.5}
\end{eqnarray} \end{eqnarray}
%公式-------------------------------------------------------------------- %公式--------------------------------------------------------------------
\parinterval 另一种常用的方法是直接用$\textrm{P}(d,\textbf{t}|\textbf{s})$的最大值代表整个翻译推导的概率和，即： \parinterval 另一种常用的方法是直接用$\textrm{P}(d,\textbf{t}|\textbf{s})$的最大值代表整个翻译推导的概率和。这种方法假设翻译概率是非常尖锐的，``最好''的推导会占有概率的主要部分。它被形式化为：
%公式-------------------------------------------------------------------- %公式--------------------------------------------------------------------
\begin{eqnarray} \begin{eqnarray}
\textrm{P}(\textbf{t}|\textbf{s}) \approx \max \textrm{P}(d,\textbf{t}|\textbf{s}) \textrm{P}(\textbf{t}|\textbf{s}) \approx \max \textrm{P}(d,\textbf{t}|\textbf{s})
...@@ -298,7 +304,7 @@ d = {(\bar{s}_{\bar{a}_1},\bar{t}_1)} \circ {(\bar{s}_{\bar{a}_2},\bar{t}_2)} \c ...@@ -298,7 +304,7 @@ d = {(\bar{s}_{\bar{a}_1},\bar{t}_1)} \circ {(\bar{s}_{\bar{a}_2},\bar{t}_2)} \c
\end{eqnarray} \end{eqnarray}
%公式-------------------------------------------------------------------- %公式--------------------------------------------------------------------
\parinterval 翻译的目标又可以被重新定义： \parinterval 于是，翻译的目标可以被重新定义：
%公式-------------------------------------------------------------------- %公式--------------------------------------------------------------------
\begin{eqnarray} \begin{eqnarray}
\hat{\textbf{t}} = \arg\max_{\textbf{t}} \max \textrm{P}(d,\textbf{t}|\textbf{s}) \hat{\textbf{t}} = \arg\max_{\textbf{t}} \max \textrm{P}(d,\textbf{t}|\textbf{s})
...@@ -306,7 +312,7 @@ d = {(\bar{s}_{\bar{a}_1},\bar{t}_1)} \circ {(\bar{s}_{\bar{a}_2},\bar{t}_2)} \c ...@@ -306,7 +312,7 @@ d = {(\bar{s}_{\bar{a}_1},\bar{t}_1)} \circ {(\bar{s}_{\bar{a}_2},\bar{t}_2)} \c
\end{eqnarray} \end{eqnarray}
%公式-------------------------------------------------------------------- %公式--------------------------------------------------------------------
\parinterval 值得注意的是，翻译推导中蕴含着目标语译文的信息，因此每个翻译推导都与一个译文对应。因此可以把公式\ref{eqa4.7}所描述的问题重新定义为： \parinterval 值得注意的是，翻译推导中蕴含着译文的信息，因此每个翻译推导都与一个译文对应。因此可以把公式\ref{eqa4.7}所描述的问题重新定义为：
%公式-------------------------------------------------------------------- %公式--------------------------------------------------------------------
\begin{eqnarray} \begin{eqnarray}
\hat{d} = \arg\max_{d} \textrm{P}(d,\textbf{t}|\textbf{s}) \hat{d} = \arg\max_{d} \textrm{P}(d,\textbf{t}|\textbf{s})
...@@ -314,7 +320,7 @@ d = {(\bar{s}_{\bar{a}_1},\bar{t}_1)} \circ {(\bar{s}_{\bar{a}_2},\bar{t}_2)} \c ...@@ -314,7 +320,7 @@ d = {(\bar{s}_{\bar{a}_1},\bar{t}_1)} \circ {(\bar{s}_{\bar{a}_2},\bar{t}_2)} \c
\end{eqnarray} \end{eqnarray}
%公式-------------------------------------------------------------------- %公式--------------------------------------------------------------------
\parinterval 也就是，给定一个输入句子\textbf{s}，找到从它出发的最优翻译推导$\hat{d}$，把这个翻译推导所对应的目标语词串看作最优的译文。假设函数$t(\cdot)$可以返回一个推导的目标语词串，则最优译文也可以被看做是： \parinterval 也就是，给定一个输入句子\textbf{s}，找到从它出发的最优翻译推导$\hat{d}$，把这个翻译推导所对应的目标语词串看作最优的译文。假设函数$t(\cdot)$可以返回一个推导的目标语词串，则最优译文也可以被看作是：
%公式-------------------------------------------------------------------- %公式--------------------------------------------------------------------
\begin{eqnarray} \begin{eqnarray}
\hat{\textbf{t}} = t(\hat{d}) \hat{\textbf{t}} = t(\hat{d})
...@@ -322,12 +328,12 @@ d = {(\bar{s}_{\bar{a}_1},\bar{t}_1)} \circ {(\bar{s}_{\bar{a}_2},\bar{t}_2)} \c ...@@ -322,12 +328,12 @@ d = {(\bar{s}_{\bar{a}_1},\bar{t}_1)} \circ {(\bar{s}_{\bar{a}_2},\bar{t}_2)} \c
\end{eqnarray} \end{eqnarray}
