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% CHAPTER 1
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\renewcommand\figurename{图}%将figure改为图
\renewcommand\tablename{表}%将figure改为图
\chapterimage{chapter_head_1.pdf} % Chapter heading image
\chapter{机器翻译简介}
\section{翻译的概念}\index{Chapter1.1}
\noindent\hspace{2em}广义上来说，“翻译”是指把一个事物转化为另一个事物的过程。这个概念多使用在对可序列化的符号串的转化上，比如程序编译、文字翻译和蛋白质生物合成第一步。在程序编译中，高级语言编写的程序经过一系列的处理后转化为二进制代码的可执行目标程序。在文字翻译中，一种语言的文字通过某种方式转化为另一种语言文字的表达。在蛋白质生成合成第一步中，RNA分子序列转化到特定氨基酸序列。这里我们只关注从一种语言的文字序列翻译到另一种语言的文字序列的过程，即自然语言的翻译。如图\ref{figureC1.1}所示，汉语句子“我们在翻译一段文字”被翻译为英语句子“We are translation a piece of text”。
%----------------------------------------------
% 图1.1
\begin{figure}[htp]
\centering
\includegraphics[scale=1]{./Chapter1/pictures/figure11.pdf}
\caption{汉语句子被翻译为英语句子}
\label{figureC1.1}
\end{figure}
%-------------------------------------------
%----------------------------------------------
% 图1.2
\begin{figure}[htp]
\centering
\includegraphics[scale=0.5]{./Chapter1/pictures/human.jpg}
\includegraphics[scale=0.58]{./Chapter1/pictures/machine.jpg}
\caption{人工与机器的翻译效率相比，\\就类似于用锄头耕地种庄稼与使用现代化机器作业}
\label{figureC1.2}
\end{figure}
%-------------------------------------------
\noindent\hspace{2em}传统观念中，翻译是由人工完成。但如果是由计算机完成自动翻译，而非人工，那么就是机器翻译。机器翻译和人工翻译各有优缺点。机器翻译的文本精度有限，有时甚至非常差，但是优点在于速度快并且成本低。人工翻译尽管翻译的精度很高，但是费时费力。当需要翻译大量的文本且精度要求不那么高时，机器翻译的优势就体现了出来。这对于人工作业来说，代价是无法想象的；但是对于机器，可能只需要费几度电花几个小时就能完成。这就类似于拿着锄头耕地种庄稼和使用现代化机器作业，如图\ref{figureC1.2}所示。
\section{机器翻译简史}\index{Chapter1.2}
\noindent\hspace{2em}(一) 人工翻译
\noindent\hspace{2em}关于翻译的概念很早就已经出现了。一个著名的标志性证据就是罗塞塔石碑（Rosetta Stone），如图\ref{figureC1.3}所示。据说这个石碑是有史以来能够考证出来的历史最久远的记载平行文字的历史遗迹。石碑由上至下共刻有同一段埃及国王诏书的三种语言版本，最上面是古埃及象形文，中间是埃及草书，再下面是古希腊文。可以明显看出这个石碑上中下刻着的文字的纹理是不同的。尽管用不同的语言文字描述同一件事在今天看来很常见，但是在生成力低下的古代是很罕见的。所以大家认为罗塞塔石碑是标志翻译或人工翻译的一个起点或者标志性的事件。目前这个石碑保存于大英博物馆。
%----------------------------------------------
% 图1.3
\begin{figure}[htp]
\centering
\includegraphics[scale=0.5]{./Chapter1/pictures/rosetta-stone.jpg}
\caption{罗塞塔石碑}
\label{figureC1.3}
\end{figure}
%-------------------------------------------
\noindent\hspace{2em}但是翻译本身并不是来源于罗塞塔石碑。后来的人工翻译或机器翻译更多的是在文献传播中被大家接受。其中一个典型代表是宗教文献的翻译。在人类的历史长河中，宗教是人类意识形态的一个重要载体。为了宣传教义，产生了大量的宗教文献。在西方，一项最早被记录的翻译活动是将旧约圣经翻译为希腊文。并且迄今为止人类历史上翻译版本最多的书就是圣经。在中国唐代，一个著名的人物是玄奘，他不仅是佛学家、旅行家，还是翻译家。玄奘西行求法归来后把全部的心血和智慧奉献给了译经事业，在助手们的帮助下，共翻译佛教经论74部，1335卷，每卷万字左右，合计1335万字，占去整个唐代译经总数的一半以上，是翻译史上的杰出典范。
\noindent\hspace{2em}翻译在人类历史长河中起到了重要的作用。一方面，语言文字、文化和地理位置的差异性，使得翻译成为一个重要的需求；另一方面，人类文明发展到今天也得益于翻译。
\noindent\hspace{2em}(二) 机器翻译的萌芽
\noindent\hspace{2em}早期的翻译是人工翻译，而现在的机器翻译又起源于什么时候呢？机器翻译的兴起与发展可以说充满了希望与失望，整个发展史可以分为萌芽期、受挫期、快速成长期和爆发期。
%----------------------------------------------
% 图1.4
\begin{figure}[htp]
\centering
\includegraphics[scale=0.4]{./Chapter1/pictures/eniac.jpg}
\caption{世界上公认的第一台通用电子数字计算机“埃尼阿克”（ENIAC）}
\label{figureC1.4}
\end{figure}
%-------------------------------------------
\noindent\hspace{2em}世界上第一台通用电子数字计算机在1946年研制成功，如图\ref{figureC1.4}所示。但使用自动的方法进行翻译在上世纪30年代就有了，当时法国科学家G.B.阿尔楚尼提出了用机器来进行翻译的想法。当时的世界大战使得数学和密码学相当的发达。这也很容易理解，战争使通信变的更为隐秘，研究如何加密和解密成为重要的军事需求。当时有人提出是否能用密码学的技术或方法解决人类语言的翻译，比如把汉语看成英语的一个加密文本，汉语翻译成英语就类似于解密的过程。这很自然的基于加密和解码的思想去解决人类语言的翻译。当然这只是最初的想法。第一次提出机器翻译的思想是在1949年，当时W. Weaver发表了《翻译备忘录》，正式开创了机器翻译的概念，如图\ref{figureC1.5}所示。
\noindent\hspace{2em}(三) 机器翻译的受挫
\noindent\hspace{2em}随着电子计算机的发展，很多人开始研究使用计算机完成自动的翻译。但是这件事并不是一帆风顺的，怀疑论者宣传一些问题靠自动翻译的方法是无法解决的。于是人们期望能够评估下机器翻译的可行性。当时美国基金资助组织委任自动语言处理咨询会肩负了这个任务。该委员会于1966年11月公布了一个题为《语言与机器》的报告（简称ALPAC报告）。该报告全面否定了机器翻译的可行性，为机器翻译的研究泼了一盆冷水。随后美国政府终止了对机器翻译研究的支持，这导致整个产业界和学术界甚至包括大学教育对机器翻译都很回避。大家觉得机器翻译像伪科学，既不能发论文又申请不到项目。没有了国家的支持、企业的需求和项目的支持后，高校中机器翻译的研究就此受挫。
%----------------------------------------------
% 图1.5
\begin{figure}[htp]
\centering
\includegraphics[scale=1]{./Chapter1/pictures/report.jpg}
\caption{ALPAC报告}
\label{figureC1.5}
\end{figure}
%-------------------------------------------
\noindent\hspace{2em}(四) 机器翻译的快速成长
\noindent\hspace{2em}事物都是螺旋式上升的，机器翻译也是一样。上世纪70年代后期，特别是80年代到90年代初，两个方面的重要原因使得机器翻译重新焕发生机。一个是国与国之间的语言障碍愈发严重，传统的人工作业方式已经远远不能满足需求；另一个是语料库语言学的发展。其中，语料库语言学通过电子化的方式整理和搜集语料库，把它的规模变得更大。这使得可以用计算机对语料库进行分析，并通过观察到一些现象，进一步促进了人们认知上的提高。同时数字化后的数据越来越多，导致产生了一个新的研究方向，即数据驱动的方法。传统的基于规则或模板的方法，都需要人去写规则或者模板实现翻译。而基于数据驱动的方法不依赖于人写的规则，机器翻译的建模、学习和推断都可以自动地从数据中统计。这使得整个机器翻译的范式发生了翻天覆地的变化，比如基于实例的方法和统计机器翻译就是在此期间兴起的。同时这样的方法使得机器翻译系统的开发代价大大地降低。在整个上世纪90年代后期到2005年之前，统计机器翻译发展地非常快，其中最具标志性的事件是2005年前后谷歌推出了一个在线的免费自动翻译服务。这使得学术界很高端的机器翻译距离普通百姓更近了。
\noindent\hspace{2em}(五) 机器翻译的爆发
\noindent\hspace{2em}2006年以后迎来了统计机器翻译发展的十年黄金时期，各种基于短语的、基于句法的统计机器翻译模型层出不穷。但是在2013年以后，机器学习流派正式登上了机器翻译的舞台，机器翻译技术进一步爆发。其中深度学习被用于机器翻译中，这受到了产业界和科研界的广泛关注。深度学习基于端到端学习方式，具有如下的特点。
\noindent\hspace{2em}第一、端到端学习不依赖于过多的先验假设。在设计统计模型时，或多或少会对问题进行假设。比如短语统计机器翻译模型就基于这样的假设：源语言的短语都能翻译成目标语言的短语。假设既有优点也有缺点。一方面假设越多模型受到的限制也越多；另一方面如果假设是正确的，模型可以快速地达到预期的效果；但如果假设错误或者存在偏差，那么模型就达不到理想的状态。深度学习的端到端学习不依赖于任何先验知识，省略了手工设计功能和中间表示方式，这间接地增大了它的表示能力。
\noindent\hspace{2em}第二、神经网络的连续空间模型有更强的表示能力。深度学习把传统的基于离散化的表示变成了连续空间模型。换言之，用嵌入或分布式表示代替了字符的表示方法，但最关键的还是它用连续空间模型表示离散的事件。
\noindent\hspace{2em}第三、深度网络学习算法的发展和GPU等并行计算模型为训练大规模神经网路提供了可能。
\noindent\hspace{2em}时至今日，神经机器翻译已经成为新的范式，大有全面替代统计机器翻译之势。如图\ref{figureC1.6}所示，其中左图是WMT19全球机器翻译比赛的参赛队伍的截图，图中的队伍基本全是使用深度学习完成机器翻译的建模的。神经机器翻译模型的框架如图\ref{figureC1.6}右图所示。
%----------------------------------------------
% 图1.6
\begin{figure}[htp]
\centering
\includegraphics[scale=0.19]{./Chapter1/pictures/wmt-participation.jpg}
\includegraphics[scale=0.16]{./Chapter1/pictures/encdec.jpg}
\caption{左图是WMT19参赛队伍，右图是“编码器-解码器”框架}
\label{figureC1.6}
\end{figure}
%-------------------------------------------
\section{基本方法}\index{Chapter1.3}
\subsection{基于规则的机器翻译}\index{Chapter1.3.1}
\noindent\hspace{2em}基于规则的机器翻译的思想第一次出现是在上世纪70年代。它的主要思想是以词典和（人工书写的）规则库构成知识源，用一系列规则的组合完成翻译。
\noindent\hspace{2em}如图\ref{figureC1.7}所示，表示的是利用一个简单的汉译英规则库完成对句子 “我 对 你 感到 满意”进行翻译。当翻译“我”时，从规则库中找到规则1，该规则意思是遇到单词“我”就翻译为”I”；类似的，当从规则库中找到规则4，意味着需要进行调序，即将单词“you”放到 “be satisfied with”后面。我们可以看到基于规则的机器翻译系统对待翻译的句子进行匹配和调序。它的核心思想是将人类的翻译认知用一系列的规则写出来。
\noindent\hspace{2em}基于规则的机器翻译有如下问题。第一、指定规则需要消耗大量人力资源，第二、指定的规则是否可以涵盖所有的语言现象，然而实现全覆盖也并不现实。
%----------------------------------------------
% 图1.7
\begin{figure}[htp]
\centering
\includegraphics[scale=0.8]{./Chapter1/pictures/figure12.pdf}
\caption{基于规则的机器翻译的示例图1. 左侧是规则库2.右侧是匹配结构}
\label{figureC1.7}
\end{figure}
%-------------------------------------------
\subsection{基于实例的机器翻译}\index{Chapter1.3.2}
\noindent\hspace{2em}基于实例的机器翻译于上世纪80年代中期提出。其基本思想是在双语句库中找到与待翻译句子相似的实例，之后对实例的译文进行必要修改，如替换、增加、删除等一系列操作，从而得到最终译文。
\noindent\hspace{2em}如图\ref{figureC1.8}所示，表示的是利用简单的翻译实例库与翻译词典完成对句子“我 对 你 感到 满意”的翻译。首先，在翻译实例库进行比较，根据相似度大小找到相似的实例“我 对 他 感到 高兴”。然后，标记实例中不匹配的部分，即“你”和“他”，“满意”和“高兴”。再查询翻译词典得到词“你”和“满意”对应的翻译结果“you”和“satisfied”，用这两个词分别替换实例中的“him”和“happy”，从而得到最终译文。
\noindent\hspace{2em}基于实例的机器翻译有如下问题。第一、对实例的精确度有较高要求，第二、实例维护较为困难。
%----------------------------------------------
% 图1.8
\begin{figure}[htp]
\centering
\includegraphics[scale=0.8]{./Chapter1/pictures/figure13.pdf}
\caption{基于实例的机器翻译的示例图1.左侧是翻译实例库、翻译词典\\2.右侧是匹配结构}
\label{figureC1.8}
\end{figure}
%-------------------------------------------
\subsection{统计机器翻译}\index{Chapter1.3.3}
\noindent\hspace{2em}统计机器翻译兴起于上世纪90年代，可分为基于词、短语和句法三种模型。它利用统计模型从单/双语语料中自动学习翻译知识，即使用单语语料训练语言模型，双语平行语料训练翻译模型，不需要人工编写规则。之后根据这些学习到的翻译知识结合其他特征对新句子进行翻译。
\noindent\hspace{2em}如图\ref{figureC1.9}所示，翻译模型从双语平行语料中学习翻译知识，得到短语表，指示可能的翻译词汇及其概率，来衡量翻译结果的可能性。语言模型从单语语料中学习翻译知识，得到当前序列下一个词汇的概率，来衡量目标语言序列的语法、词序等的正确性。将这两种模型结合起来，组成翻译引擎，来枚举所有翻译假设并计算对应的可能性，最后将概率最大的翻译假设作为翻译结果输出。
\noindent\hspace{2em}统计机器翻译有如下问题。第一，数据稀疏问题严重，当语料缺乏或语料的覆盖面不够全的时候，容易出现无法统计出需要的语言知识的情况。第二，模型中所包含句法、语义成分较低，因而在处理句法差别较大的语言对，例如中文-英文时将遇到问题。第三，翻译知识来自大数据的自动训练，以何种方式加入专家知识也是一个问题。
%----------------------------------------------
% 图1.9
\begin{figure}[htp]
\centering
\includegraphics[scale=0.8]{./Chapter1/pictures/figure14.pdf}
\caption{{统计机器翻译的示例图1.左侧是语料资源2.中间是翻译模型与语言模型\\3.右侧是翻译假设与翻译引擎}}
\label{figureC1.9}
\end{figure}
%-------------------------------------------
\subsection{神经机器翻译}\index{Chapter1.3.4}
\noindent\hspace{2em}神经机器翻译从2014年开始兴起，凭借其优越的性能，短短几年内已经在大部分任务上取代了统计机器翻译。神经机器翻译中字符串被表示成实数向量，即词向量，而翻译则被看作一个序列到另一个序列的转化。序列到序列的过程由编码器-解码器（encoder-decoder）网络计算，编码器把源语言序列进行编码，并提取源语言中信息，通过解码器再把这种信息转换到另一种语言即目标语言中来，整个过程不需要依赖人工先验知识或者语言学规则。
\noindent\hspace{2em}如图\ref{figureC2.0}所示，源语言序列“我 对 你 感到 满意”被表示成实数向量输入编码器，经过多层神经网络编码输出一个新的高维向量表示，即图中的向量（0.2，-1，6，5，0.7，-2）。再将此中间向量表示输入解码器中，重新解码翻译成目标语言序列。其中，目标语言序列的生成是逐词进行的，产生某个词的时候依赖之前生成的目标语言的历史信息，直到产生句子结束符EOS。
\noindent\hspace{2em}神经机器翻译有以下问题。第一，虽然人们可以设计和调整网络结构，去优化系统，提高质量，但结果的可解释性存在问题，缺乏更深入的理解。第二，神经网络存在数据稀疏问题，相较于统计机器翻译，神经网络对数据量更加敏感。第三，如何将更多丰富的知识，如统计机器翻译长期以来的研究思想与成果，引入神经翻译模型是神经机器翻译未来的挑战。
%----------------------------------------------
% 图2.0
\begin{figure}[htp]
\centering
\includegraphics[scale=0.8]{./Chapter1/pictures/figure15.pdf}
\caption{神经机器翻译的示例图1.左侧是编码器-解码器网络2.右侧是编码器示例网络}
\label{figureC2.0}
\end{figure}
%-------------------------------------------
\section{翻译质量评价}\index{Chapter1.4}
\noindent\hspace{2em}机器翻译质量的评价对于机器翻译的发展具有至关重要的意义，可以说机器翻译的进步源于翻译质量的评价。对于研究人员来说，评价的结果可以用于指导机器翻译不断进步修正，找到最具潜力的技术发展方向，同时对于用户来说，一个权威的翻译质量评价指标可以帮助其选择更优秀的机器翻译系统。
\subsection{人工评价}\index{Chapter1.4.1}
\noindent\hspace{2em}人工评价即为，由机器得到翻译结果后，由专家根据翻译的结果进行评估翻译结果的质量。一般会根据句子的准确度和流利度对其进行打分。能够准确评定出句子是否准确翻译出原文的意思和句子是否通顺。在针对一个句子进行评定时，一般由多个专家匿名打分后进行综合评定。人工评价是最能准确反映句子翻译质量的评价方式，但是其缺点也是十分明显的，需要耗费巨大的人力物力，已经评价的周期长，不能及时得到有效的反馈。
\subsection{自动评价}\index{Chapter1.4.2}
\noindent\hspace{2em}由于人工评价费事费力，所以对机器翻译的结果进行评估时，通常采用自动评价的方式。自动评价的方式又包括有参考译文的自动评价和无参考译文的自动评价。其中现在普遍使用的有参考译文的评价方式是通过BLEU值进行评价，而无参考译文的评价则是通过神经网络训练一个翻译质量评价模型。
\noindent\hspace{2em}（一） BLEU评价
\noindent\hspace{2em}目前最被广为接受的，在有参考译文的情况下评价机器翻译质量的指标是使用BLEU值进行评价。BLEU是Bilingual Evaluation understudy的缩写，最早由IBM在2002年提出。通过采用n-gram匹配的方式，评定机器翻译结果和参考译文之间的相似度，即机器翻译的结果越接近人工翻译我们就认定它的质量越好。N-gram是指n个单词长度的词组组合。BLEU评测经过不断地改进，包括引入多元精度，和短句惩罚后，现在已经具有一定的科学性，BLEU值得高低已经能在一定程度上代表了翻译质量的好坏，同时因为它操作便捷，快速，不需要专家人员参与，因此成为了目前最主流的机器翻译质量评价方法。但是BLEU评价也并不是完美的，它需要依赖参考译文，不同的参考译文，可能得到不同的分数，同时BLEU评价只是单纯的从匹配度的角度思考翻译质量的好坏，并没有真正考虑句子的语义是否翻译正确。
\noindent\hspace{2em}（二）神经网络评价
\noindent\hspace{2em}在有参考译文的情况下，BLEU值可以衡量翻译质量的好坏，但是有时，面对翻译系统给出的结果，并没有参考译文以为可以参考和对照，这时就需要使用神经网络的方式进行评估。目前主流的通过神经网络评估机器翻译质量的系统主要分为词级评估和句子级评估。词级评估就是使用神经网络对翻译结果的每个单词翻译的质量和词间是否有漏译标记一个OK/BAD标签句子级别评估即与BLEU评估类似，神经网络参考源语言对翻译结果打一个分数，也就是常说的分数，代表着当前句子的翻译质量。常用的进行翻译质量评估任务的网络模型有一个特征提取器和评估器组成。虽然目前来说，这种方式能够摆脱评估时对参考译文的限制，但是目前来说由于翻译质量评估相关的数据还是十分稀缺的，大大限制了翻译质量评估模型的性能。
\section{机器翻译的应用}\index{Chapter1.5}
\noindent\hspace{2em}（一）专利翻译
\noindent\hspace{2em}机器翻译虽然还无法达到和人类媲美的水平，但是在人类实际生产生活的某些场景中，机器翻译仍然具有很高的应用价值，尤其是在专利翻译中。为了使得知识产权能够得到国际上的保护，需要将专利对应于相应国家的语言进行翻译，以往这种翻译工作通常由人工来完成。由于专利翻译质量要求较高，需要准确翻译相关术语，因此要求翻译人员具有相关背景知识，这导致译员资源稀缺，而随着专利申请周期的缩短，对专利翻译的时效性同时提出了要求。近几年国内专利申请数不断增加，每年大约有几百万的专利申请，这给翻译人员带来很大的负担，无法仅仅使用人工的方式完成专利翻译的任务。相比于人工翻译，机器翻译可以在短时间内完成大量的专利翻译，同时结合术语词典和人工校对等方式，可以保证专利的翻译质量，满足专利翻译的需求。因此，机器翻译在专利翻译中应用十分广泛，大大缩减了时间和经济成本。
\noindent\hspace{2em}（二）网络环境海量数据的翻译
\noindent\hspace{2em}进入信息爆炸的时代之后，互联网上的海量的数据随处可得，然而由于国家和地区语言的不同，网络上的数据也呈现出多语言的特性。多语言的特性使得人们在遇到包含不熟悉的或者不掌握的语言的网页时，无法及时有效地获取其中的信息，阻碍了人们获取信息的过程。因此，对不同语言的网页进行翻译是必不可少的一步。由于网络上网页的数量数不胜数，依靠人工的方式是不确切实际的，相反，翻译质量欠佳但相应速度快的机器翻译十分适合这个任务。目前，市场上有很多浏览器提供网页翻译的服务，极大地方便了人们从网络上获取信息的过程，用户体验十分良好。
\noindent\hspace{2em}（三）翻译结果后编辑
\noindent\hspace{2em}翻译结果后编辑是指在机器翻译的结果之上，通过少量的人工编辑来进一步进行完善，从而保证翻译结果达到预期翻译质量的水平，如图\ref{figureC2.1}所示。在传统的人工翻译过程中，翻译人员完全依靠人工的方式进行翻译，这虽然保证了翻译质量，但是效率十分低下，时间成本高，相对应的，机器翻译具有速度快和成本低的优势。虽然机器翻译的质量在俚语、双关语等方面存在一定缺陷，但是目前机器翻译的质量已经可以很大程度上减小翻译人员的工作量，翻译人员可以在机器翻译的辅助下，花费相对较小的代价来完成翻译过程，这种方式在保证翻译质量的基础上，加快了翻译的速度，同时减少了人工代价。
%----------------------------------------------
% 图1.11
\begin{figure}[htp]
\centering
\includegraphics[scale=1]{./Chapter1/pictures/hands.jpg}
\caption{}
\label{figureC1.11}
\end{figure}
%-------------------------------------------
\noindent\hspace{2em}（四）全球化
\noindent\hspace{2em}在经济全球化的今天，人们或多或少地会遇到一些跨语言阅读和交流的情况，比如阅读进口产品的说明书，跨国公司之间的邮件交流等等（图\ref{figureC2.2}）。相比于成本较高的人工翻译，机器翻译往往是人们的第一选择，一方面是因为机器翻译速度快、成本低并且使用方便，另一方面也是因为随着神经机器翻译的迅速发展，机器翻译的质量已经达到人们可以接受的程度。因此，在一些质量要求不高的场景，机器翻译为人们提供了一个最好的选择。
%----------------------------------------------
% 图1.12
\begin{figure}[htp]
\centering
\includegraphics[scale=1]{./Chapter1/pictures/people.jpg}
\caption{}
\label{figureC1.12}
\end{figure}
%-------------------------------------------
\noindent\hspace{2em}（五）中国传统文化的翻译
\noindent\hspace{2em}中国几千年的历史留下了极为宝贵的文化遗产，而其中，文言文作为古代书面语，具有言文分离、行文简练的特点，易于流传。由于其言文分离的特点，使得文言文和现在的标准汉语具有一定的区别，为了更好发扬中国传统文化，需要对文言文进行翻译。而文言文古奥难懂，需要人们具备一定的文言文知识背景，否则很难准确翻译，机器翻译技术可以帮助人们快速完成文言文的翻译，有益于传统文化的传播。除此之外，机器翻译技术同样可以用于古诗生成和对联生成等任务，促进传统文化的发展。
\section{其他内容}\index{Chapter1.6}
\subsection{学习材料}\index{Chapter1.6.1}
\noindent\hspace{2em}推荐教材《Statistical Machine Translation》，其作者是SMT有名的学者Philipp Koehn。该书是机器翻译领域内的经典之作，内容全面，被很多欧美高校和机器翻译的研究者使用。书中讲解了必要的语言学和概率论基础知识，涵盖了机器翻译的主要模型：基于词的、基于短语的和基于句法树的模型，还介绍了机器翻译评测、语言建模、区分式训练以及整合语言学标注的高级方法。
\noindent\hspace{2em}http://www.statmt.org是一个介绍机器翻译研究的网站，该网站包含了对统计机器翻译研究的一些介绍资料，一些自然语言处理的会议和workshop，常用工具以及语料库。
\noindent\hspace{2em}http://www.mt-archive.info与https://www.aclweb.org/anthology介绍机器翻译和自然语言处理的论文。
\noindent\hspace{2em}关于自然语言处理领域的一些重要的会议，比如：ACL、NAACL、EMNLP、\\COLING、WMT、AMTA。
\subsection{开源项目与评测}\index{Chapter1.6.2}
\noindent\hspace{2em}机器翻译的发展主要可以归功于两个重要方面的推动：开源系统和评测。对于开源系统，Moses工具集对于从事机器翻译研究的人基本都知道，其由Philipp Koehn带领团队开发，历史较长、性能优良、功能最全面；Niutrans工具集由东北大学自然语言处理实验室开发，其模型完整、性能稳定、简单易用，对于中文任务支持较好；此外还有一些比较优秀的开源SMT系统：Silkroad、Joshua、cdec、Phrasal、\\HiFST、Jane等。以上工具集主要针对于SMT，对于NMT的开源系统，主要有\\Tensor2Tensor,最新的基于深度学习的系统，支持Transformer等模型，底层使用\\Tensorflow，功能强大；还有由Facebook研发的Fairseq系统，基于Pytorch实现，简单易用。\\https://github.com/NiuTrans/MT-paper-lists提供了更多开源系统的信息。
\noindent\hspace{2em}对于评测任务，主要有以下几种：1.NIST评测，由美国国家标准与技术局举办，其历史悠久，影响力大，翻译任务多，难度大，数据使用广泛，其官网为https://www.nist.gov/programs-projects/machine-translation；2.CWMT评测，19年更名为CCMT，是由国内中文信息学会举办，近年来发展迅速，翻译语言对丰富，官网为http://nlp.ict.ac.cn/eval.php；3.WMT评测，由ACL协会举办，主要针对于欧洲语系的翻译，包括新闻领域，生物医药领域，多语言，鲁棒性，质量评估等任务，数据可以免费下载，官网为http://www.statmt.org/wmt14/；4.IWSLT评测，由ACL协会举办，主要关注口语领域的翻译评测，包括同声传译，多模态等任务，其官网为https://wit3.fbk.eu/；5.NTCIR PatentMt评测，由日本国立情报学研究所举办，主要是一个专利领域翻译评测，官网为http://ntcir.nii.ac.jp/PatentMT-2/。
\noindent\hspace{2em}实验数据均可以从评测网站上下载,此外目前研究的绝大多数数据都可以从LDC（Linguistic Data Consortium）上下载，网址为https://www.ldc.upenn.edu/；\\ELRA（European Language Resources Association）上也有一些免费的语料库供研究使用，其官网为http://www.elra.info/。
\ No newline at end of file
book_tex/Chapter1/pictures/figure11.tex 0 → 100644
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book_tex/Chapter1/pictures/figure12.tex 0 → 100644
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{
\draw[->,dotted,thick,red] ([xshift=-0.2em]rule5part2.east)..controls +(east:1.5) and +( west:1.5)..(t15final.west) node[pos=0.9,below,xshift=0.3em,yshift=0.0em] (applyr6) {\color{red}{\tiny{\textbf{规则5}}}};
}
\end{tikzpicture}
%---------------------------------------------------------------------
\end{CJK}
\end{document}
book_tex/Chapter1/pictures/figure13.tex 0 → 100644
% !Mode:: "TeX:GBK"
\def\CTeXPreproc{Created by ctex v0.2.13, don't edit!}
\documentclass[cjk,t,compress,12pt]{standalone}
%\documentclass{article}
%\usepackage{beamerarticle}
\usepackage{pstricks}
\usepackage{etex}