%公式-------------------------------------------------------------------- %公式--------------------------------------------------------------------
\parinterval 注意，公式\ref{eqa4.8}-\ref{eqa4.9}和公式\ref{eqa4.7}本质上是一样的。它们也构成了统计机器翻译中最常用的方法\ \dash \ Viterbi方法。在后面机器翻译的解码中还会看到它们的应用。而公式\ref{eqa4.5}也被称作$n$-best方法，常常作为Viterbi方法的一种改进。 \parinterval 注意，公式\ref{eqa4.8}-\ref{eqa4.9}和公式\ref{eqa4.7}本质上是一样的。它们也构成了统计机器翻译中最常用的方法\ \dash \ Viterbi方法（{\red 参考文献！}）。在后面机器翻译的解码中还会看到它们的应用。而公式\ref{eqa4.5}也被称作$n$-best方法，常常作为Viterbi方法的一种改进。
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
\subsubsection{对数线性模型}\index{Chapter4.2.2.2} \subsubsection{对数线性模型}\index{Chapter4.2.2.2}
\parinterval 对于如何定义$\textrm{P}(d,\textbf{t}|\textbf{s})$有很多种思路，比如，可以把$d$拆解为若干步骤，然后对这些步骤分别建模，最后形成描述$d$的{\small\bfnew{生成式模型}}（Generative Model）。这种方法在第三章的IBM模型中也大量使用。但是，生成式模型的每一步推导需要有严格的概率解释，这也限制了研究人员从更多的角度对$d$进行描述。这里，可以使用另外一种方法\ \dash \ 判别式模型（Discriminative Model）来对$\textrm{P}(d,\textbf{t}|\textbf{s})$进行描述。其模型形式如下： \parinterval 对于如何定义$\textrm{P}(d,\textbf{t}|\textbf{s})$有很多种思路，比如，可以把$d$拆解为若干步骤，然后对这些步骤分别建模，最后形成描述$d$的{\small\bfnew{生成式模型}}（Generative Model）。这种方法在第三章的IBM模型中也大量使用。但是，生成式模型的每一步推导需要有严格的概率解释，这也限制了研究人员从更多的角度对$d$进行描述。这里，可以使用另外一种方法\ \dash \ {\small\bfnew{判别式模型}}（Discriminative Model）来对$\textrm{P}(d,\textbf{t}|\textbf{s})$进行描述（{\red 参考文献！Franz Och的论文}）。其模型形式如下：
%公式-------------------------------------------------------------------- %公式--------------------------------------------------------------------
\begin{eqnarray} \begin{eqnarray}
\textrm{P}(d,\textbf{t}|\textbf{s}) &=& \frac{\textrm{exp}(\textrm{score}(d,\textbf{t},\textbf{s}))}{\sum_{d',\textbf{t}'} \textrm{exp}(\textrm{score}(d',\textbf{t}',\textbf{s}))} \label{eqa4.10} \\ \textrm{P}(d,\textbf{t}|\textbf{s}) &=& \frac{\textrm{exp}(\textrm{score}(d,\textbf{t},\textbf{s}))}{\sum_{d',\textbf{t}'} \textrm{exp}(\textrm{score}(d',\textbf{t}',\textbf{s}))} \label{eqa4.10} \\
...@@ -355,8 +361,11 @@ d = {(\bar{s}_{\bar{a}_1},\bar{t}_1)} \circ {(\bar{s}_{\bar{a}_2},\bar{t}_2)} \c ...@@ -355,8 +361,11 @@ d = {(\bar{s}_{\bar{a}_1},\bar{t}_1)} \circ {(\bar{s}_{\bar{a}_2},\bar{t}_2)} \c
\parinterval 对于翻译的判别式建模，需要回答两个问题： \parinterval 对于翻译的判别式建模，需要回答两个问题：
\begin{itemize} \begin{itemize}
\vspace{0.5em}
\item 如何设计特征函数$\{h_i(d,\textbf{t}|\textbf{s})\}$? \item 如何设计特征函数$\{h_i(d,\textbf{t}|\textbf{s})\}$?
\vspace{0.5em}
\item 如何获得最好的特征权重$\{\lambda_i\}$? \item 如何获得最好的特征权重$\{\lambda_i\}$?
\vspace{0.5em}
\end{itemize} \end{itemize}
\parinterval 在基于短语的翻译模型中，通常包含三类特征：短语翻译特征、调序特征、语言模型相关的特征。这些特征都需要从训练数据中学习。图\ref{fig:process-of-machine-translation-base-phrase}展示了一个基于短语的机器翻译模型的搭建流程。其中的训练数据包括双语平行语料和目标语言单语语料。首先，需要从双语平行数据中学习短语的翻译，并形成一个短语翻译表；然后，再从双语平行数据中学习调序模型；最后，从目标语单语数据中学习语言模型。短语翻译表、调序模型、语言模型都会作为特征被送入判别式模型，由解码器完成对新句子的翻译。而这些特征的权重可以在额外的开发集上进行调优。关于短语翻译、调序模型和特征权重的学习，会在本章的\ref{subsection-4.2.3}-\ref{subsection-4.2.6}节进行介绍。 \parinterval 在基于短语的翻译模型中，通常包含三类特征：短语翻译特征、调序特征、语言模型相关的特征。这些特征都需要从训练数据中学习。图\ref{fig:process-of-machine-translation-base-phrase}展示了一个基于短语的机器翻译模型的搭建流程。其中的训练数据包括双语平行语料和目标语言单语语料。首先，需要从双语平行数据中学习短语的翻译，并形成一个短语翻译表；然后，再从双语平行数据中学习调序模型；最后，从目标语单语数据中学习语言模型。短语翻译表、调序模型、语言模型都会作为特征被送入判别式模型，由解码器完成对新句子的翻译。而这些特征的权重可以在额外的开发集上进行调优。关于短语翻译、调序模型和特征权重的学习，会在本章的\ref{subsection-4.2.3}-\ref{subsection-4.2.6}节进行介绍。
...@@ -374,7 +383,7 @@ d = {(\bar{s}_{\bar{a}_1},\bar{t}_1)} \circ {(\bar{s}_{\bar{a}_2},\bar{t}_2)} \c ...@@ -374,7 +383,7 @@ d = {(\bar{s}_{\bar{a}_1},\bar{t}_1)} \circ {(\bar{s}_{\bar{a}_2},\bar{t}_2)} \c
%--4.2.3 短语抽取--------------------- %--4.2.3 短语抽取---------------------