\usepackage{eso-pic,graphicx}
\usepackage{fancybox}
\usepackage{amsmath,amssymb}
\usepackage{setspace}
\usepackage{xcolor}
\usepackage{CJK}
\usepackage{tikz}
\usepackage{tikz-qtree}
\usepackage{hyperref}
\usetikzlibrary{arrows,decorations.pathreplacing}
\usetikzlibrary{shadows} % LATEX and plain TEX when using Tik Z
\usepgflibrary{arrows} % LATEX and plain TEX and pure pgf
\usetikzlibrary{arrows} % LATEX and plain TEX when using Tik Z
\usetikzlibrary{decorations}
\usetikzlibrary{arrows,shapes}
\usetikzlibrary{decorations.text}
\usetikzlibrary{positioning,fit,calc}
\usetikzlibrary{mindmap,backgrounds} % mind map
\DeclareMathOperator*{\argmax}{arg\,max}
\DeclareMathOperator*{\argmin}{arg\,min}
\definecolor{ublue}{rgb}{0.152,0.250,0.545}
\definecolor{ugreen}{rgb}{0,0.5,0}
\begin{document}
\begin{CJK}{GBK}{you}
%%% outline
%-------------------------------------------------------------------------
\begin{tikzpicture}
\begin{scope}
{
{\small
\node [anchor=north west] (example1) at (0,0) {\textbf{1:} 源='什么 时候 开始 ?'};
\node [anchor=north west] (example1part2) at ([yshift=0.5em]example1.south west) {\hspace{1em} 译='When will it start ?'};
\node [anchor=north west] (example2) at ([yshift=0.1em]example1part2.south west) {\textbf{2:} 源='我 对 他 感到 高兴'};
\node [anchor=north west] (example2part2) at ([yshift=0.5em]example2.south west) {\hspace{1em} 译='I am happy with him'};
\node [anchor=north west] (example3) at ([yshift=0.1em]example2part2.south west) {\hspace{1em} ...};
\node [anchor=south west] (examplebaselabel) at (example1.north west) {{\color{ublue} 资源1：翻译实例库}};
}
}
\begin{pgfonlayer}{background}
{
\node[rectangle,draw=ublue, inner sep=0mm] [fit = (example1) (example1part2) (example2) (example2part2) (example3) (examplebaselabel)] {};
}
\end{pgfonlayer}
\end{scope}
\begin{scope} [yshift=-1.3in]
{\small
{
\node [anchor=north west] (entry1) at (0,0) {\textbf{1:} 我 $\to$ I $\mid$ me};
\node [anchor=north west] (entry2) at ([yshift=0.1em]entry1.south west) {\textbf{2:} 你 $\to$ you};
\node [anchor=north west] (entry3) at ([yshift=0.1em]entry2.south west) {\textbf{3:} 满意 \hspace{-0.5em} $\to$ \hspace{-0.5em} satisfy \hspace{-0.2em}$\mid$\hspace{-0.1em} satisfied ... };
\node [anchor=north west] (entry4) at ([yshift=0.1em]entry3.south west) {\hspace{1em} ...};
\node [anchor=south west] (dictionarylabel) at (entry1.north west) {{\color{ublue} 资源2：翻译词典}};
}
}
\begin{pgfonlayer}{background}
{
\node[rectangle,draw=ublue, inner sep=0mm] [fit = (entry1) (entry2) (entry3) (entry4) (dictionarylabel)] {};
}
\end{pgfonlayer}
\end{scope}
\begin{scope}[xshift=2.3in]
{
\node [anchor=north west,inner sep=1mm] (w1) at (0,1.7em) {我};
\node [anchor=north west,inner sep=1mm] (w2) at ([xshift=0.3em]w1.north east) {对};
\node [anchor=north west,inner sep=1mm] (w3) at ([xshift=0.3em]w2.north east) {你};
\node [anchor=north west,inner sep=1mm] (w4) at ([xshift=0.3em]w3.north east) {感到};
\node [anchor=north west,inner sep=1mm] (w5) at ([xshift=0.3em]w4.north east) {满意};
}
\end{scope}
\begin{scope}[xshift=2.3in,yshift=-0.2in]
{
\node [anchor=north west,inner sep=1mm] (c1) at (0,0) {我};
\node [anchor=north west,inner sep=1mm] (c2) at ([xshift=0.3em]c1.north east) {对};
\node [anchor=north west,inner sep=1mm] (c3) at ([xshift=0.3em]c2.north east) {他};
\node [anchor=north west,inner sep=1mm] (c4) at ([xshift=0.3em]c3.north east) {感到};
\node [anchor=north west,inner sep=1mm] (c5) at ([xshift=0.3em]c4.north east) {高兴};
}
\end{scope}
\begin{scope}[xshift=2.3in,yshift=-0.6in]
{
\node [anchor=west,inner sep=1mm] (e1) at (0,0) {I};
\node [anchor=west,inner sep=1mm] (e2) at ([xshift=0.3em]e1.east) {am};
\node [anchor=west,inner sep=1mm] (e3) at ([xshift=0.3em]e2.east) {happy};
\node [anchor=west,inner sep=1mm] (e4) at ([xshift=0.3em]e3.east) {with};
\node [anchor=west,inner sep=1mm] (e5) at ([xshift=0.3em]e4.east) {him};
}
\end{scope}
{
\draw[<->,dotted,thick,red] (example2.east)..controls +(east:0.6) and +(west:0.6)..(c1.west) node[pos=0.9,left,xshift=0.6em,yshift=0.4em] (simexample) {\color{red}{\tiny{\textbf{相似实例}}}};
\draw[<->,dotted,thick,red] ([xshift=-0.2em]example2part2.east)..controls +(east:0.5) and +(west:0.5)..(e1.west);
}
{
\draw[<->,dotted,thick,ublue] (w3.south)--(c3.north) node[pos=0.5,right] (mismatch1) {\color{red}{\tiny{\textbf{不匹配}}}};
\draw[dotted,thick,ublue] ([yshift=0.4em]c3.south east)..controls +(south:0.3) and +(north:0.4)..([yshift=-0.4em]e5.north west);
}
{
\draw[<->,dotted,thick,ublue] (w5.south)--(c5.north) node[pos=0.5,right] (mismatch1) {\color{red}{\tiny{\textbf{不匹配}}}};
\draw[dotted,thick,ublue] ([xshift=0.5em,yshift=0.2em]c5.south west)--([xshift=-0.5em,yshift=-0.2em]e3.north);
}
{
\draw[double,->,thick,ublue] (e3.south)--([yshift=-1.2em]e3.south) node[pos=0.5,right,xshift=0.2em] (step1) {\color{red}{\tiny{\textbf{用'你'替换'他'}}}};
\draw[->,dotted,thick,red] (entry2.east)..controls +(east:4) and +(west:4)..([yshift=-0.6em,xshift=-0.5em]e3.south) ;
}
\begin{scope}[xshift=2.3in,yshift=-0.9in]
{
\node [anchor=north west,inner sep=1mm] (c1) at (0,0) {我};
\node [anchor=north west,inner sep=1mm] (c2) at ([xshift=0.3em]c1.north east) {对};
\node [anchor=north west,inner sep=1mm] (c3) at ([xshift=0.3em]c2.north east) {\textbf{{\color{ublue} 你}}};
\node [anchor=north west,inner sep=1mm] (c4) at ([xshift=0.3em]c3.north east) {感到};
\node [anchor=north west,inner sep=1mm] (c5) at ([xshift=0.3em]c4.north east) {高兴};
}
\end{scope}
\begin{scope}[xshift=2.3in,yshift=-1.3in]
{
\node [anchor=west,inner sep=1mm] (e1) at (0,0) {I};
\node [anchor=west,inner sep=1mm] (e2) at ([xshift=0.3em]e1.east) {am};
\node [anchor=west,inner sep=1mm] (e3) at ([xshift=0.3em]e2.east) {happy};
\node [anchor=west,inner sep=1mm] (e4) at ([xshift=0.3em]e3.east) {with};
\node [anchor=west,inner sep=1mm] (e5) at ([xshift=0.3em,yshift=-0.2em]e4.east) {\textbf{{\color{ublue} you}}};
}
\end{scope}
{
\draw[dotted,thick,ublue] ([yshift=0.4em]c3.south east)..controls +(south:0.3) and +(north:0.4)..([yshift=-0.4em]e5.north west);
}
{
\draw[double,->,thick,ublue] (e3.south)--([yshift=-1.2em]e3.south) node[pos=0.5,right,xshift=0.2em] (step1) {\color{red}{\tiny{\textbf{用'满意'替换'高兴'}}}};
\draw[->,dotted,thick,red] ([xshift=-1.3em,yshift=-0.5em]entry3.north east)..controls +(east:2) and +(west:3)..([yshift=-0.6em,xshift=-0.5em]e3.south) ;
}
\begin{scope}[xshift=2.3in,yshift=-1.6in]
{
\node [anchor=north west,inner sep=1mm] (c1) at (0,0) {我};
\node [anchor=north west,inner sep=1mm] (c2) at ([xshift=0.3em]c1.north east) {对};
\node [anchor=north west,inner sep=1mm] (c3) at ([xshift=0.3em]c2.north east) {你};
\node [anchor=north west,inner sep=1mm] (c4) at ([xshift=0.3em]c3.north east) {感到};
\node [anchor=north west,inner sep=1mm] (c5) at ([xshift=0.3em]c4.north east) {\textbf{{\color{ublue} 满意}}};
}
\end{scope}
\begin{scope}[xshift=2.3in,yshift=-2.0in]
{
\node [anchor=west,inner sep=1mm] (e1) at (0,0) {I};
\node [anchor=west,inner sep=1mm] (e2) at ([xshift=0.3em]e1.east) {am};
\node [anchor=west,inner sep=1mm] (e3) at ([xshift=0.3em]e2.east) {\textbf{{\color{ublue} satisfied}}};
\node [anchor=west,inner sep=1mm] (e4) at ([xshift=0.3em]e3.east) {with};
\node [anchor=west,inner sep=1mm] (e5) at ([xshift=0.3em,yshift=-0.2em]e4.east) {you};
}
\end{scope}
{
\draw[dotted,thick,ublue] ([xshift=0.5em,yshift=0.2em]c5.south west)..controls +(south:0.3) and +(north:0.3)..([xshift=-0.5em,yshift=-0.2em]e3.north);
}
\begin{pgfonlayer}{background}
{
\node[rectangle,draw=red,thick,inner sep=0mm] [fit = (e1) (e2) (e3) (e4) (e5)] {};
\node[anchor=north] (outputlabel) at (e3.south) {\small{\textbf{\color{red}{输出翻译结果}}}};
}
\end{pgfonlayer}
\end{tikzpicture}
%---------------------------------------------------------------------
\end{CJK}
\end{document}
book_tex/Chapter1/pictures/figure14.tex 0 → 100644
% !Mode:: "TeX:GBK"
\def\CTeXPreproc{Created by ctex v0.2.13, don't edit!}
\documentclass[cjk,t,compress,12pt]{standalone}
%\documentclass{article}
%\usepackage{beamerarticle}
\usepackage{pstricks}
\usepackage{etex}
\usepackage{eso-pic,graphicx}
\usepackage{fancybox}
\usepackage{amsmath,amssymb}
\usepackage{setspace}
\usepackage{xcolor}
\usepackage{CJK}
\usepackage{tikz}
\usepackage{tikz-qtree}
\usepackage{hyperref}
\usetikzlibrary{arrows,decorations.pathreplacing}
\usetikzlibrary{shadows} % LATEX and plain TEX when using Tik Z
\usepgflibrary{arrows} % LATEX and plain TEX and pure pgf
\usetikzlibrary{arrows} % LATEX and plain TEX when using Tik Z
\usetikzlibrary{decorations}
\usetikzlibrary{arrows,shapes}
\usetikzlibrary{decorations.text}
\usetikzlibrary{positioning,fit,calc}
\usetikzlibrary{mindmap,backgrounds} % mind map
\DeclareMathOperator*{\argmax}{arg\,max}
\DeclareMathOperator*{\argmin}{arg\,min}
\definecolor{ublue}{rgb}{0.152,0.250,0.545}
\definecolor{ugreen}{rgb}{0,0.5,0}
\begin{document}
\begin{CJK}{GBK}{you}
%%% outline
%-------------------------------------------------------------------------
\begin{tikzpicture}
{
\begin{scope}
{\footnotesize
\node [anchor=north west] (example1) at (0,0) {\textbf{1:} 源='他 在 哪 ?'};
\node [anchor=north west] (example1part2) at ([yshift=0.5em]example1.south west) {\hspace{1em} 译='Where is he ?'};
\node [anchor=north west] (example2) at ([yshift=0.1em]example1part2.south west) {\textbf{2:} 源='我 真高兴'};
\node [anchor=north west] (example2part2) at ([yshift=0.5em]example2.south west) {\hspace{1em} 译='I'm so happy'};
\node [anchor=north west] (example3) at ([yshift=0.1em]example2part2.south west) {\textbf{3:} 源='出发 ！'};
\node [anchor=north west] (example3part2) at ([yshift=0.5em]example3.south west) {\hspace{1em} 译='Let's go!'};
\node [anchor=north west] (example4) at ([yshift=0.1em]example3part2.south west) {\hspace{1em} ...};
\node [anchor=south west] (bidatalabel) at (example1.north west) {{\color{ublue} 资源1：双语平行语料}};
}
\begin{pgfonlayer}{background}
{
\node[rectangle,draw=ublue, inner sep=0mm] [fit = (example1) (example1part2) (example2) (example2part2) (example3) (example3part2) (example4) (bidatalabel)] (bidata) {};
}
\end{pgfonlayer}
\end{scope}
}
{
\begin{scope} [yshift=-1.55in]
{\footnotesize
\node [anchor=north west] (entry1) at (0,0) {\textbf{1:} What is NiuTrans ?};
\node [anchor=north west] (entry2) at ([yshift=0.1em]entry1.south west) {\textbf{2:} Are you fulfilled ?};
\node [anchor=north west] (entry3) at ([yshift=0.1em]entry2.south west) {\textbf{3:} Yes, you are right .};
\node [anchor=north west] (entry4) at ([yshift=0.1em]entry3.south west) {\hspace{1em} ...};
\node [anchor=south west] (monodatalabel) at (entry1.north west) {{\color{ublue} 资源2：单语语料}};
}
\begin{pgfonlayer}{background}
{
\node[rectangle,draw=ublue, inner sep=0mm] [fit = (entry1) (entry2) (entry3) (entry4) (monodatalabel)] (monodata) {};
}
\end{pgfonlayer}
\end{scope}
}
{
\begin{scope}[xshift=1.7in]
{\scriptsize
\node [anchor=north west] (phrase1) at (0,0) {$\textrm{Pr}(\textrm{我} \to \textrm{I}) = 0.7$};
\node [anchor=north west] (phrase2) at ([yshift=0.1em]phrase1.south west) {$\textrm{Pr}(\textrm{我} \to \textrm{me}) = 0.3$};
\node [anchor=north west] (phrase3) at ([yshift=0.1em]phrase2.south west) {$\textrm{Pr}(\textrm{你} \to \textrm{you}) = 0.9$};
\node [anchor=north west] (phrase4) at ([yshift=0.1em]phrase3.south west) {$\textrm{Pr}(\textrm{开心} \to \textrm{happy})$};
\node [anchor=north west] (phrase4part2) at ([yshift=0.5em]phrase4.south west) {$ = 0.5$};
\node [anchor=north west] (phrase5) at ([yshift=0.1em]phrase4part2.south west) {$\textrm{Pr}(\textrm{满意} \to \textrm{satisfied})$};
\node [anchor=north west] (phrase5part2) at ([yshift=0.5em]phrase5.south west) {$ = 0.4$};
\node [anchor=north west] (phrase6) at ([yshift=0.0em]phrase5part2.south west) {...\vspace{2em}};
\node [anchor=south west] (phrasetablelabel) at (phrase1.north west) {{\color{ublue} \small{翻译模型}}};
}
\begin{pgfonlayer}{background}
{
\node[rectangle,draw=ublue, inner sep=0mm] [fit = (phrase1) (phrase2) (phrase3) (phrase4) (phrase4part2) (phrase5) (phrase5part2) (phrase6) (phrasetablelabel)] (phrasetable) {};
}
\end{pgfonlayer}
\end{scope}
}
{
\begin{scope}[xshift=1.7in,yshift=-1.55in]
{\scriptsize
\node [anchor=north west] (ngram1) at (0,0) {$\textrm{Pr}(\textrm{I}) = 0.0001$};
\node [anchor=north west] (ngram2) at ([yshift=0.0em]ngram1.south west) {$\textrm{Pr}(\textrm{I} \to \textrm{am}) = 0.623$};
\node [anchor=north west] (ngram3) at ([yshift=0.0em]ngram2.south west) {$\textrm{Pr}(\textrm{I} \to \textrm{was}) = 0.21$};
\node [anchor=north west] (ngram4) at ([yshift=-0.2em]ngram3.south west) {...};
\node [anchor=south west] (lmlabel) at (ngram1.north west) {{\color{ublue} \small{语言模型}}};
}
\begin{pgfonlayer}{background}
{
\node[rectangle,draw=ublue, inner sep=0mm] [fit = (ngram1) (ngram2) (ngram3) (ngram4) (lmlabel)] (langaugemodel) {};
}
\end{pgfonlayer}
\end{scope}
}
{
\draw[->,thick,ublue] (bidata.east)--([xshift=1.7em]bidata.east) node[pos=0.5,above] (simexample) {\color{red}{\scriptsize{\textbf{学习}}}};
}
{
\draw[->,thick,ublue] (monodata.east)--([xshift=1.4em]monodata.east) node[pos=0.5,above] (simexample) {\color{red}{\scriptsize{\textbf{学习}}}};
}
\begin{scope}[xshift=3.6in]
{\footnotesize
{
\node[anchor=center] (srcsentence) at (0,0) {我 对 你 感到 满意};
}
{
\node[anchor=north west] (translations) at ([xshift=-1em,yshift=-1em]srcsentence.south west) {
{\scriptsize
\begin{tabular}{l | l}
翻译假设 & {概率} \\
\hline
I to you happy & {0.01}\\
You satisfied & {0.02}\\
I satisfied with you & {0.10}\\
I'm satisfied with you & {0.46}\\
I satisfied you, what & {0.23}\\
You can have it & {0.01}\\
You and me & {0.02}\\
\end{tabular}
}
};
}
{
\node[anchor=west,double,draw=ublue,thick] (decoder) at ([xshift=1em,yshift=-12em]srcsentence.south west) {翻译引擎};
\draw[->,thick,ublue] ([yshift=1em]phrasetable.south east) .. controls +(east:1.0em) and +(west:2.5em) .. (decoder.west);
\draw[->,thick,ublue] ([yshift=-2em]langaugemodel.east) .. controls +(east:1.0em) and +(west:1.5em) .. (decoder.west);
}
{
\draw[->,thick,double,ublue] (decoder.north) -- ([yshift=2em]decoder.north) node[pos=0.5,right] (decodinglabel) {\color{red}{\tiny{\textbf{枚举所有可能}}}};
}
{
\draw[->,thick,double,ublue] (decoder.east) .. controls +(east:3.5em) .. ([xshift=3.5em,yshift=2.8em]decoder.east) node[pos=0.3,below] (decodinglabel) {\color{red}{\tiny{\textbf{计算翻译可能性}}}};
}
{
\node[anchor=west,draw,thick,red,minimum width=11.5em,minimum height=1em] (outputlabel) at ([xshift=-0.3em,yshift=-5.5em]srcsentence.south west){};
\node[anchor=west] (outputlabel2) at ([xshift=-0.3em]outputlabel.east) {\color{red}{\tiny{\textbf{输出}}}};
}
}
\end{scope}
\end{tikzpicture}
%---------------------------------------------------------------------
\end{CJK}
\end{document}
book_tex/Chapter1/pictures/figure15.tex 0 → 100644
% !Mode:: "TeX:GBK"
\def\CTeXPreproc{Created by ctex v0.2.13, don't edit!}
\documentclass[cjk,t,compress,12pt]{standalone}
%\documentclass{article}
%\usepackage{beamerarticle}
\usepackage{pstricks}
\usepackage{etex}
\usepackage{eso-pic,graphicx}
\usepackage{fancybox}
\usepackage{amsmath,amssymb}
\usepackage{setspace}