\subsection{短语抽取}\index{Chapter4.2.3}\label{subsection-4.2.3} \subsection{短语抽取}\index{Chapter4.2.3}\label{subsection-4.2.3}
\parinterval 在基于短语的模型中，学习短语翻译是重要的步骤之一。获得短语翻译的方法有很多种，最常用的方法是从双语平行语料中进行{\small\bfnew{短语抽取}}。前面已经介绍过短语的概念，句子中任意的连续子串都被称为短语。例如在图\ref{fig:unlimited-phrase-extraction}中，用点阵的形式来表示双语之间的对应关系，那么图中任意一个矩形框都可以构成一个双语的短语（或短语对），例如``什么 都 没''对应``learn nothing ？''。 \parinterval 在基于短语的模型中，学习短语翻译是重要的步骤之一。获得短语翻译的方法有很多种，最常用的方法是从双语平行语料中进行{\small\bfnew{短语抽取}}（Phrase Extraction）。前面已经介绍过短语的概念，句子中任意的连续子串都被称为短语。例如在图\ref{fig:unlimited-phrase-extraction}中，用点阵的形式来表示双语之间的对应关系，那么图中任意一个矩形框都可以构成一个双语短语（或短语对），例如``什么\ 都\ 没''对应``learn nothing ？''。
%---------------------------------------------- %----------------------------------------------
% 图4.12 % 图4.12
...@@ -386,7 +395,7 @@ d = {(\bar{s}_{\bar{a}_1},\bar{t}_1)} \circ {(\bar{s}_{\bar{a}_2},\bar{t}_2)} \c ...@@ -386,7 +395,7 @@ d = {(\bar{s}_{\bar{a}_1},\bar{t}_1)} \circ {(\bar{s}_{\bar{a}_2},\bar{t}_2)} \c
\end{figure} \end{figure}
%------------------------------------------- %-------------------------------------------
\parinterval 按照上述抽取短语的方式可以找到所有可能的双语短语，但是这种不加限制的抽取是非常十分低效的。一是可抽取的短语数量爆炸，二是抽取得到的大部分短语是没有意义的，如上面的例子中抽取到``到？''对应``Have you learn nothing？''这样的短语对在翻译中并没有什么意义。对于这个问题，一种解决方法是基于词对齐进行短语抽取，或者是抽取与词对齐相一致的短语。 \parinterval 按照上述抽取短语的方式可以找到所有可能的双语短语，但是这种不加限制的抽取是非常十分低效的。一是可抽取的短语数量爆炸，二是抽取得到的大部分短语是没有意义的，如上面的例子中抽取到``到\ ？''对应``Have you learn nothing？''这样的短语对在翻译中并没有什么意义。对于这个问题，一种解决方法是基于词对齐进行短语抽取，或者是抽取与词对齐相一致的短语。
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
\subsubsection{与词对齐一致的短语}\index{Chapter4.2.3.1} \subsubsection{与词对齐一致的短语}\index{Chapter4.2.3.1}
...@@ -394,6 +403,7 @@ d = {(\bar{s}_{\bar{a}_1},\bar{t}_1)} \circ {(\bar{s}_{\bar{a}_2},\bar{t}_2)} \c ...@@ -394,6 +403,7 @@ d = {(\bar{s}_{\bar{a}_1},\bar{t}_1)} \circ {(\bar{s}_{\bar{a}_2},\bar{t}_2)} \c
\parinterval 图\ref{fig:phrase-extraction-consistent-with-word-alignment}中大蓝色方块代表词对齐。通过词对齐信息，可以很容易的获得双语短语``天气 $\leftrightarrow$ The weather''。这里称其为与词对齐一致（兼容）的双语短语。具体定义如下： \parinterval 图\ref{fig:phrase-extraction-consistent-with-word-alignment}中大蓝色方块代表词对齐。通过词对齐信息，可以很容易的获得双语短语``天气 $\leftrightarrow$ The weather''。这里称其为与词对齐一致（兼容）的双语短语。具体定义如下：
%------------------------------------------- %-------------------------------------------
\vspace{0.5em}
\begin{definition} 与词对齐一致（兼容）的双语短语 \begin{definition} 与词对齐一致（兼容）的双语短语
{\small {\small
...@@ -412,7 +422,7 @@ d = {(\bar{s}_{\bar{a}_1},\bar{t}_1)} \circ {(\bar{s}_{\bar{a}_2},\bar{t}_2)} \c ...@@ -412,7 +422,7 @@ d = {(\bar{s}_{\bar{a}_1},\bar{t}_1)} \circ {(\bar{s}_{\bar{a}_2},\bar{t}_2)} \c
\end{figure} \end{figure}
%------------------------------------------- %-------------------------------------------
\parinterval 如图\ref{fig:consistence-of-word-alignment}所示，左边的例子中的$t_1$和$t_2$严格的对应到$s_1$、$s_2$、$s_3$，所以短语是与词对齐相一致的；中间的例子中的$t_2$对应到短语$s_1$和$s_2$的外面，所以短语是与词对齐不一致的；类似的，左边的例子也是与词对齐相一致的短语。 \parinterval 如图\ref{fig:consistence-of-word-alignment}所示，左边的例子中的$t_1$和$t_2$严格的对应到$s_1$、$s_2$、$s_3$，所以短语是与词对齐相一致的；中间的例子中的$t_2$对应到短语$s_1$和$s_2$的外面，所以短语是与词对齐不一致的；类似的，右边的例子也是与词对齐相一致的短语。
%---------------------------------------------- %----------------------------------------------
% 图4.14 % 图4.14
...@@ -439,7 +449,7 @@ d = {(\bar{s}_{\bar{a}_1},\bar{t}_1)} \circ {(\bar{s}_{\bar{a}_2},\bar{t}_2)} \c ...@@ -439,7 +449,7 @@ d = {(\bar{s}_{\bar{a}_1},\bar{t}_1)} \circ {(\bar{s}_{\bar{a}_2},\bar{t}_2)} \c
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