\usepackage{xcolor}
\usepackage{CJK}
\usepackage{tikz}
\usepackage{tikz-qtree}
\usepackage{hyperref}
\usetikzlibrary{arrows,decorations.pathreplacing}
\usetikzlibrary{shadows} % LATEX and plain TEX when using Tik Z
\usepgflibrary{arrows} % LATEX and plain TEX and pure pgf
\usetikzlibrary{arrows} % LATEX and plain TEX when using Tik Z
\usetikzlibrary{decorations}
\usetikzlibrary{arrows,shapes}
\usetikzlibrary{decorations.text}
\usetikzlibrary{positioning,fit,calc}
\usetikzlibrary{mindmap,backgrounds} % mind map
\DeclareMathOperator*{\argmax}{arg\,max}
\DeclareMathOperator*{\argmin}{arg\,min}
\definecolor{ublue}{rgb}{0.152,0.250,0.545}
\definecolor{ugreen}{rgb}{0,0.5,0}
\begin{document}
\begin{CJK}{GBK}{you}
%%% outline
%-------------------------------------------------------------------------
\begin{tikzpicture}
\begin{scope}
\small{
\node [anchor=south west,minimum width=15em] (source) at (0,0) {\textbf{source}: \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ е\ \ \ \ };
{
\node [anchor=south west,minimum width=15em] (target) at ([yshift=12em]source.north west) {\textbf{target}: I\ \ am\ \ \ satisfied\ \ \ with\ \ \ you};
}
{
\node [anchor=center,minimum width=9.6em,minimum height=1.8em,draw,rounded corners=0.3em] (hidden) at ([yshift=6em]source.north) {};
\node [anchor=west,minimum width=1.5em,minimum size=1.5em,fill=ugreen!20] (cell01) at ([xshift=0.2em]hidden.west) {\footnotesize{.2}};
\node [anchor=west,minimum width=1.5em,minimum size=1.5em,fill=ugreen!10] (cell02) at (cell01.east) {\footnotesize{-1}};
\node [anchor=west,minimum width=1.5em,minimum size=1.5em,fill=ugreen!70] (cell03) at (cell02.east) {\footnotesize{6}};
\node [anchor=west,minimum width=1.5em,minimum size=1.5em,fill=ugreen!50] (cell04) at (cell03.east) {\footnotesize{5}};
\node [anchor=west,minimum width=1.5em,minimum size=1.5em,fill=ugreen!30] (cell05) at (cell04.east) {\footnotesize{.7}};
\node [anchor=west,minimum width=1.5em,minimum size=1.5em,fill=ugreen!10] (cell06) at (cell05.east) {\footnotesize{-2}};
}
{
\filldraw [fill=red!20,draw=white] (source.north west) -- (source.north east) -- ([xshift=-0.2em,yshift=-0.1em]hidden.south east) -- ([xshift=0.2em,yshift=-0.1em]hidden.south west);
}
{
\filldraw [fill=blue!20,draw=white] (target.south west) -- (target.south east) -- ([xshift=-0.2em,yshift=0.1em]hidden.north east) -- ([xshift=0.2em,yshift=0.1em]hidden.north west);
}
{
\draw [->,thick] (source.north west) -- ([xshift=0.2em,yshift=-0.1em]hidden.south west);
\draw [->,thick] (source.north east) -- ([xshift=-0.2em,yshift=-0.1em]hidden.south east);
}
{
\draw [->,thick] ([xshift=0.2em,yshift=0.1em]hidden.north west) -- (target.south west);
\draw [->,thick] ([xshift=-0.2em,yshift=0.1em]hidden.north east) -- (target.south east);
}
}
{
\node [anchor=south] (enclabel) at ([yshift=2em]source.north) {\large{\textbf{Encoder}}};
\node [anchor=north] (declabel) at ([yshift=-2em]target.south) {\large{\textbf{Decoder}}};
\node [anchor=east,align=left] (hiddenlabel) at (hidden.west) {\scriptsize{represe-}\\\scriptsize{ntation}};
}
\end{scope}
\begin{scope}[xshift=16.8em,yshift=6em]
{
\tikzstyle{numbernode} = [fill=blue!30,minimum height=0.8em,minimum width=0.8em,circle,draw,inner sep=1pt]
\tikzstyle{numbernode2} = [fill=ugreen!30,minimum height=0.8em,minimum width=0.8em,circle,draw,inner sep=1pt]
\node[anchor=west,numbernode] (neuron01) at (0,0) {};
\node[anchor=west,numbernode] (neuron02) at ([xshift=0.3em]neuron01.east) {};
\node[anchor=west,numbernode] (neuron03) at ([xshift=0.3em]neuron02.east) {};
\node[anchor=west,numbernode] (neuron04) at ([xshift=0.3em]neuron03.east) {};
\node[anchor=west,numbernode] (neuron11) at ([xshift=2em]neuron04.east) {};
\node[anchor=west,numbernode] (neuron12) at ([xshift=0.3em]neuron11.east) {};
\node[anchor=west,numbernode] (neuron13) at ([xshift=0.3em]neuron12.east) {};
\node[anchor=west,numbernode] (neuron14) at ([xshift=0.3em]neuron13.east) {};
\node[anchor=west,numbernode2] (neuron21) at ([xshift=1.5em,yshift=3em]neuron02.north) {};
\node[anchor=west,numbernode2] (neuron22) at ([xshift=0.3em]neuron21.east) {};
\node[anchor=west,numbernode2] (neuron23) at ([xshift=0.3em]neuron22.east) {};
\node[anchor=west,numbernode2] (neuron24) at ([xshift=0.3em]neuron23.east) {};
\node[anchor=west,numbernode2] (neuron25) at ([xshift=0.3em]neuron24.east) {};
\begin{pgfonlayer}{background}
{
\node[rectangle,draw,thin,inner sep=3pt,rounded corners=1pt] [fit = (neuron01) (neuron02) (neuron03) (neuron04)] (layer1) {};
\node[rectangle,draw,thin,inner sep=3pt,rounded corners=1pt] [fit = (neuron11) (neuron12) (neuron13) (neuron14)] (layer2) {};
\node[rectangle,draw,thin,inner sep=3pt,rounded corners=1pt] [fit = (neuron21) (neuron22) (neuron23) (neuron24) (neuron25)] (layer3) {};
}
\end{pgfonlayer}
% input and output labels
\draw[->,thick,align=center] ([yshift=-0.8em]layer1.south)--([yshift=-0.1em]layer1.south) node [pos=0,anchor=north,inner sep=3pt] (word01) {\footnotesize{input} \footnotesize{(word)}};
\draw[->,thick,align=center] ([yshift=-0.8em]layer2.south)--([yshift=-0.1em]layer2.south) node [pos=0,anchor=north,inner sep=3pt] (word02) {\footnotesize{input} \footnotesize{(word)}};
\draw[<-,thick,align=center] ([yshift=0.8em]layer3.north)--([yshift=0.1em]layer3.north) node [pos=0,anchor=south,inner sep=0] (outputnode) {\footnotesize{output} \footnotesize{(representation)}};
% layer and neuron labels
\node[anchor=west] (layerlabel3) at (layer3.east) {\footnotesize{layer}};
% connections
\draw[-] (neuron01)--(neuron21); \draw[-] (neuron02)--(neuron21); \draw[-] (neuron03)--(neuron21); \draw[-] (neuron04)--(neuron21);
\node[anchor=north] (connections) at ([yshift=-0.7em,xshift=0.5em]layer3.south) {\textbf{...}};
\node[anchor=west] (conntections2) at ([xshift=0.5em]connections.east) {\textbf{...}};
\begin{pgfonlayer}{background}
{
\node[draw,thin,minimum width=11em,align=left,rounded corners=1pt,fill=red!5,drop shadow] [fit = (outputnode) (word01) (word02) ] (netbox) {};
\node[rectangle,draw,thin,inner sep=3pt,rounded corners=1pt] [fit = (neuron01) (neuron02) (neuron03) (neuron04)] (layer1) {};
\node[rectangle,draw,thin,inner sep=3pt,rounded corners=1pt] [fit = (neuron11) (neuron12) (neuron13) (neuron14)] (layer2) {};
\node[rectangle,draw,thin,inner sep=3pt,rounded corners=1pt] [fit = (neuron21) (neuron22) (neuron23) (neuron24) (neuron25)] (layer3) {};
}
\end{pgfonlayer}
\draw [->,very thick,dotted] (enclabel.east) ..controls + (east:2em) and +(west:2em).. ([yshift=-1em]netbox.west);
\node [anchor=north] (netlabel) at (netbox.south) {\footnotesize{sample network of the encoder}};
}
\end{scope}
\end{tikzpicture}
%---------------------------------------------------------------------
\end{CJK}
\end{document}
book_tex/Chapter3/chapter3.tex 0 → 100644
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book_tex/Chapter3/figure326.tex 0 → 100644
% !Mode:: "TeX:GBK"
\def\CTeXPreproc{Created by ctex v0.2.13, don't edit!}
\documentclass[cjk,t,compress,12pt]{standalone}
%\documentclass{article}
%\usepackage{beamerarticle}
\usepackage{pstricks}
\usepackage{etex}
\usepackage{eso-pic,graphicx}
\usepackage{fancybox}
\usepackage{amsmath,amssymb}
\usepackage{setspace}
\usepackage{xcolor}
\usepackage{CJK}
\usepackage{tikz}
\usepackage{tikz-qtree}
\usepackage{hyperref}
\usetikzlibrary{arrows,decorations.pathreplacing}
\usetikzlibrary{shadows} % LATEX and plain TEX when using Tik Z
\usepgflibrary{arrows} % LATEX and plain TEX and pure pgf
\usetikzlibrary{arrows} % LATEX and plain TEX when using Tik Z
\usetikzlibrary{decorations}
\usetikzlibrary{arrows,shapes}
\usetikzlibrary{decorations.text}
\usetikzlibrary{positioning,fit,calc}
\usetikzlibrary{mindmap,backgrounds} % mind map
\DeclareMathOperator*{\argmax}{arg\,max}
\DeclareMathOperator*{\argmin}{arg\,min}
\definecolor{ublue}{rgb}{0.152,0.250,0.545}
\definecolor{ugreen}{rgb}{0,0.5,0}
\begin{document}
\begin{CJK}{GBK}{you}
%%% outline
%-------------------------------------------------------------------------
\begin{tikzpicture}
\node [anchor=west,inner sep=2pt,fill=green!20] (eq1) at (0,0) {$L(f,\lambda)$};
\node [anchor=west,inner sep=2pt] (eq2) at (eq1.east) {$=$};
\node [anchor=west,inner sep=2pt] (eq3) at (eq2.east) {$\frac{\epsilon}{(l+1)^{m}} \prod\limits_{j=1}^{m} \sum\limits_{i=0}^{l}$};
\node [anchor=west,inner sep=2pt] (eq4) at (eq3.east) {\black{$f(s_j|t_{i})$}};
\node [anchor=west,inner sep=2pt] (eq5) at (eq4.east) {$-$};
\node [anchor=north west,inner sep=2pt] (eq6) at ([yshift=-6pt]eq3.south west) {$\sum_{t_y}$};
\node [anchor=west,inner sep=1pt,minimum height=1.85em] (eq7) at (eq6.east) {$\lambda_{t_y}$};
\node [anchor=west,inner sep=1pt,minimum height=1.5em] (eq8) at ([xshift=3pt]eq7.east) {$(\sum_{s_x}$};
\node [anchor=west,inner sep=1pt,minimum height=1.5em] (eq9) at (eq8.east) {\black{$f(s_x|t_y)$}};
\node [anchor=west,inner sep=1pt,minimum height=1.5em] (eq10) at (eq9.east) {$-1)$};
{
\node [anchor=west,inner sep=2pt,fill=green!20] (eq1) at (0,0) {$L(f,\lambda)$};
\node [anchor=west,inner sep=2pt] (eq2) at (eq1.east) {$=$};
\node [anchor=west,inner sep=2pt] (eq3) at (eq2.east) {$\frac{\epsilon}{(l+1)^{m}} \prod\limits_{j=1}^{m} \sum\limits_{i=0}^{l}$};
\node [anchor=west,inner sep=2pt,draw,ublue,fill=blue!20] (eq4) at (eq3.east) {\black{$f(s_j|t_{i})$}};
\node [anchor=west,inner sep=2pt] (eq5) at (eq4.east) {$-$};
\node [anchor=north west,inner sep=2pt] (eq6) at ([yshift=-6pt]eq3.south west) {$\sum_{t_y}$};
\node [anchor=west,inner sep=1pt,fill=purple!20,minimum height=1.85em] (eq7) at (eq6.east) {$\lambda_{t_y}$};
\node [anchor=west,inner sep=1pt,minimum height=1.5em] (eq8) at ([xshift=3pt]eq7.east) {$(\sum_{s_x}$};
\node [anchor=west,inner sep=1pt,draw,ublue,fill=blue!20,minimum height=1.5em] (eq9) at (eq8.east) {\black{$f(s_x|t_y)$}};
\node [anchor=west,inner sep=1pt,minimum height=1.5em] (eq10) at (eq9.east) {$-1)$};
}
\begin{pgfonlayer}{background}
\node[rectangle,red,inner sep=2pt,fill=red!20] [fit = (eq3) (eq4)] (oldobj) {};
{
\node[rectangle,red,inner sep=2pt,fill=orange!20] [fit = (eq8) (eq9) (eq10)] (constraint) {};
}
\end{pgfonlayer}
\node [anchor=west,draw,fill=green!20] (label1) at ([xshift=-2em,yshift=3em]eq1.north west) {新目标函数};
\node [anchor=west,draw,fill=red!20] (label2) at ([xshift=2em]label1.east) {旧目标函数};
{
\node [anchor=west,draw,fill=blue!20] (label3) at ([xshift=2em]label2.east) {参数：词翻译概率};
\node [anchor=west,draw,fill=purple!20] (label4) at ([xshift=-4em,yshift=-2.5em]eq6.south west) {参数：拉格朗日乘数};
\node [anchor=west,draw,fill=orange!20] (label5) at ([xshift=3em]label4.east) {参数约束条件};
}
\draw [<-,thick] ([xshift=-1em]label1.south) .. controls +(south:2em) and +(north:2em) .. (eq1.north);
\draw [<-,thick] ([xshift=-1em]label2.south) .. controls +(south:1.0em) and +(north:1.0em) .. (oldobj.north);
{
\draw [<-,thick] ([xshift=0em]label3.south) .. controls +(south:6.5em) and +(north:1.5em) .. (eq9.north);
\draw [<-,thick] ([xshift=0em]label3.south) .. controls +(south:1.5em) and +(north:1.5em) .. (eq4.north);
\draw [<-,thick] ([xshift=-2em]label4.north) .. controls +(north:1.5em) and +(south:1.5em) .. (eq7.south);
\draw [<-,thick] ([xshift=0em]label5.north) .. controls +(north:1.5em) and +(south:1.5em) .. (constraint.south);
}
\end{tikzpicture}
%---------------------------------------------------------------------
\end{CJK}
\end{document}
book_tex/Chapter3/pictures/figure31.tex 0 → 100644
\begin{center}
%%% outline
%-------------------------------------------------------------------------
{\footnotesize
\definecolor{ublue}{rgb}{0.152,0.250,0.545}
\begin{tikzpicture}
\begin{scope}
\node [anchor=west] (s1) at (0,0) {我};
\node [anchor=west] (s2) at ([xshift=0.8em]s1.east) {对};
\node [anchor=west] (s3) at ([xshift=0.8em]s2.east) {你};
\node [anchor=west] (s4) at ([xshift=0.8em]s3.east) {感到};
\node [anchor=west] (s5) at ([xshift=0.8em]s4.east) {满意};
\end{scope}
\begin{scope}[yshift=-3em]
\node [anchor=west] (t1) at (0.35em,0) {I};
\node [anchor=west] (t2) at ([xshift=0.5em,yshift=-0.1em]t1.east) {am};
\node [anchor=west] (t3) at ([xshift=0.5em,yshift=0.1em]t2.east) {satisfied};
\node [anchor=west] (t4) at ([xshift=0.5em]t3.east) {with};
\node [anchor=west] (t5) at ([xshift=0.5em,yshift=-0.2em]t4.east) {you};
\end{scope}
{
\draw [-,thick,ublue,dashed] (s1.south) -- (t1.north);
\draw [-,thick,ublue,dashed] (s4.south) -- ([yshift=0.3em]t2.north);
\draw [-,thick,ublue,dashed] (s2.south) ..controls +(south:1em) and +(north:1em).. (t4.north);
\draw [-,thick,ublue,dashed] (s3.south) ..controls +(south:0.5em) and +(north:1.5em).. (t5.north);
\draw [-,thick,ublue,dashed] (s5.south) -- (t3.north);
}
\end{tikzpicture}
}
%---------------------------------------------------------------------
\end{center}
book_tex/Chapter3/pictures/figure310.tex 0 → 100644
%%% outline
%-------------------------------------------------------------------------
\begin{tikzpicture}
{\scriptsize
\node [anchor=north west,inner sep=1pt] (entry1) at (0,0) {\tiny{\textbf{1:} 这 是 数据 $\leftrightarrow$ This is data}};
\node [anchor=north west,inner sep=1pt] (entry2) at ([yshift=0.1em]entry1.south west) {\tiny{\textbf{2:} 小心 ！$\leftrightarrow$ Look out !}};
\node [anchor=north west,inner sep=1pt] (entry3) at ([yshift=0.1em]entry2.south west) {\tiny{\textbf{3:} 你 是 谁 $\leftrightarrow$ Who are you}};
\node [anchor=north west,inner sep=2pt] (entry4) at ([yshift=0.1em]entry3.south west) {...};
\node [anchor=south west] (corpuslabel) at (entry1.north west) {{\color{ublue} \textbf{双语平行数据}}};
\begin{pgfonlayer}{background}
\node[rectangle,draw=ublue,thick,inner sep=0.2em,fill=white,drop shadow,minimum height=1.6cm] [fit = (entry1) (entry2) (entry3) (entry4) (corpuslabel)] (corpus) {};
\end{pgfonlayer}
}
\node [anchor=west,ugreen] (P) at ([xshift=4em,yshift=-0.7em]corpus.east){P($t|s$)};
\node [anchor=south] (modellabel) at (P.north) {{\color{ublue} {\scriptsize \textbf{翻译模型}}}};
\begin{pgfonlayer}{background}
\node[rectangle,draw=ublue,thick,inner sep=0.2em,fill=white,drop shadow,minimum height=1.6cm] [fit = (P) (modellabel)] (model) {};
\end{pgfonlayer}
\draw [->,very thick,ublue] ([xshift=0.2em]corpus.east) -- ([xshift=3.0em]corpus.east) node [inner sep=0pt,pos=0.5,above,yshift=0.3em] (trainingarrow) {\color{red}{\scriptsize{模型学习}}};
\draw [->,very thick,ublue] ([xshift=0.4em]model.east) -- ([xshift=3.4em]model.east) node [inner sep=0pt,pos=0.5,above,yshift=0.3em] (decodingarrow) {\color{red}{\scriptsize{穷举\&计算}}};
{\scriptsize
\node [anchor=north west,inner sep=2pt] (sentlabel) at ([xshift=5.5em,yshift=-0.3em]model.north east) {{\color{ublue} \textbf{机器翻译引擎}}};
\node [anchor=north west] (sent) at ([yshift=-0.5em]sentlabel.south west) {\textbf{对任意句子}};
\node [anchor=north west] (sentpart2) at ([yshift=0.3em]sent.south west) {\textbf{进行翻译}};
}
\begin{pgfonlayer}{background}
\node[rectangle,draw=ublue,thick,inner sep=0.2em,fill=white,drop shadow,minimum height=1.6cm] [fit = (sentlabel) (sent) (sentpart2)] (segsystem) {};
\end{pgfonlayer}