\subsubsection{获取词对齐}\index{Chapter4.2.3.2} \subsubsection{获取词对齐}\index{Chapter4.2.3.2}
\parinterval 词对齐如何获得呢？上一章介绍的IBM模型本身就是一个词对齐模型，因此一种常用的方法是直接使用IBM模型生成词对齐。IBM模型约定每个源语言单词必须对应、也只能对应到一个目标语单词。因此，IBM模型得到的词对齐结果是不对称的。正常情况下词对齐可以是一个源语言单词对应多个目标语言单词，或者多对一，甚至多对多的情况。为了获得对称的词对齐，一种简单的方法是，分别进行正向翻译和反向翻译的词对齐，然后利用启发性方法生成对称的词对齐，例如，双向词对齐取交集、并集等。如图\ref{fig:get-word-alignment}中，左边两个图就是正向和反向两种词对齐的结果。右边的图是融合双向词对齐的结果，取交集是蓝色的方框，取并集是红色的方框。当然，还可以设计更多的启发性规则生成词对齐\cite{koehn2000estimating,koehn2007factored}。 \parinterval 如何获得词对齐呢？上一章介绍的IBM模型本身就是一个词对齐模型，因此一种常用的方法是直接使用IBM模型生成词对齐。IBM模型约定每个源语言单词必须对应、也只能对应到一个目标语单词。因此，IBM 模型得到的词对齐结果是不对称的。正常情况下词对齐可以是一个源语言单词对应多个目标语言单词，或者多对一，甚至多对多的情况。为了获得对称的词对齐，一种简单的方法是，分别进行正向翻译和反向翻译的词对齐，然后利用启发性方法生成对称的词对齐，例如，双向词对齐取交集、并集等。如图\ref{fig:get-word-alignment}中，左边两个图就是正向和反向两种词对齐的结果。右边的图是融合双向词对齐的结果，取交集是蓝色的方框，取并集是红色的方框。当然，还可以设计更多的启发性规则生成词对齐\cite{koehn2000estimating,koehn2007factored}。
%---------------------------------------------- %----------------------------------------------
% 图4.16 % 图4.16
...@@ -469,19 +479,19 @@ d = {(\bar{s}_{\bar{a}_1},\bar{t}_1)} \circ {(\bar{s}_{\bar{a}_2},\bar{t}_2)} \c ...@@ -469,19 +479,19 @@ d = {(\bar{s}_{\bar{a}_1},\bar{t}_1)} \circ {(\bar{s}_{\bar{a}_2},\bar{t}_2)} \c
\parinterval 当遇到低频短语时，短语翻译概率的估计可能会不准确。例如，短语$\bar{s}$和$\bar{t}$在语料中只出现了一次，且在一个句子中共现，那么$\bar{s}$到$\bar{t}$的翻译概率为$\textrm{P}(\bar{t}|\bar{s})=1$，这显然是不合理的，因为$\bar{s}$和$\bar{t}$的出现完全可能是偶然事件。既然直接度量双语短语的好坏会面临数据稀疏问题，一个自然的想法就是把短语拆解成单词，利用双语短语中单词翻译的好坏间接度量双语短语的好还。为了达到这个目的，可以使用{\small\bfnew{词汇化翻译概率}}（Lexical Translation Probability）。前面借助词对齐信息完成了双语短语的抽取，因此，词对齐信息本身就包含了短语内部单词之间的对应关系。因此同样可以借助词对齐来计算词汇翻译概率，公式如下： \parinterval 当遇到低频短语时，短语翻译概率的估计可能会不准确。例如，短语$\bar{s}$和$\bar{t}$在语料中只出现了一次，且在一个句子中共现，那么$\bar{s}$到$\bar{t}$的翻译概率为$\textrm{P}(\bar{t}|\bar{s})=1$，这显然是不合理的，因为$\bar{s}$和$\bar{t}$的出现完全可能是偶然事件。既然直接度量双语短语的好坏会面临数据稀疏问题，一个自然的想法就是把短语拆解成单词，利用双语短语中单词翻译的好坏间接度量双语短语的好还。为了达到这个目的，可以使用{\small\bfnew{词汇化翻译概率}}（Lexical Translation Probability）。前面借助词对齐信息完成了双语短语的抽取，因此，词对齐信息本身就包含了短语内部单词之间的对应关系。因此同样可以借助词对齐来计算词汇翻译概率，公式如下：
%公式-------------------------------------------------------------------- %公式--------------------------------------------------------------------
\begin{eqnarray} \begin{eqnarray}
\textrm{$\textrm{P}_{\textrm{lex}}$}(\bar{t}|\bar{s}) = \prod_{j=1}^{J} \frac{1}{|\{j|a(j,i) = 1\}|} \sum_{\forall(j,i):a(j,i) = 1} w(t_i|s_j) \textrm{$\textrm{P}_{\textrm{lex}}$}(\bar{t}|\bar{s}) = \prod_{j=1}^{|\bar{s}|} \frac{1}{|\{j|a(j,i) = 1\}|} \sum_{\forall(j,i):a(j,i) = 1} w(t_i|s_j)
\label{eqa4.14} \label{eqa4.14}
\end{eqnarray} \end{eqnarray}
%公式-------------------------------------------------------------------- %公式--------------------------------------------------------------------
\parinterval 它表达的意思是短语$\bar{s}$和$\bar{t}$存在词汇级的对应关系，其中$w$表示词汇翻译概率用来度量两个单词之间翻译的可能性大小（在第三章中介绍过），作为两个词之间对应的强度。下面来看一个具体的例子，如图\ref{fig:example-of-vocabulary-translation-probability}所示。对于一个双语短语，将它们的词对齐关系代入到上面的公式就会得到短语的词汇翻译概率。对于词汇翻译概率，可以使用IBM模型中的单词翻译表，也可以通过统计获得\cite{koehn2002learning}。如果一个单词的词对齐为空，则用N表示它翻译为空的概率。和短语翻译概率一样，可以使用双向的词汇化翻译概率来评价双语短语的好坏。 \parinterval 它表达的意思是短语$\bar{s}$和$\bar{t}$存在词汇级的对应关系，其中$w$表示词汇翻译概率用来度量两个单词之间翻译的可能性大小（见第三章），作为两个词之间对应的强度。下面来看一个具体的例子，如图\ref{fig:example-of-vocabulary-translation-probability}所示。对于一个双语短语，将它们的词对齐关系代入到上面的公式就会得到短语的词汇翻译概率。对于词汇翻译概率，可以使用IBM 模型中的单词翻译表，也可以通过统计获得\cite{koehn2002learning}。如果一个单词的词对齐为空，则用$N$表示它翻译为空的概率。和短语翻译概率一样，可以使用双向的词汇化翻译概率来评价双语短语的好坏。
%---------------------------------------------- %----------------------------------------------
% 图4.17 % 图4.17
\begin{figure}[htp] \begin{figure}[htp]