\node[rectangle,fill=white,fill opacity=0.85,inner sep=0pt] [fit = (segsystem) (decodingarrow)] (segsystem2) {};
\node[rectangle,fill=white,fill opacity=0.85,inner sep=0pt] [fit = (corpus) (trainingarrow)] (corpus2) {};
\end{tikzpicture}
%---------------------------------------------------------------------
book_tex/Chapter3/pictures/figure311.tex 0 → 100644
%%% outline
%-------------------------------------------------------------------------
\begin{tikzpicture}
\begin{scope}
\node [anchor=west] (s1) at (0,0) {我\footnotesize{$_1$}};
\node [anchor=west] (s2) at ([xshift=0.5em]s1.east) {对\footnotesize{$_2$}};
\node [anchor=west] (s3) at ([xshift=0.5em]s2.east) {你\footnotesize{$_3$}};
\node [anchor=west] (s4) at ([xshift=0.5em]s3.east) {感到\footnotesize{$_4$}};
\node [anchor=west] (s5) at ([xshift=0.5em]s4.east) {满意\footnotesize{$_5$}};
\node [anchor=east] (s) at (s1.west) {$s=$};
\end{scope}
\begin{scope}[yshift=-3.0em]
\node [anchor=west] (t1) at (0.35em,0) {I\footnotesize{$_1$}};
\node [anchor=west] (t2) at ([xshift=0.3em,yshift=-0.1em]t1.east) {am\footnotesize{$_2$}};
\node [anchor=west] (t3) at ([xshift=0.3em,yshift=0.1em]t2.east) {satisfied\footnotesize{$_3$}};
\node [anchor=west] (t4) at ([xshift=0.3em]t3.east) {with\footnotesize{$_4$}};
\node [anchor=west] (t5) at ([xshift=0.3em,yshift=-0.2em]t4.east) {you\footnotesize{$_5$}};
\node [anchor=east] (t) at ([xshift=-0.3em]t1.west) {$t=$};
\end{scope}
\draw [-,thick,ublue,dashed] (s1.south) -- (t1.north);
\draw [-,thick,ublue,dashed] (s4.south) -- ([yshift=0.3em]t2.north);
\draw [-,thick,ublue,dashed] (s2.south) ..controls +(south:1em) and +(north:1em).. (t4.north);
\draw [-,thick,ublue,dashed] (s3.south) ..controls +(south:0.5em) and +(north:1.5em).. (t5.north);
\draw [-,thick,ublue,dashed] (s5.south) -- (t3.north);
\end{tikzpicture}
%---------------------------------------------------------------------
book_tex/Chapter3/pictures/figure312.tex 0 → 100644
%%% outline
%-------------------------------------------------------------------------
\begin{tabular}{| l | l |}
\hline
& {\footnotesize{$\prod\limits_{(j,i) \in \hat{A}} \textrm{P}(s_j,t_i)$} } \\ \hline
\begin{tikzpicture}
\begin{scope}
{\footnotesize
\begin{scope}
\node [anchor=west] (s1) at (0,0) {我\footnotesize{$_1$}};
\node [anchor=west] (s2) at ([xshift=0.5em]s1.east) {对\footnotesize{$_2$}};
\node [anchor=west] (s3) at ([xshift=0.5em]s2.east) {你\footnotesize{$_3$}};
\node [anchor=west] (s4) at ([xshift=0.5em]s3.east) {感到\footnotesize{$_4$}};
\node [anchor=west] (s5) at ([xshift=0.5em]s4.east) {满意\footnotesize{$_5$}};
\node [anchor=east] (s) at (s1.west) {$s=$};
\end{scope}
\begin{scope}[yshift=-2.6em]
\node [anchor=west] (t1) at (0.35em,0) {I\footnotesize{$_1$}};
\node [anchor=west] (t2) at ([xshift=0.3em,yshift=-0.1em]t1.east) {am\footnotesize{$_2$}};
\node [anchor=west] (t3) at ([xshift=0.3em,yshift=0.1em]t2.east) {satisfied\footnotesize{$_3$}};
\node [anchor=west] (t4) at ([xshift=0.3em]t3.east) {with\footnotesize{$_4$}};
\node [anchor=west] (t5) at ([xshift=0.3em,yshift=-0.2em]t4.east) {you\footnotesize{$_5$}};
\node [anchor=east] (t) at ([xshift=-0.3em]t1.west) {$t'=$};
\end{scope}
\draw [-,thick,ublue,dashed] (s1.south) -- (t1.north);
\draw [-,thick,ublue,dashed] (s4.south) -- ([yshift=0.3em]t2.north);
\draw [-,thick,ublue,dashed] (s2.south) ..controls +(south:1em) and +(north:1em).. (t4.north);
\draw [-,thick,ublue,dashed] (s3.south) ..controls +(south:0.5em) and +(north:1.5em).. (t5.north);
\draw [-,thick,ublue,dashed] (s5.south) -- (t3.north);
}
\end{scope}
\end{tikzpicture}
& {\tikz{\node[minimum height=3.2em]{\small{0.0023}};}} \\
\begin{tikzpicture}
\begin{scope}
{\footnotesize
\begin{scope}
\node [anchor=west] (s1) at (0,0) {我\footnotesize{$_1$}};
\node [anchor=west] (s2) at ([xshift=0.5em]s1.east) {对\footnotesize{$_2$}};
\node [anchor=west] (s3) at ([xshift=0.5em]s2.east) {你\footnotesize{$_3$}};
\node [anchor=west] (s4) at ([xshift=0.5em]s3.east) {感到\footnotesize{$_4$}};
\node [anchor=west] (s5) at ([xshift=0.5em]s4.east) {满意\footnotesize{$_5$}};
\node [anchor=east] (s) at (s1.west) {$s=$};
\end{scope}
\begin{scope}[yshift=-2.6em]
\node [anchor=center] (t1) at ([yshift=-1.6em]s1.south) {I\footnotesize{$_1$}};
\node [anchor=center] (t2) at ([yshift=-1.6em]s2.south) {with\footnotesize{$_2$}};
\node [anchor=center] (t3) at ([yshift=-1.7em]s3.south) {you\footnotesize{$_3$}};
\node [anchor=center] (t4) at ([yshift=-1.7em]s4.south) {am\footnotesize{$_4$}};
\node [anchor=center] (t5) at ([yshift=-1.6em]s5.south) {satisfied\footnotesize{$_5$}};
\node [anchor=center] (t) at ([xshift=-1.3em]t1.west) {$t''=$};
\end{scope}
\draw [-,thick,ublue,dashed] (s1.south) -- (t1.north);
\draw [-,thick,ublue,dashed] (s2.south) -- (t2.north);
\draw [-,thick,ublue,dashed] (s3.south) -- (t3.north);
\draw [-,thick,ublue,dashed] (s4.south) -- (t4.north);
\draw [-,thick,ublue,dashed] (s5.south) -- (t5.north);
}
\end{scope}
\end{tikzpicture}
&{\tikz{\node[minimum height=3.2em]{\small{0.0023}};}}\\
\hline
\end{tabular}
%---------------------------------------------------------------------
book_tex/Chapter3/pictures/figure313.tex 0 → 100644
%%% outline
%-------------------------------------------------------------------------
\begin{tikzpicture}
\begin{scope}
{
\node [pos=0.5,left,xshift=-0.5em,yshift=2.0em] (label2) {\footnotesize{{$t^1$ =$<$s$>$ {\color{red}machine}\; {\color{red}translation}\; is\; just\; translation\; by\; computer\; $<$/s$>$ }}};
\node [anchor=north west] (label2part2) at ([yshift=0.3em]label2.south west) {\footnotesize{{$t^2$ =$<$s$>$ how\; does\;this\; {\color{red}machine}\;work\; $?$ $<$/s$>$ }}};
\node [anchor=north west] (label2part3) at ([yshift=0.3em]label2part2.south west) {\footnotesize{{$t^3$ =$<$s$>$ we\; are\;replaced\;the\; old\; adding\; {\color{red}machine}\;with\;a\; computer\; $<$/s$>$ }}};
\node [anchor=north west] (label2part4) at ([yshift=0.3em]label2part3.south west) {\footnotesize{{$t^4$ =$<$s$>$ several\; approaches\; to\;{\color{red}machine}\;learning\; are\; used\; to\; solve\; problems\; $?$\; $<$/s$>$ }}};
}
\end{scope}
\end{tikzpicture}
%---------------------------------------------------------------------
book_tex/Chapter3/pictures/figure314.tex 0 → 100644
%%% outline
%-------------------------------------------------------------------------
\begin{tabular}{| l | l |}
\hline
& {\footnotesize{$\prod\limits_{(j,i) \in \hat{A}} \textrm{P}(s_j,t_i)$} \color{red}{{\footnotesize{$\times\textrm{P}_{lm}(t)$}}}} \\ \hline
\begin{tikzpicture}
\begin{scope}
{\footnotesize
\begin{scope}
\node [anchor=west] (s1) at (0,0) {我\footnotesize{$_1$}};
\node [anchor=west] (s2) at ([xshift=0.5em]s1.east) {对\footnotesize{$_2$}};
\node [anchor=west] (s3) at ([xshift=0.5em]s2.east) {你\footnotesize{$_3$}};
\node [anchor=west] (s4) at ([xshift=0.5em]s3.east) {感到\footnotesize{$_4$}};
\node [anchor=west] (s5) at ([xshift=0.5em]s4.east) {满意\footnotesize{$_5$}};
\node [anchor=east] (s) at (s1.west) {$s=$};
\end{scope}
\begin{scope}[yshift=-2.6em]
\node [anchor=west] (t1) at (0.35em,0) {I\footnotesize{$_1$}};
\node [anchor=west] (t2) at ([xshift=0.3em,yshift=-0.1em]t1.east) {am\footnotesize{$_2$}};
\node [anchor=west] (t3) at ([xshift=0.3em,yshift=0.1em]t2.east) {satisfied\footnotesize{$_3$}};
\node [anchor=west] (t4) at ([xshift=0.3em]t3.east) {with\footnotesize{$_4$}};
\node [anchor=west] (t5) at ([xshift=0.3em,yshift=-0.2em]t4.east) {you\footnotesize{$_5$}};
\node [anchor=east] (t) at ([xshift=-0.3em]t1.west) {$t'=$};
\end{scope}
\draw [-,thick,ublue,dashed] (s1.south) -- (t1.north);
\draw [-,thick,ublue,dashed] (s4.south) -- ([yshift=0.3em]t2.north);
\draw [-,thick,ublue,dashed] (s2.south) ..controls +(south:1em) and +(north:1em).. (t4.north);
\draw [-,thick,ublue,dashed] (s3.south) ..controls +(south:0.5em) and +(north:1.5em).. (t5.north);
\draw [-,thick,ublue,dashed] (s5.south) -- (t3.north);
}
\end{scope}
\end{tikzpicture}
& {\tikz{\node[minimum height=3.2em]{\small{0.0023}{\color{red}\small{$\times$0.0107}}};}} \\
\begin{tikzpicture}
\begin{scope}
{\footnotesize
\begin{scope}
\node [anchor=west] (s1) at (0,0) {我\footnotesize{$_1$}};
\node [anchor=west] (s2) at ([xshift=0.5em]s1.east) {对\footnotesize{$_2$}};
\node [anchor=west] (s3) at ([xshift=0.5em]s2.east) {你\footnotesize{$_3$}};
\node [anchor=west] (s4) at ([xshift=0.5em]s3.east) {感到\footnotesize{$_4$}};
\node [anchor=west] (s5) at ([xshift=0.5em]s4.east) {满意\footnotesize{$_5$}};
\node [anchor=east] (s) at (s1.west) {$s=$};
\end{scope}
\begin{scope}[yshift=-2.6em]
\node [anchor=center] (t1) at ([yshift=-1.6em]s1.south) {I\footnotesize{$_1$}};
\node [anchor=center] (t2) at ([yshift=-1.6em]s2.south) {with\footnotesize{$_2$}};
\node [anchor=center] (t3) at ([yshift=-1.7em]s3.south) {you\footnotesize{$_3$}};
\node [anchor=center] (t4) at ([yshift=-1.7em]s4.south) {am\footnotesize{$_4$}};
\node [anchor=center] (t5) at ([yshift=-1.6em]s5.south) {satisfied\footnotesize{$_5$}};
\node [anchor=center] (t) at ([xshift=-1.3em]t1.west) {$t''=$};
\end{scope}
\draw [-,thick,ublue,dashed] (s1.south) -- (t1.north);
\draw [-,thick,ublue,dashed] (s2.south) -- (t2.north);
\draw [-,thick,ublue,dashed] (s3.south) -- (t3.north);
\draw [-,thick,ublue,dashed] (s4.south) -- (t4.north);
\draw [-,thick,ublue,dashed] (s5.south) -- (t5.north);
}
\end{scope}
\end{tikzpicture}
&{ \tikz{\node[minimum height=3em]{\small{0.0023}{\color{red}\small{$\times$0.0009}}};}}\\
\hline
\end{tabular}
%---------------------------------------------------------------------
book_tex/Chapter3/pictures/figure315.tex 0 → 100644
%%% outline
%-------------------------------------------------------------------------
\begin{tikzpicture}
\definecolor{ugreen}{rgb}{0,0.5,0}
\definecolor{ublue}{rgb}{0.152,0.250,0.545}
\node [anchor=west,draw,thick,minimum width=3.6em,minimum height=0.8em] (s1) at (0,0) {$\phi$};
{%第一列
\node [anchor=north west] (label1) at ([xshift=2.5em,yshift=6.3em]s1.east) {{\scriptsize \textbf{第1步}}};
\node [anchor=west,draw,thick,minimum width=3.6em,minimum height=0.8em] (s21) at ([xshift=2.0em,yshift=3.5em]s1.east) {$w_1^1$};
\node [anchor=west,draw,thick,minimum width=3.6em,minimum height=0.8em] (s22) at ([xshift=2.0em,yshift=0.0em]s1.east) {$w_2^1$};
\node [anchor=west] (s23) at ([xshift=3.3em,yshift=-3.2em]s1.east) {$\vdots$};
\node [anchor=west,draw,thick,minimum width=3.6em,minimum height=0.8em] (s24) at ([xshift=2.0em,yshift=-7.0em]s1.east) {\scriptsize{$w_{m \bullet n}^1$}};
}
{
\draw [->,thick] ([yshift=0.0em]s1.east) -- ([yshift=0.0em]s21.west);
\draw [->,thick] ([yshift=0.0em]s1.east) -- ([yshift=0.0em]s22.west);
\draw [->,thick] ([yshift=0.0em]s1.east) -- ([xshift=-1.3em,yshift=-0.2em]s23.west);
\draw [->,thick] ([yshift=0.0em]s1.east) -- ([yshift=0.0em]s24.west);
}
{%第二列
\node [anchor=north west] (label2) at ([xshift=9.3em,yshift=6.3em]s1.east) {{\scriptsize \textbf{第2步}}};
\node [anchor=west,draw,thick,minimum width=3.6em,minimum height=0.8em] (s31) at ([xshift=8.8em,yshift=3.5em]s1.east) {$w_1^2$};
\node [anchor=west,draw,thick,minimum width=3.6em,minimum height=0.8em] (s32) at ([xshift=8.8em,yshift=0.0em]s1.east) {$w_2^2$};
\node [anchor=west] (s33) at ([xshift=10.1em,yshift=-3.2em]s1.east) {$\vdots$};
\node [anchor=west,draw,thick,minimum width=3.6em,minimum height=0.8em] (s34) at ([xshift=8.8em,yshift=-7.0em]s1.east) {\tiny{$w_{(m-1) \bullet n}^2$}};
}
{
\draw [->,thick] ([yshift=0.0em]s21.east) -- ([yshift=0.0em]s31.west);
\draw [->,thick] ([yshift=0.0em]s21.east) -- ([yshift=0.0em]s32.west);
\draw [->,thick] ([yshift=0.0em]s21.east) -- ([xshift=-1.3em,yshift=-0.2em]s33.west);
\draw [->,thick] ([yshift=0.0em]s21.east) -- ([yshift=0.0em]s34.west);
\draw [->,thick] ([yshift=0.0em]s22.east) -- ([yshift=0.0em]s31.west);
\draw [->,thick] ([yshift=0.0em]s22.east) -- ([yshift=0.0em]s32.west);
\draw [->,thick] ([yshift=0.0em]s22.east) -- ([xshift=-1.3em,yshift=-0.2em]s33.west);
\draw [->,thick] ([yshift=0.0em]s22.east) -- ([yshift=0.0em]s34.west);
\draw [->,thick] ([xshift=1.3em,yshift=-0.3em]s23.east) -- ([yshift=0.0em]s31.west);
\draw [->,thick] ([xshift=1.3em,yshift=-0.3em]s23.east) -- ([yshift=0.0em]s32.west);
\draw [->,thick] ([xshift=1.3em,yshift=-0.3em]s23.east) -- ([xshift=-1.3em,yshift=-0.3em]s33.west);
\draw [->,thick] ([xshift=1.3em,yshift=-0.3em]s23.east) -- ([yshift=0.0em]s34.west);
\draw [->,thick] ([yshift=0.0em]s24.east) -- ([yshift=0.0em]s31.west);
\draw [->,thick] ([yshift=0.0em]s24.east) -- ([yshift=0.0em]s32.west);
\draw [->,thick] ([yshift=0.0em]s24.east) -- ([xshift=-1.3em,yshift=-0.2em]s33.west);
\draw [->,thick] ([yshift=0.0em]s24.east) -- ([yshift=0.0em]s34.west);
}
{%第三列
\node [anchor=west] (s41) at ([xshift=15.6em,yshift=3.5em]s1.east) {$\cdots$};
\node [anchor=west] (s42) at ([xshift=15.6em,yshift=0.0em]s1.east) {$\cdots$};
\node [anchor=west] (s43) at ([xshift=15.6em,yshift=-3.5em]s1.east) {$\cdots$};
\node [anchor=west] (s44) at ([xshift=15.6em,yshift=-7.0em]s1.east) {$\cdots$};
\draw [->,thick] ([yshift=0.0em]s31.east) -- ([yshift=0.0em]s41.west);
\draw [->,thick] ([yshift=0.0em]s31.east) -- ([yshift=0.0em]s42.west);
\draw [->,thick] ([yshift=0.0em]s31.east) -- ([yshift=0.0em]s43.west);
\draw [->,thick] ([yshift=0.0em]s31.east) -- ([yshift=0.0em]s44.west);
\draw [->,thick] ([yshift=0.0em]s32.east) -- ([yshift=0.0em]s41.west);
\draw [->,thick] ([yshift=0.0em]s32.east) -- ([yshift=0.0em]s42.west);
\draw [->,thick] ([yshift=0.0em]s32.east) -- ([yshift=0.0em]s43.west);
\draw [->,thick] ([yshift=0.0em]s32.east) -- ([yshift=0.0em]s44.west);
\draw [->,thick] ([xshift=1.3em,yshift=-0.3em]s33.east) -- ([yshift=0.0em]s41.west);
\draw [->,thick] ([xshift=1.3em,yshift=-0.3em]s33.east) -- ([yshift=0.0em]s42.west);
\draw [->,thick] ([xshift=1.3em,yshift=-0.3em]s33.east) -- ([yshift=0.0em]s43.west);
\draw [->,thick] ([xshift=1.3em,yshift=-0.3em]s33.east) -- ([yshift=0.0em]s44.west);
\draw [->,thick] ([yshift=0.0em]s34.east) -- ([yshift=0.0em]s41.west);
\draw [->,thick] ([yshift=0.0em]s34.east) -- ([yshift=0.0em]s42.west);
\draw [->,thick] ([yshift=0.0em]s34.east) -- ([yshift=0.0em]s43.west);
\draw [->,thick] ([yshift=0.0em]s34.east) -- ([yshift=0.0em]s44.west);
}
{%第四列
\node [anchor=north west] (label3) at ([xshift=19.4em,yshift=6.3em]s1.east) {{\scriptsize \textbf{第m步}}};
\node [anchor=west,draw,thick,minimum width=3.6em,minimum height=0.8em] (s51) at ([xshift=19.0em,yshift=3.5em]s1.east) {$w_1^m$};
\node [anchor=west,draw,thick,minimum width=3.6em,minimum height=0.8em] (s52) at ([xshift=19.0em,yshift=0.0em]s1.east) {$w_2^m$};
\node [anchor=west,draw,thick,minimum width=3.6em,minimum height=0.8em] (s53) at ([xshift=19.0em,yshift=-3.5em]s1.east) {$w_{?}^{m}$};
\node [anchor=west,draw,thick,minimum width=3.6em,minimum height=0.8em] (s54) at ([xshift=19.0em,yshift=-7.0em]s1.east) {\scriptsize{$w_{1 \bullet n}^m$}};
\draw [->,thick] ([yshift=0.0em]s41.east) -- ([yshift=0.0em]s51.west);
\draw [->,thick] ([yshift=0.0em]s42.east) -- ([yshift=0.0em]s52.west);
\draw [->,thick] ([yshift=0.0em]s43.east) -- ([yshift=0.0em]s53.west);