\centering \centering
\input{./Chapter4/Figures/example-of-vocabulary-translation-probability} \input{./Chapter4/Figures/example-of-vocabulary-translation-probability}
\caption{词汇翻译概率样例} \caption{词汇翻译概率实例}
\label{fig:example-of-vocabulary-translation-probability} \label{fig:example-of-vocabulary-translation-probability}
\end{figure} \end{figure}
%------------------------------------------- %-------------------------------------------
...@@ -501,7 +511,7 @@ d = {(\bar{s}_{\bar{a}_1},\bar{t}_1)} \circ {(\bar{s}_{\bar{a}_2},\bar{t}_2)} \c ...@@ -501,7 +511,7 @@ d = {(\bar{s}_{\bar{a}_1},\bar{t}_1)} \circ {(\bar{s}_{\bar{a}_2},\bar{t}_2)} \c
%--4.2.4 调序--------------------- %--4.2.4 调序---------------------
\subsection{调序}\index{Chapter4.2.4}\label{subsection-4.2.4} \subsection{调序}\index{Chapter4.2.4}\label{subsection-4.2.4}
\parinterval 尽管已经知道了如何将一个源语言短语翻译成目标语言短语，但是想要获得一个质量很高的目标语译文，仅有互译的双语短语是远远不够的。如图\ref{fig:reorder-base-phrase-translation}所示，按照从左到右的顺序对一个句子``在 桌子 上 的 苹果''进行翻译，得到的译文``on the table the apple''的语序是不对的。虽然可以使用$n$-gram语言模型对语序进行建模，但是此处仍然需要用更加准确的方式描述目标语短语间的次序。一般，把这个问题称为短语调序，或者简称{\small\bfnew{调序}}（Reordering）。通常，基于短语的调序模型会作为判别式模型的特征参与到翻译过程中来。接下来，会介绍3 种不同的调序方法，分别是基于距离的调序、基于方向的调序（MSD模型）以及基于分类的调序。 \parinterval 尽管已经知道了如何将一个源语言短语翻译成目标语言短语，但是想要获得一个高质量的译文，仅有互译的双语短语是远远不够的。如图\ref{fig:reorder-base-phrase-translation}所示，按照从左到右的顺序对一个句子``在\ \ 桌子\ \ 上\ \ 的\ \ 苹果''进行翻译，得到的译文``on the table the apple''的语序是不对的。虽然可以使用$n$-gram语言模型对语序进行建模，但是此处仍然需要用更加准确的方式描述目标语短语间的次序。一般，把这个问题称为短语调序，或者简称{\small\bfnew{调序}}（Reordering）。通常，基于短语的调序模型会作为判别式模型的特征参与到翻译过程中来。接下来，会介绍3 种不同的调序方法，分别是基于距离的调序、基于方向的调序（MSD模型）以及基于分类的调序。
%---------------------------------------------- %----------------------------------------------
% 图4.19 % 图4.19
...@@ -543,7 +553,7 @@ dr = \textrm{start}_i-\textrm{end}_{i-1}-1 ...@@ -543,7 +553,7 @@ dr = \textrm{start}_i-\textrm{end}_{i-1}-1
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
\subsubsection{基于方向的调序}\index{Chapter4.2.4.2} \subsubsection{基于方向的调序}\index{Chapter4.2.4.2}
\parinterval 基于方向的调序模型是另一种常用的调序模型。该模型是一种典型的词汇化调序模型，因此调序的结果会根据不同短语有所不同。简单来说，在给定双语短语的情况下，该模型会判断它在目标语端的调序情况，包含三种调序类型：顺序的单调翻译（M）、与前一个短语交换位置（S）、非连续翻译（D）。因此，这个模型也被称作MSD调序模型\cite{Gros2008MSD}。图\ref{fig:three-types-of-reorder-method-in-msd}展示了这三种调序类型，当两个短语对在源语言和目标语言中都是按顺序排列时，它们就是单调的（如：从左边数前两个短语）；如果对应的短语顺序在目标语中是反过来的，属于交换调序（如：从左边数第三和第四个短语）；如果两个短语之间还有其他的短语，就是非连续翻译（如：从右边数的前两个短语）。 \parinterval 基于方向的调序模型是另一种常用的调序模型。该模型是一种典型的词汇化调序模型，因此调序的结果会根据不同短语有所不同。简单来说，在目标语言端连续的情况下，该模型会判断两个双语短语在源语言端的调序情况，包含三种调序类型：顺序的单调翻译（M）、与前一个短语交换位置（S）、非连续翻译（D）。因此，这个模型也被称作MSD调序模型\cite{Gros2008MSD}。图\ref{fig:three-types-of-reorder-method-in-msd}展示了这三种调序类型，当两个短语对在源语言和目标语言中都是按顺序排列时，它们就是单调的（如：从左边数前两个短语）；如果对应的短语顺序在目标语中是反过来的，属于交换调序（如：从左边数第三和第四个短语）；如果两个短语之间还有其他的短语，就是非连续翻译（如：从右边数的前两个短语）。
%---------------------------------------------- %----------------------------------------------
% 图4.21 % 图4.21
...@@ -563,7 +573,7 @@ dr = \textrm{start}_i-\textrm{end}_{i-1}-1 ...@@ -563,7 +573,7 @@ dr = \textrm{start}_i-\textrm{end}_{i-1}-1
\end{eqnarray} \end{eqnarray}
%公式-------------------------------------------------------------------- %公式--------------------------------------------------------------------
\parinterval 短语之间的调序概率是由双语短语以及短语对齐决定的，$o$表示调序的种类，可以取M、S、D中的任意一种。而整个句子调序的好坏就是把相邻的短语之间的调序概率相乘（对应取log后的加法）。这样，公式\ref{eqa4.16}把调序的好坏定义为新的特征，对于M、S、D总共就有三个特征。除了当前短语和前一个短语的调序特征，还可以定义当前短语和后一个短语的调序特征，即将上述公式中的$a_{i-1}$换成$a_{i+1}$。于是，又可以得到三个特征。因此在MSD调序中总共可以有6个特征。 \noindent 其中，$o_i$表示（目标语言）第$i$个短语的调序方向，$\textbf{o}=\{o_i\}$表示短语序列的调序方向，$K$表示短语的数量。短语之间的调序概率是由双语短语以及短语对齐决定的，$o$表示调序的种类，可以取M、S、D 中的任意一种。而整个句子调序的好坏就是把相邻的短语之间的调序概率相乘（对应取log后的加法）。这样，公式\ref{eqa4.16}把调序的好坏定义为新的特征，对于M、S、D总共就有三个特征。除了当前短语和前一个短语的调序特征，还可以定义当前短语和后一个短语的调序特征，即将上述公式中的$a_{i-1}$换成$a_{i+1}$。 于是，又可以得到三个特征。因此在MSD调序中总共可以有6个特征。
\parinterval 具体实现中，通常使用词对齐对两个短语间的调序关系进行判断。图\ref{fig:judge-type-of-reorder-method}展示了这个过程。先判断短语的左上角和右上角是否存在词对齐，再根据其位置对调序类型进行划分。每个短语对应的调序概率都可以用相对频率估计进行计算。而MSD调序模型也相当于在短语表中的每个双语短语后添加6个特征。不过，调序模型一般并不会和短语表一起存储，因此在系统中通常会看到两个独立的模型文件，分别保存短语表和调序模型。 \parinterval 具体实现中，通常使用词对齐对两个短语间的调序关系进行判断。图\ref{fig:judge-type-of-reorder-method}展示了这个过程。先判断短语的左上角和右上角是否存在词对齐，再根据其位置对调序类型进行划分。每个短语对应的调序概率都可以用相对频率估计进行计算。而MSD调序模型也相当于在短语表中的每个双语短语后添加6个特征。不过，调序模型一般并不会和短语表一起存储，因此在系统中通常会看到两个独立的模型文件，分别保存短语表和调序模型。
...@@ -580,7 +590,7 @@ dr = \textrm{start}_i-\textrm{end}_{i-1}-1 ...@@ -580,7 +590,7 @@ dr = \textrm{start}_i-\textrm{end}_{i-1}-1
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
\subsubsection{基于分类的调序}\index{Chapter4.2.4.3} \subsubsection{基于分类的调序}\index{Chapter4.2.4.3}
\parinterval 在MSD调序中，双语短语所对应的调序概率$\textrm{P}(o_i| \bar{s}_{a_i}, \bar{t}_i, a_{i-1}, a_i)$是用极大似然估计方法进行计算的。但是，这种方法也会面临数据稀疏问题，同时对调序产生影响的细致特征也没有考虑进来。另一种有效的方法是直接用统计分类模型对调序进行建模，比如，可以使用最大熵、SVM等分类器输出调序概率或者得分\cite{xiong2006maximum}。对于基于分类的方法，有两方面问题需要考虑： \parinterval 在MSD调序中，双语短语所对应的调序概率$\textrm{P}(o_i| \bar{s}_{a_i}, \bar{t}_i, a_{i-1}, a_i)$是用极大似然估计方法进行计算的。但是，这种方法也会面临数据稀疏问题，同时对调序产生影响的细致特征也没有考虑进来。另一种有效的方法是直接用统计分类模型对调序进行建模，比如，可以使用最大熵、SVM等分类器输出调序概率或者得分\cite{xiong2006maximum}（{\red 参考文献！再引用两篇！}）。对于基于分类的调序模型，有两方面问题需要考虑：
\begin{itemize} \begin{itemize}
\item 训练样本的生成。可以把M、S、D看作是类别标签，把所对应的短语及短语对齐信息看作是输入。这样就得到了大量分类器训练所需的样本； \item 训练样本的生成。可以把M、S、D看作是类别标签，把所对应的短语及短语对齐信息看作是输入。这样就得到了大量分类器训练所需的样本；
...@@ -611,7 +621,7 @@ dr = \textrm{start}_i-\textrm{end}_{i-1}-1 ...@@ -611,7 +621,7 @@ dr = \textrm{start}_i-\textrm{end}_{i-1}-1
\parinterval 想要得到最优的特征权重，最简单的方法是枚举所有的特征权重可能的取值，然后评价每组权重所对应的翻译性能，最后选择最优的特征权重作为调优的结果。但是特征权重是一个实数值，因此可以考虑把实数权重进行量化，即把权重看作是在固定间隔上的取值，比如，每隔0.01取值。即使是这样，同时枚举多个特征的权重也是非常耗时的工作，当特征数量增多时这种方法的效率仍然很低。 \parinterval 想要得到最优的特征权重，最简单的方法是枚举所有的特征权重可能的取值，然后评价每组权重所对应的翻译性能，最后选择最优的特征权重作为调优的结果。但是特征权重是一个实数值，因此可以考虑把实数权重进行量化，即把权重看作是在固定间隔上的取值，比如，每隔0.01取值。即使是这样，同时枚举多个特征的权重也是非常耗时的工作，当特征数量增多时这种方法的效率仍然很低。
\parinterval 这里介绍一种更加高效的特征权重调优方法-{\small\bfnew{最小错误率训练}}（Minimum Error Rate Training，MERT）。MERT是统计机器翻译发展中代表性工作，也是从机器翻译中原创的重要技术方法之一\cite{och2003minimum}。最小错误率训练的假设是：翻译结果相对于标准答案的错误是可度量的，进而可以通过降低错误数量的方式来找到最优的特征权重。假设有样本集合$S = \{(s_1,\textbf{r}_1),...,(s_N,\textbf{r}_N)\}$，$s_i$为样本中第$i$个源语言句子，$\textbf{r}_i$为相应的参考译文。注意，$\textbf{r}_i$可以包含多个参考译文句子。$S$通常被称为{\small\bfnew{调优集合}}（Tuning Set）。对于$S$中的每个源语句子$s_i$，机器翻译模型会解码出$n$-best推导$d_{i}^{\ast} = \{\textbf{d}_{ij}^{\ast}\}$，其中$d_{ij}^{\ast}$表示翻译源语言句子$s_i$时得到的第$j$个最好的推导。$\{d_{ij}^{\ast}\}$可以被定义如下： \parinterval 这里介绍一种更加高效的特征权重调优方法$\ \dash \ ${\small\bfnew{最小错误率训练}}（Minimum Error Rate Training，MERT）。最小错误率训练是统计机器翻译发展中代表性工作，也是从机器翻译中原创的重要技术方法之一\cite{och2003minimum}。最小错误率训练假设：翻译结果相对于标准答案的错误是可度量的，进而可以通过降低错误数量的方式来找到最优的特征权重。假设有样本集合$S = \{(s_1,\textbf{r}_1),...,(s_N,\textbf{r}_N)\}$，$s_i$为样本中第$i$个源语言句子，$\textbf{r}_i$为相应的参考译文。注意，$\textbf{r}_i$可以包含多个参考译文。$S$通常被称为{\small\bfnew{调优集合}}（Tuning Set）。对于$S$中的每个源语句子$s_i$，机器翻译模型会解码出$n$-best推导$d_{i}^{\ast} = \{\textbf{d}_{ij}^{\ast}\}$，其中$d_{ij}^{\ast}$表示翻译源语言句子$s_i$时得到的第$j$个最好的推导。$\{d_{ij}^{\ast}\}$可以被定义如下：
%公式-------------------------------------------------------------------- %公式--------------------------------------------------------------------