\draw [->,thick] ([yshift=0.0em]s44.east) -- ([yshift=0.0em]s54.west);
}
\end{tikzpicture}
%---------------------------------------------------------------------
book_tex/Chapter3/pictures/figure316.tex 0 → 100644
%%% outline
%-------------------------------------------------------------------------
\begin{tabular}{l | l | l}
$m$ & $n$ & $n^m \cdot m!$ \\ \hline
1 & 1 & 1 \\
1 & 10 & 10 \\
2 & 10 & 200 \\
10 & 10 & 36288000000000000 \\
20 & 10 & 2.43290200817664 $\times 10^{38}$ \\
20 & 30 & 8.48300477127188 $\times 10^{47}$ \\
\end{tabular}
%---------------------------------------------------------------------
book_tex/Chapter3/pictures/figure317.tex 0 → 100644
%%% outline
%-------------------------------------------------------------------------
\begin{tikzpicture}
\definecolor{ugreen}{rgb}{0,0.5,0}
\definecolor{ublue}{rgb}{0.152,0.250,0.545}
\node [anchor=west,draw,thick,minimum width=3.6em,minimum height=0.8em] (s1) at (0,0) {$\phi$};
{%第一列
\node [anchor=north west] (label1) at ([xshift=2.5em,yshift=6.3em]s1.east) {{\scriptsize \textbf{第1步}}};
\node [anchor=west,draw,thick,minimum width=3.6em,minimum height=0.8em] (s21) at ([xshift=2.0em,yshift=3.5em]s1.east) {$w_1^1$};
\node [anchor=west,draw,thick,minimum width=3.6em,minimum height=0.8em] (s22) at ([xshift=2.0em,yshift=0.0em]s1.east) {$w_2^1$};
\node [anchor=west] (s23) at ([xshift=3.3em,yshift=-3.2em]s1.east) {$\vdots$};
\node [anchor=west,draw,thick,minimum width=3.6em,minimum height=0.8em] (s24) at ([xshift=2.0em,yshift=-7.0em]s1.east) {\scriptsize{$w_{m \bullet n}^1$}};
}
{
\draw [->,thick,red] ([yshift=0.0em]s1.east) -- ([yshift=0.0em]s21.west);
\draw [->,thick,densely dashed] ([yshift=0.0em]s1.east) -- ([yshift=0.0em]s22.west);
\draw [->,thick,densely dashed] ([yshift=0.0em]s1.east) -- ([xshift=-1.3em,yshift=-0.2em]s23.west);
\draw [->,thick,densely dashed] ([yshift=0.0em]s1.east) -- ([yshift=0.0em]s24.west);
}
{%第二列
\node [anchor=north west] (label2) at ([xshift=9.3em,yshift=6.3em]s1.east) {{\scriptsize \textbf{第2步}}};
\node [anchor=west,draw,thick,minimum width=3.6em,minimum height=0.8em] (s31) at ([xshift=8.8em,yshift=3.5em]s1.east) {$w_1^2$};
\node [anchor=west,draw,thick,minimum width=3.6em,minimum height=0.8em] (s32) at ([xshift=8.8em,yshift=0.0em]s1.east) {$w_2^2$};
\node [anchor=west] (s33) at ([xshift=10.1em,yshift=-3.2em]s1.east) {$\vdots$};
\node [anchor=west,draw,thick,minimum width=3.6em,minimum height=0.8em] (s34) at ([xshift=8.8em,yshift=-7.0em]s1.east) {\tiny{$w_{(m-1) \bullet n}^2$}};
}
{
\draw [->,thick,densely dashed] ([yshift=0.0em]s21.east) -- ([yshift=0.0em]s31.west);
\draw [->,thick,densely dashed] ([yshift=0.0em]s21.east) -- ([yshift=0.0em]s32.west);
\draw [->,thick,red] ([yshift=0.0em]s21.east) -- ([xshift=-1.3em,yshift=-0.2em]s33.west);
\draw [->,thick,densely dashed] ([yshift=0.0em]s21.east) -- ([yshift=0.0em]s34.west);
}
{%第三列
\node [anchor=west] (s41) at ([xshift=15.6em,yshift=3.5em]s1.east) {$\cdots$};
\node [anchor=west] (s42) at ([xshift=15.6em,yshift=0.0em]s1.east) {$\cdots$};
\node [anchor=west] (s43) at ([xshift=15.6em,yshift=-3.5em]s1.east) {$\cdots$};
\node [anchor=west] (s44) at ([xshift=15.6em,yshift=-7.0em]s1.east) {$\cdots$};
\draw [->,thick,densely dashed] ([xshift=1.3em,yshift=-0.3em]s33.east) -- ([yshift=0.0em]s41.west);
\draw [->,thick,red] ([xshift=1.3em,yshift=-0.3em]s33.east) -- ([yshift=0.0em]s42.west);
\draw [->,thick,densely dashed] ([xshift=1.3em,yshift=-0.3em]s33.east) -- ([yshift=0.0em]s43.west);
\draw [->,thick,densely dashed] ([xshift=1.3em,yshift=-0.3em]s33.east) -- ([yshift=0.0em]s44.west);
}
{%第四列
\node [anchor=north west] (label3) at ([xshift=19.4em,yshift=6.3em]s1.east) {{\scriptsize \textbf{第m步}}};
\node [anchor=west,draw,thick,minimum width=3.6em,minimum height=0.8em] (s51) at ([xshift=19.0em,yshift=3.5em]s1.east) {$w_1^m$};
\node [anchor=west,draw,thick,minimum width=3.6em,minimum height=0.8em] (s52) at ([xshift=19.0em,yshift=0.0em]s1.east) {$w_2^m$};
\node [anchor=west,draw,thick,minimum width=3.6em,minimum height=0.8em] (s53) at ([xshift=19.0em,yshift=-3.5em]s1.east) {$w_{?}^{m}$};
\node [anchor=west,draw,thick,minimum width=3.6em,minimum height=0.8em] (s54) at ([xshift=19.0em,yshift=-7.0em]s1.east) {\scriptsize{$w_{1 \bullet n}^m$}};
\draw [->,thick,densely dashed] ([yshift=0.0em]s41.east) -- ([yshift=0.0em]s51.west);
\draw [->,thick,densely dashed] ([yshift=0.0em]s42.east) -- ([yshift=0.0em]s52.west);
\draw [->,thick,red] ([yshift=0.0em]s43.east) -- ([yshift=0.0em]s53.west);
\draw [->,thick,densely dashed] ([yshift=0.0em]s44.east) -- ([yshift=0.0em]s54.west);
}
\end{tikzpicture}
%---------------------------------------------------------------------
book_tex/Chapter3/pictures/figure318.tex 0 → 100644
%%% outline
%-------------------------------------------------------------------------
\begin{tikzpicture}
{\scriptsize
\node [anchor=north west,inner sep=2pt,align=left] (line1) at (0,0) {\textrm{\textbf{Function} \textsc{WordDecoding}($s$)}};
\node [anchor=north west,inner sep=2pt,align=left] (line2) at ([yshift=-1pt]line1.south west) {\textrm{1: $\pi = $\textsc{GetTransOptions}($s$)}};
\node [anchor=north west,inner sep=2pt,align=left] (line3) at ([yshift=-1pt]line2.south west) {\textrm{2: $best = \phi$}};
\node [anchor=north west,inner sep=2pt,align=left] (line4) at ([yshift=-1pt]line3.south west) {\textrm{3: \textbf{for} $i$ in $[1,m]$ \textbf{do}}};
\node [anchor=north west,inner sep=2pt,align=left] (line5) at ([yshift=-1pt]line4.south west) {\textrm{4: \hspace{1em} $h = \phi$}};
\node [anchor=north west,inner sep=2pt,align=left] (line6) at ([yshift=-1pt]line5.south west) {\textrm{5: \hspace{1em} \textbf{foreach} $j$ in $[1,m]$ \textbf{do}}};
\node [anchor=north west,inner sep=2pt,align=left] (line7) at ([yshift=-1pt]line6.south west) {\textrm{6: \hspace{2em} \textbf{if} $used[j]=$ \textbf{true} \textbf{then}}};
\node [anchor=north west,inner sep=2pt,align=left] (line8) at ([yshift=-1pt]line7.south west) {\textrm{7: \hspace{3em} $h = h \cup \textrm{\textsc{Join}}(best,\pi[j])$}};
\node [anchor=north west,inner sep=2pt,align=left] (line9) at ([yshift=-1pt]line8.south west) {\textrm{8: \hspace{1em} $best = \textrm{\textsc{PruneForTop1}}(h)$}};
\node [anchor=north west,inner sep=2pt,align=left] (line10) at ([yshift=-1pt]line9.south west) {\textrm{9: \hspace{1em} $used[best.j] = \textrm{\textsc{\textbf{true}}}$}};
\node [anchor=north west,inner sep=2pt,align=left] (line11) at ([yshift=-1pt]line10.south west) {\textrm{10: \textbf{return} $best.translatoin$}};
\node [anchor=south west,inner sep=2pt,align=left] (head1) at ([yshift=1pt]line1.north west) {输出: 找的最佳译文};
\node [anchor=south west,inner sep=2pt,align=left] (head2) at ([yshift=1pt]head1.north west) {输入: 源语句子$s=s_1...s_m$};
}
\begin{pgfonlayer}{background}
\node[rectangle,draw=ublue,thick,inner sep=0.2em,fill=white,drop shadow,minimum height=1.6cm] [fit = (head2) (line8) (line11)] (algorithm) {};
%% highlights
%\begin{pgfonlayer}{background}
{
\node[anchor=west,fill=blue!20,minimum height=0.16in,minimum width=1.71in] (line2highlight) at (line2.west) {};
}
{
\node[anchor=west,fill=blue!20,minimum height=0.16in,minimum width=1.71in] (line3highlight) at (line3.west) {};
\node[anchor=west,fill=blue!20,minimum height=0.16in,minimum width=1.71in] (line5highlight) at (line5.west) {};
}
{
\node[anchor=west,fill=blue!20,minimum height=0.16in,minimum width=1.71in] (line8highlight) at (line8.west) {};
}
{
\node[anchor=west,fill=blue!20,minimum height=0.16in,minimum width=1.71in] (line9highlight) at (line9.west) {};
}
{
\node[anchor=west,fill=blue!20,minimum height=0.16in,minimum width=1.71in] (line10highlight) at (line10.west) {};
}
%\end{pgfonlayer}
\end{pgfonlayer}
{\footnotesize
%% remark 1
\begin{scope}
{
\node [anchor=north west,align=left] (remark1) at ([xshift=0.4in]algorithm.north east) {获取每个单词\\的翻译候选};
\node [anchor=west,draw,thick,circle,minimum size=0.3em,inner sep=2.1pt,red] (s1) at ([yshift=-1.0em,xshift=0.5em]remark1.north east){\tiny{1}};
\node [anchor=west,draw,thick,circle,minimum size=0.3em,inner sep=2.1pt,ugreen] (s2) at ([xshift=0.4em]s1.east) {\tiny{2}};
\node [anchor=west,draw,thick,circle,minimum size=0.3em,inner sep=2.1pt,orange] (s3) at ([xshift=0.4em]s2.east) {\tiny{3}};
\node [anchor=west,draw,thick,circle,minimum size=0.3em,inner sep=3.0pt,ublue] (s4) at ([xshift=0.4em]s3.east) {.};
\node [anchor=west,draw,thick,circle,minimum size=0.3em,inner sep=1.5pt,purple] (s5) at ([xshift=0.4em]s4.east) {\tiny{$m$}};
\node [anchor=center,draw,thick,circle,minimum size=0.3em,inner sep=2pt,red,fill=red] (t1) at ([yshift=-1.7em]s1.center) {{\color{white} \tiny{$n$}}};
\node [anchor=center,draw,thick,circle,minimum size=0.3em,inner sep=2pt,ugreen,fill=ugreen] (t2) at ([yshift=-1.7em]s2.center) {{\color{white} \tiny{$n$}}};
\node [anchor=center,draw,thick,circle,minimum size=0.3em,inner sep=2pt,orange,fill=orange] (t3) at ([yshift=-1.7em]s3.center) {{\color{white} \tiny{$n$}}};
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%% end of remark 1
%% remark 2
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\node [anchor=north west,draw,inner sep=2pt,fill=blue!10] (remark2) at ([xshift=-0.2em,yshift=-1em]remark1.south west) {$best$用于保存当前最好的翻译结果};
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%% end of remark 2
%% remark 3
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\node [anchor=north west,draw,inner sep=2pt,fill=blue!10] (remark3) at ([yshift=-0.5em]remark2.south west) {$h$用于保存每步生成的所有译文候选};
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%% end of remark 3
%% remark 4
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\node [anchor=north west,inner sep=2pt,align=left] (remark4) at ([xshift=0.25em,yshift=-0.6em]remark3.south west) {\textsc{Join}($a,b$) 返回\\$a$ 和$b$ 的所有组合};
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%% end of remark 4
%% remark 5
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\%% end of remark 5
%% remark 6
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\%% end of remark 6
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%---------------------------------------------------------------------
book_tex/Chapter3/pictures/figure319.tex 0 → 100644
%%% outline
%-------------------------------------------------------------------------
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%---------------------------------------------------------------------
book_tex/Chapter3/pictures/figure32.tex 0 → 100644
%%% outline
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%---------------------------------------------------------------------
book_tex/Chapter3/pictures/figure320.tex 0 → 100644
%%% outline
%-------------------------------------------------------------------------
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%---------------------------------------------------------------------
book_tex/Chapter3/pictures/figure321.tex 0 → 100644
%%% outline
%-------------------------------------------------------------------------
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%---------------------------------------------------------------------
book_tex/Chapter3/pictures/figure322.tex 0 → 100644
%%% outline
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%---------------------------------------------------------------------
book_tex/Chapter3/pictures/figure323.tex 0 → 100644
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%---------------------------------------------------------------------
book_tex/Chapter3/pictures/figure324.tex 0 → 100644
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book_tex/Chapter3/pictures/figure325.tex 0 → 100644
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%---------------------------------------------------------------------
book_tex/Chapter3/pictures/figure326.tex 0 → 100644
%%% outline
%-------------------------------------------------------------------------
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%---------------------------------------------------------------------
book_tex/Chapter3/pictures/figure327.tex 0 → 100644
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book_tex/Chapter3/pictures/figure328.tex 0 → 100644
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book_tex/Chapter3/pictures/figure329.tex 0 → 100644
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book_tex/Chapter3/pictures/figure33.tex 0 → 100644
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%---------------------------------------------------------------------
book_tex/Chapter3/pictures/figure330.tex 0 → 100644
%%% outline
%-------------------------------------------------------------------------
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\node [anchor=north] (score22) at ([yshift=0.2em]score12.south) {$\textrm{P}(s|t')$};
\node [anchor=west] (comp2) at ([xshift=2.3em]score21.east) {\large{$\mathbf{>}$}};
\node [anchor=east] (label2) at ([xshift=-1em,yshift=0.1em]score21.west) {\textbf{理想:}};
}
\end{tikzpicture}
%---------------------------------------------------------------------
book_tex/Chapter3/pictures/figure331.tex 0 → 100644
\begin{center}
\begin{tikzpicture}
{
\node [anchor=west,inner sep=2pt] (s1) at (0,0) {$s_1$:在};
\node [anchor=west,inner sep=2pt] (s2) at ([xshift=2em]s1.east) {$s_2$:桌子};
\node [anchor=west,inner sep=2pt] (s3) at ([xshift=2em]s2.east) {$s_3$:上};
\node [anchor=north,inner sep=2pt] (t1) at ([yshift=-2.4em]s1.center) {$t_1$:on};
\node [anchor=north,inner sep=2pt] (t2) at ([yshift=-2.4em]s2.center) {$t_2$:the};
\node [anchor=north,inner sep=2pt] (t3) at ([yshift=-2.4em]s3.center) {$t_3$:table};
\node [anchor=east,inner sep=2pt] (t0) at ([xshift=-2.2em]t1.west) {$t_0$};
\draw [-,dashed,thick] (s1.south) -- (t0.north);
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\draw [-,dashed,thick] (s3.south) -- (t1.north);
}
\draw [-,dashed,thick,red] (s2.south) -- (t3.north);
\end{tikzpicture}
\end{center}
\ No newline at end of file
book_tex/Chapter3/pictures/figure332.tex 0 → 100644
\begin{tikzpicture}
\node [anchor=west] (eq1) at (0,0) {$\sum\limits_{a_1=0}^{l} ... \sum\limits_{a_m=0}^{l} \prod\limits_{j=1}^{m} f(s_j|t_{a_j})$};
\node [anchor=west] (eq1part2) at (eq1.east) {$=$};
\node [anchor=west,inner sep=2pt] (eq1part3) at (eq1part2.east) {$\prod\limits_{j=1}^{m} \sum\limits_{i=0}^{l} f(s_j|t_i)$};
{
\node [anchor=west,inner sep=2pt,fill=red!20] (eq1part3) at (eq1part2.east) {$\prod\limits_{j=1}^{m} \sum\limits_{i=0}^{l} f(s_j|t_i)$};
}
{
\node [anchor=west] (eq2) at ([xshift=5em,yshift=-4.5em]eq1.west) {$\textrm{P}(s|t) = \frac{\epsilon}{(l+1)^{m}} $};
\node [anchor=west,inner sep=2pt] (eq2part2) at ([xshift=-0.3em]eq2.east) {$\prod\limits_{j=1}^{m} \sum\limits_{i=0}^{l} f(s_j|t_i)$};
\node [anchor=east] (eq2label) at ([xshift=-0em,yshift=0.2em]eq2.west) {\small{IBM模型1:}};
\node [anchor=west,inner sep=2pt,fill=red!20] (eq2part2) at ([xshift=-0.3em]eq2.east) {$\prod\limits_{j=1}^{m} \sum\limits_{i=0}^{l} f(s_j|t_i)$};