\begin{eqnarray} \begin{eqnarray}
\{d_{ij}^{\ast}\} = \arg\max_{\{d_{ij}\}} \sum_{i=1}^{M} \lambda_i \cdot h_i (d,\textbf{t},\textbf{s}) \{d_{ij}^{\ast}\} = \arg\max_{\{d_{ij}\}} \sum_{i=1}^{M} \lambda_i \cdot h_i (d,\textbf{t},\textbf{s})
...@@ -626,8 +636,8 @@ dr = \textrm{start}_i-\textrm{end}_{i-1}-1 ...@@ -626,8 +636,8 @@ dr = \textrm{start}_i-\textrm{end}_{i-1}-1
\label{eqa4.18} \label{eqa4.18}
\end{eqnarray} \end{eqnarray}
%公式-------------------------------------------------------------------- %公式--------------------------------------------------------------------
\parinterval 其中\textrm{Error}$(\cdot)$是错误率函数。\textrm{Error}$(\cdot)$的定义方式有很多，一般来说\textrm{Error}$(\cdot)$会与机器翻译的评价指标相关，例如，词错误率(WER)、位置错误率(PER)、BLEU值、NIST值等都可以用于\textrm{Error}$(\cdot)$的定义。这里使用1-BLEU作为错误率函数，即$\textrm{Error}(\textbf{D}^{\ast},\textbf{R}) = 1 - \textrm{BLEU}(\textbf{D}^{\ast},\textbf{R})$。则式191可改写为： \noindent 其中\textrm{Error}$(\cdot)$是错误率函数。\textrm{Error}$(\cdot)$的定义方式有很多，一般来说\textrm{Error}$(\cdot)$会与机器翻译的评价指标相关，例如，词错误率(WER)、位置错误率(PER)、BLEU 值、NIST值等都可以用于\textrm{Error}$(\cdot)$的定义。这里使用1-BLEU作为错误率函数，即$\textrm{Error}(\textbf{D}^{\ast},\textbf{R}) = 1 - \textrm{BLEU}(\textbf{D}^{\ast},\textbf{R})$。则公式\ref{eqa4.18}可改写为：
%公式-------------------------------------------------------------------- %公式--------------------------------------------------------------------
\begin{eqnarray} \begin{eqnarray}
\lambda^{\ast} &=& \arg\min_{\lambda}\ 1 - \textrm{BLEU}(\textbf{D}^{\ast},\textbf{R}) \nonumber \\ \lambda^{\ast} &=& \arg\min_{\lambda}\ 1 - \textrm{BLEU}(\textbf{D}^{\ast},\textbf{R}) \nonumber \\
...@@ -636,7 +646,7 @@ dr = \textrm{start}_i-\textrm{end}_{i-1}-1 ...@@ -636,7 +646,7 @@ dr = \textrm{start}_i-\textrm{end}_{i-1}-1
\end{eqnarray} \end{eqnarray}
%公式-------------------------------------------------------------------- %公式--------------------------------------------------------------------
\parinterval 需要注意的是， BLEU本身是一个不可导函数。因此，无法使用梯度下降等方法对是式\ref{eqa4.19}进行求解。那么如何能快速得到最优解？这里会使用一种特殊的优化方法，称作{\small\bfnew{线搜索}}（Line Search），它是Powell搜索的一种形式\cite{powell1964an}。这种方法也构成了最小错误率训练的核心。 \parinterval 需要注意的是， BLEU本身是一个不可微分函数。因此，无法使用梯度下降等方法对是式\ref{eqa4.19}进行求解。那么如何能快速得到最优解？这里会使用一种特殊的优化方法，称作{\small\bfnew{线搜索}}（Line Search），它是Powell搜索的一种形式\cite{powell1964an}。这种方法也构成了最小错误率训练的核心。
\parinterval 首先，重新看一下特征权重的搜索空间。按照前面的介绍，如果要进行暴力搜索，需要把特征权重的取值按小的间隔进行划分。这样，所有特征权重的取值可以用图\ref{fig:search-space-representation-of-feature-weight}的网格来表示。其中横坐标为所有的$M$个特征函数，纵坐标为权重可能的取值。假设每个特征都有$V$种取值，那么遍历所有特征权重取值的组合有$M^V$种。每组$\lambda = \{\lambda_i\}$的取值实际上就是一个贯穿所有特征权重的折线，如图\ref{fig:search-space-representation-of-feature-weight}中间红线所展示的路径。当然，可以通过枚举得到很多这样的折线（图\ref{fig:search-space-representation-of-feature-weight}右）。假设计算BLEU的时间开销为$B$，那么遍历所有的路径的时间复杂为$\textrm{O}(M^V \cdot B)$，由于$V$可能很大，而且$B$往往也无法忽略，因此这种计算方式的时间成本是极高的。 \parinterval 首先，重新看一下特征权重的搜索空间。按照前面的介绍，如果要进行暴力搜索，需要把特征权重的取值按小的间隔进行划分。这样，所有特征权重的取值可以用图\ref{fig:search-space-representation-of-feature-weight}的网格来表示。其中横坐标为所有的$M$个特征函数，纵坐标为权重可能的取值。假设每个特征都有$V$种取值，那么遍历所有特征权重取值的组合有$M^V$种。每组$\lambda = \{\lambda_i\}$的取值实际上就是一个贯穿所有特征权重的折线，如图\ref{fig:search-space-representation-of-feature-weight}中间红线所展示的路径。当然，可以通过枚举得到很多这样的折线（图\ref{fig:search-space-representation-of-feature-weight}右）。假设计算BLEU的时间开销为$B$，那么遍历所有的路径的时间复杂为$\textrm{O}(M^V \cdot B)$，由于$V$可能很大，而且$B$往往也无法忽略，因此这种计算方式的时间成本是极高的。
...@@ -652,7 +662,7 @@ dr = \textrm{start}_i-\textrm{end}_{i-1}-1 ...@@ -652,7 +662,7 @@ dr = \textrm{start}_i-\textrm{end}_{i-1}-1
\end{figure} \end{figure}
%------------------------------------------- %-------------------------------------------
\parinterval 对全搜索的一种改进是使用局部搜索。循环处理每个特征，每一次只调整一个特征权重的值，找到使BLEU达到最大的权重。反复执行该过程，直到模型达到稳定状态（如，BLEU不再降低）。图\ref{fig:grid-search}左侧展示了这种方法。其中红色部分为固定住的权重，相应的虚线部分为当前权重所有可能的取值，这样搜索一个特征权重的时间复杂度为$\textrm{O}(V \cdot B)$。而整个算法的时间复杂度为$\textrm{O}(L \cdot V \cdot B)$，其中$L$为循环访问特征的总次数。这种方法也被称作{\small\bfnew{格搜索}}（Grid Search）。 \parinterval 对全搜索的一种改进是使用局部搜索。循环处理每个特征，每一次只调整一个特征权重的值，找到使BLEU达到最大的权重。反复执行该过程，直到模型达到稳定状态（例如BLEU不再降低）。图\ref{fig:grid-search}左侧展示了这种方法。其中红色部分为固定住的权重，相应的虚线部分为当前权重所有可能的取值，这样搜索一个特征权重的时间复杂度为$\textrm{O}(V \cdot B)$。而整个算法的时间复杂度为$\textrm{O}(L \cdot V \cdot B)$，其中$L$为循环访问特征的总次数。这种方法也被称作{\small\bfnew{格搜索}}（Grid Search）。
\parinterval 格搜索的问题在于，每个特征都要访问$V$个点，且不说$V$个点无法对连续的特征权重进行表示，里面也会存在大量的无用访问。也就是说，这$V$个点中绝大多数点根本``不可能''成为最优的权重。可以把这样的点称为无效取值点。 \parinterval 格搜索的问题在于，每个特征都要访问$V$个点，且不说$V$个点无法对连续的特征权重进行表示，里面也会存在大量的无用访问。也就是说，这$V$个点中绝大多数点根本``不可能''成为最优的权重。可以把这样的点称为无效取值点。
...@@ -673,14 +683,14 @@ dr = \textrm{start}_i-\textrm{end}_{i-1}-1 ...@@ -673,14 +683,14 @@ dr = \textrm{start}_i-\textrm{end}_{i-1}-1
\parinterval 假设对于每个输入的句子，翻译模型生成了两个推导$\textbf{d} = \{d_1,d_2\}$，每个推导$d$的得分score($d$)可以表示成关于第$i$个特征的权重$\lambda_i$的线性函数： \parinterval 假设对于每个输入的句子，翻译模型生成了两个推导$\textbf{d} = \{d_1,d_2\}$，每个推导$d$的得分score($d$)可以表示成关于第$i$个特征的权重$\lambda_i$的线性函数：
%公式-------------------------------------------------------------------- %公式--------------------------------------------------------------------
\begin{eqnarray} \begin{eqnarray}
\textrm{score}(d) &=& \sum_{k=1}^{M} \lambda_k \cdot h_k (d) \nonumber \\ \textrm{score}(d) &=& \sum_{k=1} \lambda_k \cdot h_k (d) \nonumber \\
&=& h_i (d) \cdot \lambda_i + \sum_{k \neq i}^{M} \lambda_k \cdot h_k (d) \nonumber \\ &=& h_i (d) \cdot \lambda_i + \sum_{k \neq i} \lambda_k \cdot h_k (d) \nonumber \\
&=& a \cdot \lambda_i + b &=& a \cdot \lambda_i + b
\label{eqa4.20} \label{eqa4.20}
\end{eqnarray} \end{eqnarray}
%公式-------------------------------------------------------------------- %公式--------------------------------------------------------------------
\parinterval 这里，$a = h_i(d)$是直线的斜率，$b = \sum_{k \neq i}^{M} \lambda_k \cdot h_k (d)$是直线在输出所对应的数轴上的截距。有了关于权重$\lambda_i$的直线表示，可以将$d_1$和$d_2$分别画成两条直线，如图\ref{fig:function-image-about-weight-and-Bleu}所示。在两条直线交叉点的左侧，$d_2$是最优的翻译结果；在交叉点右侧，$d_1$是最优的翻译结果。也就是说，只需知道交叉点左侧和右侧谁的BLEU值高，$\lambda_i$的最优值就应该落在相应的范围，比如，这个例子中交叉点右侧（即$d_2$）所对应的BLEU值更高，因此最优特征权重应该在交叉点右侧（$\lambda_x \sim \lambda_i$任意取值都可以）。这样，最优权重搜索的问题就被转化为找到最优推导BLEU值发生变化的点的问题。理论上，对于$n$-best翻译，交叉点计算最多需要$\frac{n(n-1)}{2}$次。由于$n$一般不会过大，这个时间成本完全是可以接受的。此外，在实现时还有一些技巧，比如，并不需要在每个交叉点处对整个数据集进行BLEU计算，可以只对BLEU产生变化的部分（比如$n$-gram匹配的数量）进行调整，因此搜索的整体效率会进一步得到提高。相比于格搜索，线搜索可以确保在单个特征维度上的最优值，同时保证搜索的效率。 \noindent 这里，$a = h_i(d)$是直线的斜率，$b = \sum_{k \neq i}^{M} \lambda_k \cdot h_k (d)$是截距。有了关于权重$\lambda_i$的直线表示，可以将$d_1$和$d_2$分别画成两条直线，如图\ref{fig:function-image-about-weight-and-Bleu}所示。在两条直线交叉点的左侧，$d_2$是最优的翻译结果；在交叉点右侧，$d_1$是最优的翻译结果。也就是说，只需知道交叉点左侧和右侧谁的BLEU 值高，$\lambda_i$的最优值就应该落在相应的范围，比如，这个例子中交叉点右侧（即$d_2$）所对应的BLEU值更高，因此最优特征权重应该在交叉点右侧（$\lambda_x \sim \lambda_i$任意取值都可以）。这样，最优权重搜索的问题就被转化为找到最优推导BLEU值发生变化的点的问题。理论上，对于$n$-best翻译，交叉点计算最多需要$\frac{n(n-1)}{2}$次。由于$n$一般不会过大，这个时间成本完全是可以接受的。此外，在实现时还有一些技巧，比如，并不需要在每个交叉点处对整个数据集进行BLEU计算，可以只对BLEU产生变化的部分（比如$n$-gram匹配的数量）进行调整，因此搜索的整体效率会进一步得到提高。相比于格搜索，线搜索可以确保在单个特征维度上的最优值，同时保证搜索的效率。
%---------------------------------------------- %----------------------------------------------
% 图4.25 % 图4.25
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