}
{
\node [anchor=west] (eq3) at ([xshift=5em,yshift=-7.5em]eq1.west) {$\textrm{P}(s|t) = \epsilon$};
\node [anchor=west,inner sep=2pt] (eq3part2) at ([xshift=-0.3em]eq3.east) {$\prod\limits_{j=1}^{m} \sum\limits_{i=0}^{l} a(i|j,m,l) f(s_j|t_i)$};
\node [anchor=east] (eq3label) at ([xshift=-0em,yshift=0.2em]eq3.west) {\small{类似的，IBM模型2:}};
}
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{
\node[rectangle,draw=red,inner sep=2pt] [fit = (eq2) (eq2part2) (eq2label) (eq3) (eq3part2) (eq3label)] {};
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\end{pgfonlayer}
{
\draw [->,thick] ([xshift=-1em]eq1part3.south) .. controls +(south:1.3em) and +(north:1.3em) .. ([xshift=1em]eq2part2.north);
}
\end{tikzpicture}
book_tex/Chapter3/pictures/figure333.tex 0 → 100644
\begin{tikzpicture}
\begin{scope}[scale=0.8]
\draw [-,very thick] (0,0) sin (1,1) cos (2,0) sin (3,-1) cos (4,0) sin (7,-1);
\draw [-latex,thick] (-0.5,-1.2) -- (8,-1.2);
\draw [-latex,thick] (-0.5,-1.2) -- (-0.5,1.3);
\draw [-,dashed] (1,1) -- (1,-1.2);
\node [anchor=north] at (1,-1.2) {\scriptsize{参数$x$的最优解}};
\node [anchor=center] at (1,-1.2) {$\bullet$};
\node [anchor=center] at (1,1) {$\bullet$};
\node [anchor=west] at (1.3,1) {\scriptsize{目标函数$f(x)$的最大值}};
\draw [<-] (6.5,-0.8) -- (7.0,-0.3);
\node [anchor=south west,inner sep=1pt] at (7.0,-0.3) {\scriptsize{$f(x)$}};
\end{scope}
\end{tikzpicture}
book_tex/Chapter3/pictures/figure334.tex 0 → 100644
\begin{tikzpicture}
\node [anchor=west] (eq1) at (0,0) {$\hat{\theta}$};
\node [anchor=west] (eq2) at ([yshift=-0.2em]eq1.east) {=};
\node [anchor=west,inner sep=2pt] (eq3) at ([yshift=-0.0em]eq2.east) {$\argmax$};
\node [anchor=north,inner sep=1pt] (eq3part2) at ([yshift=-0.2em]eq3.south) {\scriptsize{$\theta$}};
\node [anchor=west,inner sep=2pt] (eq4) at ([xshift=0.1em]eq3.east) {$\textrm{P}_{\theta}(s|t)$};
{
\node [anchor=west,inner sep=2pt,fill=red!20,minimum height=1.35em] (eq3) at ([yshift=-0.0em]eq2.east) {$\argmax$};
\node [anchor=west,inner sep=2pt,fill=green!20] (eq4) at ([xshift=0.1em]eq3.east) {$\textrm{P}_{\theta}(s|t)$};
\node [anchor=north,draw,inner sep=3pt,fill=red!20] (eq3label) at ([yshift=-1.5em]eq3.south west) {\footnotesize{\textbf{求最优参数}}};
\node [anchor=north,draw,inner sep=3pt,fill=green!20] (eq4label) at ([yshift=-1.5em]eq4.south east) {\footnotesize{\textbf{目标函数}}};
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\draw [->,thick] (eq4.south) .. controls +(south:1em) and +(north:1em) .. (eq4label.north);
}
\end{tikzpicture}
book_tex/Chapter3/pictures/figure335.tex 0 → 100644
\begin{tikzpicture}
\node [anchor=west,inner sep=2pt,fill=green!20] (eq1) at (0,0) {$L(f,\lambda)$};
\node [anchor=west,inner sep=2pt] (eq2) at (eq1.east) {$=$};
\node [anchor=west,inner sep=2pt] (eq3) at (eq2.east) {$\frac{\epsilon}{(l+1)^{m}} \prod\limits_{j=1}^{m} \sum\limits_{i=0}^{l}$};
\node [anchor=west,inner sep=2pt] (eq4) at (eq3.east) {\black{$f(s_j|t_{i})$}};
\node [anchor=west,inner sep=2pt] (eq5) at (eq4.east) {$-$};
\node [anchor=north west,inner sep=2pt] (eq6) at ([yshift=-6pt]eq3.south west) {$\sum_{t_y}$};
\node [anchor=west,inner sep=1pt,minimum height=1.85em] (eq7) at (eq6.east) {$\lambda_{t_y}$};
\node [anchor=west,inner sep=1pt,minimum height=1.5em] (eq8) at ([xshift=3pt]eq7.east) {$(\sum_{s_x}$};
\node [anchor=west,inner sep=1pt,minimum height=1.5em] (eq9) at (eq8.east) {\black{$f(s_x|t_y)$}};
\node [anchor=west,inner sep=1pt,minimum height=1.5em] (eq10) at (eq9.east) {$-1)$};
{
\node [anchor=west,inner sep=2pt,fill=green!20] (eq1) at (0,0) {$L(f,\lambda)$};
\node [anchor=west,inner sep=2pt] (eq2) at (eq1.east) {$=$};
\node [anchor=west,inner sep=2pt] (eq3) at (eq2.east) {$\frac{\epsilon}{(l+1)^{m}} \prod\limits_{j=1}^{m} \sum\limits_{i=0}^{l}$};
\node [anchor=west,inner sep=2pt,draw,ublue,fill=blue!20] (eq4) at (eq3.east) {\black{$f(s_j|t_{i})$}};
\node [anchor=west,inner sep=2pt] (eq5) at (eq4.east) {$-$};
\node [anchor=north west,inner sep=2pt] (eq6) at ([yshift=-6pt]eq3.south west) {$\sum_{t_y}$};
\node [anchor=west,inner sep=1pt,fill=purple!20,minimum height=1.85em] (eq7) at (eq6.east) {$\lambda_{t_y}$};
\node [anchor=west,inner sep=1pt,minimum height=1.5em] (eq8) at ([xshift=3pt]eq7.east) {$(\sum_{s_x}$};
\node [anchor=west,inner sep=1pt,draw,ublue,fill=blue!20,minimum height=1.5em] (eq9) at (eq8.east) {\black{$f(s_x|t_y)$}};
\node [anchor=west,inner sep=1pt,minimum height=1.5em] (eq10) at (eq9.east) {$-1)$};
}
\begin{pgfonlayer}{background}
\node[rectangle,red,inner sep=2pt,fill=red!20] [fit = (eq3) (eq4)] (oldobj) {};
{
\node[rectangle,red,inner sep=2pt,fill=orange!20] [fit = (eq8) (eq9) (eq10)] (constraint) {};
}
\end{pgfonlayer}
\node [anchor=west,draw,fill=green!20] (label1) at ([xshift=-2em,yshift=3em]eq1.north west) {新目标函数};
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{
\node [anchor=west,draw,fill=blue!20] (label3) at ([xshift=2em]label2.east) {参数：词翻译概率};
\node [anchor=west,draw,fill=purple!20] (label4) at ([xshift=-4em,yshift=-2.5em]eq6.south west) {参数：拉格朗日乘数};
\node [anchor=west,draw,fill=orange!20] (label5) at ([xshift=3em]label4.east) {参数约束条件};
}
\draw [<-,thick] ([xshift=-1em]label1.south) .. controls +(south:2em) and +(north:2em) .. (eq1.north);
\draw [<-,thick] ([xshift=-1em]label2.south) .. controls +(south:1.0em) and +(north:1.0em) .. (oldobj.north);
{
\draw [<-,thick] ([xshift=0em]label3.south) .. controls +(south:6.5em) and +(north:1.5em) .. (eq9.north);
\draw [<-,thick] ([xshift=0em]label3.south) .. controls +(south:1.5em) and +(north:1.5em) .. (eq4.north);
\draw [<-,thick] ([xshift=-2em]label4.north) .. controls +(north:1.5em) and +(south:1.5em) .. (eq7.south);
\draw [<-,thick] ([xshift=0em]label5.north) .. controls +(north:1.5em) and +(south:1.5em) .. (constraint.south);
}
\end{tikzpicture}
book_tex/Chapter3/pictures/figure336.tex 0 → 100644
\begin{tikzpicture}
\node[anchor=west,inner sep=2pt] (eq11) at (0,0) {\large{$\frac{\partial \big[ \prod\limits_{j=1}^{m} \sum\limits_{i=0}^{l} f(s_j|t_i) \big]}{\partial f(s_u|t_v)}$}};
\node[anchor=west,inner sep=2pt] (eq12) at ([yshift=-9pt]eq11.east) {=};
\node[anchor=west,inner sep=2pt,fill=red!20] (eq13) at ([yshift=2pt]eq12.east) {\large{$\frac{\partial \big[ \prod\limits_{j=1}^{m} \sum\limits_{i=0}^{l} f(s_j|t_i) \big]}{\partial \big[ \sum\limits_{i=0}^{l}f(s_u|t_i) \big]}$}};
\node[anchor=west,inner sep=2pt] (eq14) at ([yshift=-1pt]eq13.east) {$\cdot$};
\node[anchor=west,inner sep=2pt,fill=blue!20,minimum height=4em] (eq15) at ([yshift=8pt]eq14.east) {\large{$\frac{\partial \big[ \sum\limits_{i=0}^{l}f(s_u|t_i) \big]}{\partial f(s_u|t_v)}$}};
\node[anchor=south,inner sep=1pt] (label1) at ([yshift=1pt]eq13.north) {\footnotesize{$\partial g(z)/\partial z$}};
\node[anchor=south,inner sep=1pt] (label2) at ([yshift=1pt]eq15.north) {\footnotesize{$\partial z/\partial f$}};
\node[anchor=north west,inner sep=2pt] (eq21) at (eq13.south west) {$\frac{\sum\limits_{j=1}^{m} \delta(s_j,s_u)}{\sum\limits_{i=0}^{l}f(s_u|t_i)} \prod\limits_{j=1}^{m} \sum\limits_{i=0}^{l} f(s_j|t_i) \cdot \sum\limits_{i=0}^{l} \delta(t_i,t_v)$};
\node[anchor=east,inner sep=2pt] (eq20) at (eq21.west) {=};
\end{tikzpicture}
book_tex/Chapter3/pictures/figure337.tex 0 → 100644
%%% outline
%-------------------------------------------------------------------------
\begin{tikzpicture}
{\large
\node [anchor=west,minimum height=3em,inner sep=2pt] (eq11) at (0,0) {max};
\node [anchor=west,inner sep=2pt] (eq12) at ([xshift=2pt]eq11.east) {$\Big( \frac{\epsilon}{(l+1)^{m}} \prod\limits_{j=1}^{m} \sum\limits_{i=0}^{l}$};
\node [anchor=west,inner sep=2pt] (eq13) at (eq12.east) {$f(s_j|t_i)$};
\node [anchor=west,inner sep=2pt] (eq14) at ([yshift=0.2em]eq13.east) {$\Big)$};
\node [anchor=north west,minimum height=1.8em,inner sep=2pt] (eq21) at ([yshift=-0.5em]eq11.south west) {s.t.};
\node [anchor=west] (eq22) at ([xshift=0.5em,yshift=-0.1em]eq21.east) {\normalsize{for each word $t_y$}:};
\node [anchor=west] (eq23) at ([xshift=0.1em,yshift=-0.0em]eq22.east) {$\sum_{s_x} f(s_x|t_y) = 1$};
{
\node [anchor=west,minimum height=3em,inner sep=2pt,fill=green!20] (eq11) at (0,0) {max};
\node [anchor=west,draw,thin,ublue,inner sep=2pt,fill=blue!20] (eq13) at (eq12.east) {\black{$f(s_j|t_i)$}};
\node [anchor=north west,minimum height=1.8em,inner sep=2pt,fill=purple!20] (eq21) at ([yshift=-0.5em]eq11.south west) {s.t.};
\node [anchor=west,fill=orange!20] (eq23) at ([xshift=0.1em,yshift=-0.0em]eq22.east) {$\sum_{s_x} f(s_x|t_y) = 1$};
}
\begin{pgfonlayer}{background}
{
\node[rectangle,red,inner sep=0pt,fill=red!20] [fit = (eq12) (eq13) (eq14)] (eq1full) (eq1obj) {};
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\end{pgfonlayer}
}
{
\node [anchor=west,draw,fill=green!20] (label1) at ([xshift=-2em,yshift=3em]eq11.north west) {最大化函数};
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\node [anchor=west,draw,fill=blue!20] (label3) at ([xshift=4em]label2.east) {参数};
\node [anchor=west,draw,fill=purple!20] (label4) at ([xshift=-2em,yshift=-2.5em]eq21.south west) {subject to=满足...约束};
\node [anchor=west,draw,fill=orange!20] (label5) at ([xshift=3em]label4.east) {翻译概率归一化约束条件};
\draw [<-,thick] ([xshift=-2em]label1.south) .. controls +(south:2em) and +(north:2em) .. (eq11.north);
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}
\end{tikzpicture}
book_tex/Chapter3/pictures/figure338.tex 0 → 100644
\begin{tikzpicture}
\node [anchor=west,inner sep=2pt,fill=green!20] (eq1) at (0,0) {$L(f,\lambda)$};
\node [anchor=west,inner sep=2pt] (eq2) at (eq1.east) {$=$};
\node [anchor=west,inner sep=2pt] (eq3) at (eq2.east) {$\frac{\epsilon}{(l+1)^{m}} \prod\limits_{j=1}^{m} \sum\limits_{i=0}^{l}$};
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\node [anchor=west,inner sep=2pt] (eq5) at (eq4.east) {$-$};
\node [anchor=north west,inner sep=2pt] (eq6) at ([yshift=-6pt]eq3.south west) {$\sum_{t_y}$};
\node [anchor=west,inner sep=1pt,minimum height=1.85em] (eq7) at (eq6.east) {$\lambda_{t_y}$};
\node [anchor=west,inner sep=1pt,minimum height=1.5em] (eq8) at ([xshift=3pt]eq7.east) {$(\sum_{s_x}$};
\node [anchor=west,inner sep=1pt,minimum height=1.5em] (eq9) at (eq8.east) {\black{$f(s_x|t_y)$}};
\node [anchor=west,inner sep=1pt,minimum height=1.5em] (eq10) at (eq9.east) {$-1)$};
{
\node [anchor=west,inner sep=2pt,fill=green!20] (eq1) at (0,0) {$L(f,\lambda)$};
\node [anchor=west,inner sep=2pt] (eq2) at (eq1.east) {$=$};
\node [anchor=west,inner sep=2pt] (eq3) at (eq2.east) {$\frac{\epsilon}{(l+1)^{m}} \prod\limits_{j=1}^{m} \sum\limits_{i=0}^{l}$};
\node [anchor=west,inner sep=2pt,draw,ublue,fill=blue!20] (eq4) at (eq3.east) {\black{$f(s_j|t_{i})$}};
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\node [anchor=west,inner sep=1pt,fill=purple!20,minimum height=1.85em] (eq7) at (eq6.east) {$\lambda_{t_y}$};
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\begin{pgfonlayer}{background}
\node[rectangle,red,inner sep=2pt,fill=red!20] [fit = (eq3) (eq4)] (oldobj) {};
{
\node[rectangle,red,inner sep=2pt,fill=orange!20] [fit = (eq8) (eq9) (eq10)] (constraint) {};
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\node [anchor=west,draw,fill=green!20] (label1) at ([xshift=-2em,yshift=3em]eq1.north west) {新目标函数};
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{
\node [anchor=west,draw,fill=blue!20] (label3) at ([xshift=2em]label2.east) {参数：词翻译概率};
\node [anchor=west,draw,fill=purple!20] (label4) at ([xshift=-4em,yshift=-2.5em]eq6.south west) {参数：拉格朗日乘数};
\node [anchor=west,draw,fill=orange!20] (label5) at ([xshift=3em]label4.east) {参数约束条件};
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{
\draw [<-,thick] ([xshift=0em]label3.south) .. controls +(south:6.5em) and +(north:1.5em) .. (eq9.north);
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}
\end{tikzpicture}
book_tex/Chapter3/pictures/figure34.tex 0 → 100644
%%% outline
%-------------------------------------------------------------------------
\begin{tikzpicture}
\begin{scope}
\node [anchor=west] (s1) at (0,0) {\textbf{我}};
\node [anchor=west] (s2) at ([xshift=2em]s1.east) {\textbf{对}};
\node [anchor=west] (s3) at ([xshift=2em]s2.east) {\textbf{你}};
\node [anchor=west] (s4) at ([xshift=2em]s3.east) {\textbf{表示}};
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\draw [->,very thick,ublue] (s5.south) -- ([yshift=-0.7em]s5.south);
{\small
\node [anchor=north,inner sep=2pt,fill=red!20,minimum height=1.5em,minimum width=2.5em] (t11) at ([yshift=-1em]s1.south) {I};
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\node [anchor=north,inner sep=2pt,fill=red!20,minimum height=1.5em,minimum width=2.5em] (t13) at ([yshift=-0.2em]t12.south) {I'm};
\node [anchor=north west,inner sep=1pt,fill=black] (tl11) at (t11.north west) {\tiny{{\color{white} \textbf{1}}}};
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%---------------------------------------------------------------------
book_tex/Chapter3/pictures/figure35.tex 0 → 100644
%%% outline
%-------------------------------------------------------------------------
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\node [anchor=north west] (label3part4) at ([yshift=0.3em]label3part3.south west) {\footnotesize{\textbf{(解码)}}};
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\begin{scope}
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\node [anchor=west] (score1) at ([xshift=1.5em]ft14.east) {\footnotesize{P=0.042}};
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\node [anchor=south] (scorelabel2) at ([yshift=-0.5em]scorelabel.north) {\scriptsize{\textbf{\color{red}{系统给每个译文}}}};
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\node [anchor=north] (scorelabel2) at (score3.south) {\scriptsize{\textbf{选择得分}}};
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%---------------------------------------------------------------------
book_tex/Chapter3/pictures/figure36.tex 0 → 100644
%%% outline
%-------------------------------------------------------------------------
\begin{tikzpicture}
{\scriptsize
\node [anchor=north west,inner sep=1pt] (entry1) at (0,0) {\tiny{\textbf{1:} 这 是 数据 $\leftrightarrow$ This is data}};
\node [anchor=north west,inner sep=1pt] (entry2) at ([yshift=0.1em]entry1.south west) {\tiny{\textbf{2:} 小心 ！$\leftrightarrow$ Look out !}};
\node [anchor=north west,inner sep=1pt] (entry3) at ([yshift=0.1em]entry2.south west) {\tiny{\textbf{3:} 你 是 谁 $\leftrightarrow$ Who are you}};
\node [anchor=north west,inner sep=2pt] (entry4) at ([yshift=0.1em]entry3.south west) {...};
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%---------------------------------------------------------------------
book_tex/Chapter3/pictures/figure37.tex 0 → 100644
%%% outline
%-------------------------------------------------------------------------
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\node [anchor=north west] (label2part7) at ([yshift=0.3em]label2part6.south west) {\footnotesize{{5：\quad\quad\quad\quad count $\leftarrow$ count + 1 }}};
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\node [anchor=north west] (label2part9) at ([yshift=0.3em]label2part8.south west) {\footnotesize{{7：\quad \textbf{end for} }}};
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\end{scope}
\end{tikzpicture}
%---------------------------------------------------------------------
book_tex/Chapter3/pictures/figure38.tex 0 → 100644
%%% outline
%-------------------------------------------------------------------------
\begin{tikzpicture}
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{
\node [pos=0.5,left,xshift=-0.5em,yshift=2.0em] (label2) {\footnotesize{{s = 机器\quad {\color{red}翻译}\quad 就\quad 是\quad 用\quad 计算机\quad 来\quad 进行\quad {\color{red}翻译} }}};
\node [anchor=north west] (label2part2) at ([yshift=0.3em]label2.south west) {\footnotesize{{t = machine\; {\color{red}translation}\; is\; just\; {\color{red}translation}\; by\; computer }}};
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%---------------------------------------------------------------------
book_tex/Chapter3/pictures/figure39.tex 0 → 100644
%%% outline
%-------------------------------------------------------------------------
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\begin{scope}
{
\node [pos=0.5,left,xshift=-0.5em,yshift=2.0em] (label2) {\footnotesize{{$s^1$ = 机器\quad {\color{red}翻译}\quad 就\quad 是\quad 用\quad 计算机\quad 来\quad 进行\quad {\color{red}翻译} }}};
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\node [anchor=north west] (label2part3) at ([yshift=0.3em]label2part2.south west) {\footnotesize{{$s^2$ = 那\quad 人工\quad {\color{red}翻译}\quad 呢\quad ? }}};
\node [anchor=north west] (label2part4) at ([yshift=0.3em]label2part3.south west) {\footnotesize{{$t^2$ = so\; what\; is\; human\; {\color{red}translation}\;? }}};
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\end{scope}
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%---------------------------------------------------------------------
book_tex/Chapters/Biblio-Database.bib 0 → 100644
%% Saved with string encoding Western (ASCII)
@article{Aho-Ullman:1969:JCSS,
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volume = {19},
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}
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author = {Bergert, Adam L. and Pietra, Vincent J. Della and Pietra, Stephen A. Della},
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pages = {39--71},
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year = {1996}
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author = {Cer, Daniel and Galley, Michel and Jurafsky, Daniel and Manning, Christopher D.},
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month = {June},
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year = {2006},
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}
@article{chiang:2007:CL,
author = {David Chiang},
title = {Hierarchical Phrase-Based Translation},
journal = {Computational Linguistics},
mumber = {2},
pages = {45--60},
volume = {33},
year = {2007}
}
@InProceedings{chiang-EtAl:2008:EMNLP,
author = {Chiang, David and DeNeefe, Steve and Chan, Yee Seng and Ng, Hwee Tou},
title = {Decomposability of Translation Metrics for Improved Evaluation and Efficient Algorithms},
booktitle = {Proceedings of the 2008 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing},
month = {October},
year = {2008},
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url = {http://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D08-1064}
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month = {June},
year = {2010},
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url = {http://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P10-4002}
}
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@article{lopez:2008:ACMComputing,
author = {Lopez, Adam},
title = {Statistical Machine Translation},
journal = {ACM Computing Surveys},
mumber = {3},
pages = {1--49},
volume = {40},
year = {2008}
}
@InProceedings{mi-huang-liu:2008:ACLMain,
author = {Mi, Haitao and Huang, Liang and Liu, Qun},
title = {Forest-Based Translation},
booktitle = {Proceedings of ACL-08: HLT},
month = {June},
year = {2008},
address = {Columbus, Ohio},
publisher = {Association for Computational Linguistics},
pages = {192--199},
url = {http://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P/P08/P08-1023}
}
@InProceedings{marcu-wong:2002:EMNLP02,
author = {Marcu, Daniel and Wong, Daniel},
title = {A Phrase-Based,Joint Probability Model for Statistical Machine Translation},
booktitle = {Proceedings of the 2002 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing},
month = {July},
year = {2002},
publisher = {Association for Computational Linguistics},
pages = {133--139},
url = {http://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W02-1018},
doi = {10.3115/1118693.1118711}
}
@InProceedings{och-ney:2002:ACL,
author = {Och, Franz and Ney, Hermann},
title = {Discriminative Training and Maximum Entropy Models for Statistical Machine Translation},
booktitle = {Proceedings of 40th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics},
month = {July},
year = {2002},
address = {Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA},
publisher = {Association for Computational Linguistics},
pages = {295--302},
url = {http://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P02-1038},
doi = {10.3115/1073083.1073133}
}
@InProceedings{och:2003:ACL,
author = {Och, Franz},
title = {Minimum Error Rate Training in Statistical Machine Translation},
booktitle = {Proceedings of the 41st Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics},
month = {July},
year = {2003},
address = {Sapporo, Japan},
publisher = {Association for Computational Linguistics},
pages = {160--167},
url = {http://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P03-1021},
doi = {10.3115/1075096.1075117}
}
@InProceedings{papineni-EtAl:2002:ACL,
author = {Papineni, Kishore and Roukos, Salim and Ward, Todd and Zhu, Wei-Jing},
title = {Bleu: a Method for Automatic Evaluation of Machine Translation},
booktitle = {Proceedings of 40th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics},
month = {July},
year = {2002},
address = {Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA},
publisher = {Association for Computational Linguistics},
pages = {311--318},
url = {http://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P02-1040},
doi = {10.3115/1073083.1073135}
}
@inproceedings{tillman:2004:HLTNAACL,
author = {Tillman, Christoph},
title = {A Unigram Orientation Model for Statistical Machine Translation},
booktitle = {HLT-NAACL 2004: Short Papers},
editor = {Susan Dumais, Daniel Marcu and Salim Roukos},
year = 2004,
month = {May 2 - May 7},
address = {Boston, Massachusetts, USA},
publisher = {Association for Computational Linguistics},
pages = {101--104}
}
@InProceedings{vilar-EtAl:2010:WMT,
author = {Vilar, David and Stein, Daniel and Huck, Matthias and Ney, Hermann},
title = {Jane: Open Source Hierarchical Translation, Extended with Reordering and Lexicon Models},
booktitle = {Proceedings of the Joint Fifth Workshop on Statistical Machine Translation and MetricsMATR},
month = {July},
year = {2010},
address = {Uppsala, Sweden},
publisher = {Association for Computational Linguistics},
pages = {262--270},
url = {http://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W10-1738}
}
@article{wu:1997:CL,
author = {Wu, Dekai},
title = {Stochastic inversion transduction grammars and bilingual parsing of parallel corpora},
journal = {Computational Linguistics},
mumber = {3},
pages = {377--404},
volume = {23},
year = {1997}
}
@InProceedings{xiao-EtAl:2009:CWMT,
author = {Xiao, Tong and Chen, Rushan and Li, Tianning and Zhu, Muhua and Zhu, Jingbo and Wang, Huizhen and Ren, Feiliang},
title = {NEUTrans: a Phrase-Based SMT System for CWMT2009},
booktitle = {Proceedings of the 5th China Workshop on Machine Translation},
month = {Sep},
year = {2009},
address = {Nanjing, China},
publisher = {CWMT},
url = {http://www.icip.org.cn/cwmt2009/downloads/papers/6.pdf}
}
@InProceedings{xiao-EtAl:2011:CWMT,
author = {Xiao, Tong and Zhang, Hao and Li, Qiang and Lu, Qi and Zhu, Jingbo and Ren, Feiliang and Wang, Huizhen},
title = {The NiuTrans Machine Translation System for CWMT2011},
booktitle = {Proceedings of the 6th China Workshop on Machine Translation},
month = {August},
year = {2011},
address = {Xiamen, China},
publisher = {CWMT},
}
@InProceedings{xiao-EtAl:2011:NTCIR,
author = {Xiao, Tong and Li, Qiang and Lu, Qi and Zhang, Hao and Ding, Haibo and Yao, Shujie and Xu, Xiaoming and Fei, Xiaoxu and Zhu, Jingbo and Ren, Feiliang and Wang, Huizhen},
title = {The NiuTrans Machine Translation System for NTCIR-9 PatentMT},
booktitle = {Proceedings of the NTCIR-9 Workshop Meeting},
month = {Dec},
year = {2011},
address = {Tokyo, Japan},
publisher = {NTCIR},
pages = {593--599},
url = {http://research.nii.ac.jp/ntcir/workshop/OnlineProceedings9/NTCIR/04-NTCIR9-PATENTMT-XiaoT.pdf}
}
@InProceedings{xiong-liu-lin:2006:COLACL,
author = {Xiong, Deyi and Liu, Qun and Lin, Shouxun},
title = {Maximum Entropy Based Phrase Reordering Model for Statistical Machine Translation},
booktitle = {Proceedings of the 21st International Conference on Computational Linguistics and 44th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics},
month = {July},
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doi = {10.3115/1220175.1220241}
}
@InProceedings{zhang-EtAl:2006:HLT-NAACL06-Main,
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month = {June},
year = {2006},
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}
@InProceedings{zollmann-venugopal:2006:WMT,
author = {Zollmann, Andreas and Venugopal, Ashish},
title = {Syntax Augmented Machine Translation via Chart Parsing},
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month = {June},
year = {2006},
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pages = {138--141},
url = {http://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W/W06/W06-3119}
}
book_tex/Chapters/bibliography.tex 0 → 100644
%\bibliographystyle{plainnat}
%\bibliographystyle{FG-bibstyle}
%\addcontentsline{toc}{chapter}{Bibliography}
book_tex/Chapters/chapter1.tex 0 → 100644
%----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
% PART
%----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
\part{哈哈哈哈哈～～爽朗的笑声}
%----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
% CHAPTER 1
%----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
\chapterimage{chapter_head_2.pdf} % Chapter heading image
\chapter{我是姜英俊}
\section{我姓姜，我很英俊}\index{Paragraphs of Text}
\lipsum[1-7] % Dummy text
%------------------------------------------------
\section{再说一遍？}\index{Citation}
This statement requires citation \cite{article_key}; this one is more specific \cite[162]{book_key}.
%------------------------------------------------
\section{咋的？}\index{Lists}
Lists are useful to present information in a concise and/or ordered way\footnote{Footnote example...}.
\subsection{我问你，你敢再说一遍不？}\index{Lists!Numbered List}
\begin{enumerate}
\item The first item
\item The second item
\item The third item
\end{enumerate}
\subsection{咋的？}\index{Lists!Bullet Points}
\begin{itemize}
\item The first item
\item The second item
\item The third item
\end{itemize}
\subsection{我靠，你还问我，我问你呢}\index{Lists!Descriptions and Definitions}
\begin{description}
\item[Name] Description
\item[Word] Definition
\item[Comment] Elaboration
\end{description}
\ No newline at end of file
book_tex/Chapters/chapter2.tex 0 → 100644
%----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
% CHAPTER 2
%----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
\chapterimage{chapter_head_2.pdf} % Chapter heading image
\chapter{In-text Elements}
\section{Theorems}\index{Theorems}
This is an example of theorems.
\subsection{Several equations}\index{Theorems!Several Equations}
This is a theorem consisting of several equations.
\begin{theorem}[Name of the theorem]
In $E=\mathbb{R}^n$ all norms are equivalent. It has the properties:
\begin{align}
& \big| ||\mathbf{x}|| - ||\mathbf{y}|| \big|\leq || \mathbf{x}- \mathbf{y}||\\
& ||\sum_{i=1}^n\mathbf{x}_i||\leq \sum_{i=1}^n||\mathbf{x}_i||\quad\text{where $n$ is a finite integer}
\end{align}
\end{theorem}
\subsection{Single Line}\index{Theorems!Single Line}
This is a theorem consisting of just one line.
\begin{theorem}
A set $\mathcal{D}(G)$ in dense in $L^2(G)$, $|\cdot|_0$.
\end{theorem}
%------------------------------------------------
\section{Definitions}\index{Definitions}
This is an example of a definition. A definition could be mathematical or it could define a concept.
\begin{definition}[Definition name]
Given a vector space $E$, a norm on $E$ is an application, denoted $||\cdot||$, $E$ in $\mathbb{R}^+=[0,+\infty[$ such that:
\begin{align}
& ||\mathbf{x}||=0\ \Rightarrow\ \mathbf{x}=\mathbf{0}\\
& ||\lambda \mathbf{x}||=|\lambda|\cdot ||\mathbf{x}||\\
& ||\mathbf{x}+\mathbf{y}||\leq ||\mathbf{x}||+||\mathbf{y}||
\end{align}
\end{definition}
%------------------------------------------------
\section{Notations}\index{Notations}
\begin{notation}
Given an open subset $G$ of $\mathbb{R}^n$, the set of functions $\varphi$ are:
\begin{enumerate}
\item Bounded support $G$;
\item Infinitely differentiable;
\end{enumerate}
a vector space is denoted by $\mathcal{D}(G)$.
\end{notation}
%------------------------------------------------
\section{Remarks}\index{Remarks}
This is an example of a remark.
\begin{remark}
The concepts presented here are now in conventional employment in mathematics. Vector spaces are taken over the field $\mathbb{K}=\mathbb{R}$, however, established properties are easily extended to $\mathbb{K}=\mathbb{C}$.
\end{remark}
%------------------------------------------------
\section{Corollaries}\index{Corollaries}
This is an example of a corollary.
\begin{corollary}[Corollary name]
The concepts presented here are now in conventional employment in mathematics. Vector spaces are taken over the field $\mathbb{K}=\mathbb{R}$, however, established properties are easily extended to $\mathbb{K}=\mathbb{C}$.
\end{corollary}
%------------------------------------------------
\section{Propositions}\index{Propositions}
This is an example of propositions.
\subsection{Several equations}\index{Propositions!Several Equations}
\begin{proposition}[Proposition name]
It has the properties:
\begin{align}
& \big| ||\mathbf{x}|| - ||\mathbf{y}|| \big|\leq || \mathbf{x}- \mathbf{y}||\\
& ||\sum_{i=1}^n\mathbf{x}_i||\leq \sum_{i=1}^n||\mathbf{x}_i||\quad\text{where $n$ is a finite integer}
\end{align}
\end{proposition}
\subsection{Single Line}\index{Propositions!Single Line}
\begin{proposition}
Let $f,g\in L^2(G)$; if $\forall \varphi\in\mathcal{D}(G)$, $(f,\varphi)_0=(g,\varphi)_0$ then $f = g$.
\end{proposition}
%------------------------------------------------
\section{Examples}\index{Examples}
This is an example of examples.
\subsection{Equation and Text}\index{Examples!Equation and Text}
\begin{example}
Let $G=\{x\in\mathbb{R}^2:|x|<3\}$ and denoted by: $x^0=(1,1)$; consider the function:
\begin{equation}
f(x)=\left\{\begin{aligned} & \mathrm{e}^{|x|} & & \text{si $|x-x^0|\leq 1/2$}\\
& 0 & & \text{si $|x-x^0|> 1/2$}\end{aligned}\right.
\end{equation}
The function $f$ has bounded support, we can take $A=\{x\in\mathbb{R}^2:|x-x^0|\leq 1/2+\epsilon\}$ for all $\epsilon\in\intoo{0}{5/2-\sqrt{2}}$.
\end{example}
\subsection{Paragraph of Text}\index{Examples!Paragraph of Text}
\begin{example}[Example name]
\lipsum[2]
\end{example}
%------------------------------------------------
\section{Exercises}\index{Exercises}
This is an example of an exercise.
\begin{exercise}
This is a good place to ask a question to test learning progress or further cement ideas into students' minds.
\end{exercise}
%------------------------------------------------
\section{Problems}\index{Problems}
\begin{problem}
What is the average airspeed velocity of an unladen swallow?
\end{problem}
%------------------------------------------------
\section{Vocabulary}\index{Vocabulary}
Define a word to improve a students' vocabulary.
\begin{vocabulary}[Word]
Definition of word.
\end{vocabulary}
%----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
% PART
%----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
\part{Part Two}
\ No newline at end of file
book_tex/Chapters/chapter3.tex 0 → 100644
%----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
% CHAPTER 3
%----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
\renewcommand\figurename{图}%将figure改为图
\renewcommand\tablename{表}%将figure改为图
\chapterimage{chapter_head_1.pdf} % Chapter heading image
\chapter{基于词的翻译模型}
\hspace{2em}统计机器翻译和神经机器翻译在当前具有统治性意义。这两种方法各有优缺点，并没有那种方法具有绝对的优势。但从研究的角度来看，神经机器翻译整体上更具有前沿性。本章主要介绍了统计机器翻译的开山之作—IBM模型，它主要讲了怎么使用词汇对机器翻译进行建模。IBM模型由Peter E. Brown等人在1993年提出，并详细阐述于论文—《The Mathematics of Statistical Machine Translation: Parameter Estimation》。这篇文章的视野和对问题的定义远超当时人所能看到的东西，其衍生出来的一系列方法和新的问题还被后人花费将近10年的时间来进行研究与讨论。
\section{什么是基于词的翻译模型}\index{Chapter3.1}%Index的作用，目前不清晰
\hspace{2em}在机器翻译中，我们希望得到一个源语句到目标语译文的翻译。但机器并不知道如何翻译。因此在做机器翻译的过程中，最初面临的一个问题是：如何对翻译进行建模？从计算机的角度看，建模的目的就是把抽象的问题转换为可计算的问题。所以机器翻译的一个核心问题是：如何将翻译转换为一个可计算的模型或过程。
\noindent\hspace{2em}基于单词的统计机器翻译模型又是如何描述翻译的呢？IBM模型提出了一个观点：在翻译源语句时，通常是把每个源语句的单词翻译成对应的目标语单词，然后调整这些单词的顺序，最后得到翻译结果。尽管在人看来基于单词的对应进行翻译是很自然的事，但是机器并不一定。
\noindent\hspace{2em}举个例子说明如何基于单词的对应进行翻译。如图 \ref{figureC3.1}所示，表示的是汉译英的例子。其中源语句是“我 对 你 感到 满意”。首先我们把源语句的单词“我”、“对”、“\\你”、“感到”和“满意”分别翻译为“I”、“with”、“you”、“am”和“satisfied”，然后调整单词的顺序，比如“am”放在译文的第2个位置，“you”应该放在最后的位置等，最后得到译文“I am satisfied with you”。
%空一行用来段落换行，noindent取消首行缩进，hspace{}指定缩进距离，1em等于两个英文字符|一个汉字
%----------------------------------------------
% 图3.1
\definecolor{ublue}{rgb}{0.152,0.250,0.545}
\begin{figure}[htp]
\centering
\definecolor{ublue}{rgb}{0.152,0.250,0.545}
\begin{tikzpicture}
\begin{scope}
\node [anchor=west] (s1) at (0,0) {我};
\node [anchor=west] (s2) at ([xshift=0.5em]s1.east) {对};
\node [anchor=west] (s3) at ([xshift=0.5em]s2.east) {你};
\node [anchor=west] (s4) at ([xshift=0.5em]s3.east) {感到};
\node [anchor=west] (s5) at ([xshift=0.5em]s4.east) {满意};
\end{scope}
\begin{scope}[yshift=-3em]
\node [anchor=west] (t1) at (0.35em,0) {I};
\node [anchor=west] (t2) at ([xshift=0.3em,yshift=-0.1em]t1.east) {am};
\node [anchor=west] (t3) at ([xshift=0.3em,yshift=0.1em]t2.east) {satisfied};
\node [anchor=west] (t4) at ([xshift=0.3em]t3.east) {with};
\node [anchor=west] (t5) at ([xshift=0.3em,yshift=-0.2em]t4.east) {you};
\end{scope}
{
\draw [-,thick,ublue,dashed] (s1.south) -- (t1.north);
\draw [-,thick,ublue,dashed] (s4.south) -- ([yshift=0.3em]t2.north);
\draw [-,thick,ublue,dashed] (s2.south) ..controls +(south:1em) and +(north:1em).. (t4.north);
\draw [-,thick,ublue,dashed] (s3.south) ..controls +(south:0.5em) and +(north:1.5em).. (t5.north);
\draw [-,thick,ublue,dashed] (s5.south) -- (t3.north);
}
\end{tikzpicture}
\caption{此处为图片的描述...例：基于词对应进行翻译.}
\label{figureC3.1}
\end{figure}
%-------------------------------------------
\noindent\hspace{2em}传统观点认为基于词的翻译过程包含如下三个步骤。如图 \ref{figureC3.2}所示。
\noindent\hspace{2em}第一、分析。将源语句或目标语句切分或者表示为能够处理的最小单元的过程。在基于词的翻译模型的最小处理单元就是单词。在这里也可以简单地将分析理解为分词。
\noindent\hspace{2em}第二、转换。把源语句中的每个单词都翻译成目标语单词。此处引用Figure \ref{figureC3.1}作为示例。
\noindent\hspace{2em}第三、生成。基于转换的结果，将目标语译文变成通顺且合乎语法的句子。
%----------------------------------------------
% 图3.2
\begin{figure}[htp]
\centering
\begin{tikzpicture}
\definecolor{ugreen}{rgb}{0,0.5,0}
\definecolor{ublue}{rgb}{0.152,0.250,0.545}
\node [anchor=west,draw,thick,minimum width=6.7em,minimum height=0.8em] (sent) at (0,0) {};
\node [anchor=west,draw,thick,circle,minimum size=0.3em,red] (s1) at ([yshift=-1.5em]sent.south west) {};
\node [anchor=west,draw,thick,circle,minimum size=0.3em,ugreen] (s2) at ([xshift=0.4em]s1.east) {};
\node [anchor=west,draw,thick,circle,minimum size=0.3em,orange] (s3) at ([xshift=0.4em]s2.east) {};
\node [anchor=west,draw,thick,circle,minimum size=0.3em,ublue] (s4) at ([xshift=0.4em]s3.east) {};
\node [anchor=west,draw,thick,circle,minimum size=0.3em,purple] (s5) at ([xshift=0.4em]s4.east) {};
{
\node [anchor=west,draw,thick,circle,minimum size=0.3em,red,fill=red] (t1) at ([yshift=-2.0em]s1.west) {};
\node [anchor=west,draw,thick,circle,minimum size=0.3em,ugreen,fill=ugreen] (t2) at ([xshift=0.4em]t1.east) {};
\node [anchor=west,draw,thick,circle,minimum size=0.3em,orange,fill=orange] (t3) at ([xshift=0.4em]t2.east) {};
\node [anchor=west,draw,thick,circle,minimum size=0.3em,ublue,fill=ublue] (t4) at ([xshift=0.4em]t3.east) {};
\node [anchor=west,draw,thick,circle,minimum size=0.3em,purple,fill=purple] (t5) at ([xshift=0.4em]t4.east) {};
}
{
\node [anchor=west,draw,thick,circle,minimum size=0.3em,red,fill=red] (ft1) at ([yshift=-2.0em]t1.west) {};
\node [anchor=west,draw,thick,circle,minimum size=0.3em,ublue,fill=ublue] (ft2) at ([xshift=0.4em]ft1.east) {};
\node [anchor=west,draw,thick,circle,minimum size=0.3em,purple,fill=purple] (ft3) at ([xshift=0.4em]ft2.east) {};
\node [anchor=west,draw,thick,circle,minimum size=0.3em,ugreen,fill=ugreen] (ft4) at ([xshift=0.4em]ft3.east) {};
\node [anchor=west,draw,thick,circle,minimum size=0.3em,orange,fill=orange] (ft5) at ([xshift=0.4em]ft4.east) {};
}
\draw [->,thick,double] ([yshift=-0.1em]sent.south) -- ([yshift=-0.8em]sent.south);
{
\draw [->,thick] ([yshift=-0.1em]s1.south) -- ([yshift=0.1em]t1.north);
\draw [->,thick] ([yshift=-0.1em]s2.south) -- ([yshift=0.1em]t2.north);
\draw [->,thick] ([yshift=-0.1em]s3.south) -- ([yshift=0.1em]t3.north);
\draw [->,thick] ([yshift=-0.1em]s4.south) -- ([yshift=0.1em]t4.north);
\draw [->,thick] ([yshift=-0.1em]s5.south) -- ([yshift=0.1em]t5.north);
}
{
\draw [->,thick] ([yshift=-0.1em]t1.south) -- ([yshift=0.1em]ft1.north);
\draw [->,thick] ([yshift=-0.1em]t2.south) -- ([yshift=0.1em]ft4.north);
\draw [->,thick] ([yshift=-0.1em]t3.south) -- ([yshift=0.1em]ft5.north);
\draw [->,thick] ([yshift=-0.1em]t4.south) -- ([yshift=0.1em]ft2.north);
\draw [->,thick] ([yshift=-0.1em]t5.south) -- ([yshift=0.1em]ft3.north);
}
{
\node [anchor=north west] (label1) at ([yshift=0.3em]sent.south east) {{\scriptsize \textbf{分析}}};
\node [anchor=north west] (label2) at ([yshift=-0.5em]label1.south west) {{\scriptsize \textbf{转换}}};
\node [anchor=north west] (label3) at ([yshift=-0.5em]label2.south west) {{\scriptsize \textbf{生成}}};
}
\end{tikzpicture}
\caption{此处为图片的描述...例：基于词的翻译过程.}
\label{figureC3.2}
\end{figure}
%---------------------------
\noindent\hspace{2em}从现在的角度看，分析、转换和生成依然是非常深刻的一个观点。该过程蕴含于很多的任务，比如句法分析。即使对于神经机器翻译，从大的框架来说，依然在做分析、转换和生成，只不过有些过程隐含在神经网络的设计中。
\section{构建一个简易机器翻译系统}\index{Chapter3.2}%Index的作用，目前不清晰
\noindent\hspace{2em}本节首先对比人工翻译流程和机器翻译流程的异同点，从中我们可以归纳出构建机器翻译系统的两个主要流程：训练和解码。其次从单词翻译概率、句子级翻译模型和解码三个方面描述如何构建一个简易机器翻译系统。其中单词翻译概率和句子级翻译模型属于训练流程。
\subsection{机器翻译的思路}\index{Chapter3.2.1}
\subsubsection{人工翻译流程}\index{Chapter3.2.1.1}
\noindent\hspace{2em}当我们翻译一个句子时，首先会快速地分析出句子中词的构成，然后基于以往的知识，得到每个词的候选翻译，最后利用对单词的理解拼出来一个译文。这描述了人在翻译时的基本过程。尽管并不是严格的从心理学或者脑科学得出来的观点，但至少可以帮助我们理解人的翻译。
%----------------------------------------------
% 图3.3
\begin{figure}[htp]
\centering
\definecolor{ublue}{rgb}{0.152,0.250,0.545}
\begin{tikzpicture}
\begin{scope}
\node [anchor=west] (s1) at (0,0) {\textbf{我}};
\node [anchor=west] (s2) at ([xshift=2em]s1.east) {\textbf{对}};
\node [anchor=west] (s3) at ([xshift=2em]s2.east) {\textbf{你}};
\node [anchor=west] (s4) at ([xshift=2em]s3.east) {\textbf{表示}};
\node [anchor=west] (s5) at ([xshift=2em]s4.east) {\textbf{满意}};
\node [anchor=south west] (sentlabel) at ([yshift=-0.5em]s1.north west) {\scriptsize{\textbf{\color{red}{待翻译句子(已经分词):}}}};
{
\draw [->,very thick,ublue] (s1.south) -- ([yshift=-0.7em]s1.south);
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{\small
\node [anchor=north,inner sep=2pt,fill=red!20,minimum height=1.5em,minimum width=2.5em] (t11) at ([yshift=-1em]s1.south) {I};
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\node [anchor=north,inner sep=2pt,fill=green!20,minimum height=1.5em,minimum width=2.5em] (t23) at ([yshift=-0.2em]t22.south) {for};
\node [anchor=north west,inner sep=1pt,fill=black] (tl21) at (t21.north west) {\tiny{{\color{white} \textbf{2}}}};
\node [anchor=north west,inner sep=1pt,fill=black] (tl22) at (t22.north west) {\tiny{{\color{white} \textbf{2}}}};
\node [anchor=north west,inner sep=1pt,fill=black] (tl23) at (t23.north west) {\tiny{{\color{white} \textbf{2}}}};
\node [anchor=north,inner sep=2pt,fill=blue!20,minimum height=1.5em,minimum width=2.5em] (t31) at ([yshift=-1em]s3.south) {you};
\node [anchor=north west,inner sep=1pt,fill=black] (tl31) at (t31.north west) {\tiny{{\color{white} \textbf{3}}}};
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\node [anchor=north,inner sep=2pt,fill=orange!20,minimum height=1.5em,minimum width=3em] (t42) at ([yshift=-0.2em]t41.south) {show};
\node [anchor=north west,inner sep=1pt,fill=black] (tl41) at (t41.north west) {\tiny{{\color{white} \textbf{4}}}};
\node [anchor=north west,inner sep=1pt,fill=black] (tl42) at (t42.north west) {\tiny{{\color{white} \textbf{4}}}};
\node [anchor=north,inner sep=2pt,fill=purple!20,minimum height=1.5em,minimum width=4.5em] (t51) at ([yshift=-1em]s5.south) {satisfy};
\node [anchor=north,inner sep=2pt,fill=purple!20,minimum height=1.5em,minimum width=4.5em] (t52) at ([yshift=-0.2em]t51.south) {satisfied};
\node [anchor=north,inner sep=2pt,fill=purple!20,minimum height=1.5em,minimum width=4.5em] (t53) at ([yshift=-0.2em]t52.south) {satisfies};
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\end{scope}
\begin{scope}
{\small
{
\node [anchor=west,inner sep=2pt,fill=red!20,minimum height=1.5em,minimum width=2.5em] (ft11) at ([yshift=-1.2in]t11.west) {I'm};
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{
\node [anchor=north west,inner sep=1pt,fill=black] (ftl11) at (ft11.north west) {\tiny{{\color{white} \textbf{1}}}};
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\node [anchor=north west,inner sep=1pt,fill=black] (ftl13) at (ft13.north west) {\tiny{{\color{white} \textbf{2}}}};
\node [anchor=north west,inner sep=1pt,fill=black] (ftl14) at (ft14.north west) {\tiny{{\color{white} \textbf{3}}}};
}
{
\draw [->,thick] ([yshift=-0.1em]t13.south) -- ([yshift=0.1em]ft11.north);
\draw [->,thick] ([yshift=0.1em]t22.south east) ..controls +(280:3em) and +(north:3em).. ([yshift=0.1em]ft13.north);
\draw [->,thick] ([yshift=-0.1em,xshift=0.2em]t31.south west) ..controls +(south:3em) and +(north:3em).. ([yshift=0.1em,xshift=0.2em]ft14.north west);
\draw [->,thick] ([yshift=0.1em]t52.south west) ..controls +(250:4em) and +(north:4em).. ([yshift=0.1em]ft12.north);
\node [anchor=east,inner sep=1pt] (nulltranslabel) at (t42.south west) {\scriptsize{\textbf{翻空}}};
\draw [->,thick] ([yshift=0.1em]t41.south west) ..controls +(250:1em) and +(north:1em).. (nulltranslabel.north);
}
}
\end{scope}
\begin{scope}
{
\node [anchor=north west] (label1) at (ft11.south west) {\small{选择最佳单词翻译，调整词序，得到完美的结果}};
}
{
\draw[decorate,thick,decoration={brace,amplitude=5pt,mirror}] ([yshift=8em,xshift=-0.5em]t13.south west) -- ([xshift=-0.5em]t13.south west) node [pos=0.5,left,xshift=-0.5em,yshift=0.5em] (label2) {\footnotesize{\textbf{学习到的}}};
\node [anchor=north west] (label2part2) at ([yshift=0.3em]label2.south west) {\footnotesize{\textbf{单词翻译}}};
}
{
\draw[decorate,thick,decoration={brace,amplitude=5pt,mirror}] ([yshift=-0.2em,xshift=-0.5em]t13.south west) -- ([yshift=-5em,xshift=-0.5em]t13.south west) node [pos=0.5,left,xshift=-0.5em,yshift=0.5em] (label3) {\footnotesize{\textbf{运用知识}}};
\node [anchor=north west] (label3part2) at ([yshift=0.3em]label3.south west) {\footnotesize{\textbf{生成译文}}};
}
\end{scope}
\end{tikzpicture}
\caption{此处为图片的描述...例：人工翻译的过程}
\label{figureC3.3}
\end{figure}
%---------------------------
\noindent\hspace{2em}如图\ref{figureC3.3}所示，表示的是人工翻译的过程。其中待翻译的句子是“我 对 你表示 满意”，它的一个可能译文是“I’m satisfied with you”。我们可以把上述过程总结为如下两个过程。
\noindent\hspace{2em}第一、学习单词的翻译。即获取待翻译句子的每个单词的候选翻译。比如“对”的可能译文有“to”、“with”和“for”等。对于人来说，可以通过阅读、背诵、做题或者老师教等途径获得，并在大脑中形成知识。这些知识就包含了源语词与目标语词对应关系。我们也把这个过程称之为学习过程。
\noindent\hspace{2em}第二、运用知识生成译文。当翻译一个课本上没有见过的句子时，我们可能会想到词之间的翻译关系、一些常见的单词搭配、主谓宾等语法知识等，比如“satisfied”后面常使用介词“with”来表示对人的满意等，并基于这些知识快速地对译文进行生成。
\subsubsection{机器翻译流程}\index{Chapter3.2.1.2}
\noindent\hspace{2em}那么机器是如何完成翻译的呢？机器翻译可能没有人那么智能。因为一方面没有老师教给它一些非常好用的规则，使它能够快速得到译文。另一方面机器很笨，尽管它能知道每个单词的译文，但是不知道这些译文怎么拼装成句，甚至不知道哪些译文是对的。为了更加直观地理解机器在翻译时的困境，我们将其中需要解决的问题归纳如下。
\noindent\hspace{2em}问题一、如何将单词的译文拼装成句？
\noindent\hspace{2em}问题二、如果可以将译文成句，那如何判断结果的好坏？
\noindent\hspace{2em}对于问题一。机器最擅长的就是计算，它可以类似于走一条路径，尝试把译文拼装成句。如图3.4中蓝色和红色的线，表示的就是两条译文选择路径，区别在于“满意”和“对”的翻译候选是不一样的，蓝色线选择的是“satisfy”和“to”，而红色线是“satisfied”和“with”。换句话说，翻译就是一条译文选择路径，不同的译文对应不同的路径，并且词序也可以不同。机器可以利用它的计算能力找到很多这样的路径。
%-----------公式样例
\subsubsection{如何从一个双语平行数据中学习？}\index{Chapter3.2.3.2}
\noindent\hspace{2em}在上一节的骰子游戏中，我们重复地掷骰子很多次，然后计算“1”到“6”各出现的次数，再除以掷的总次数，最后得到它们出现的近似概率。我们同样用类似的方式估计单词翻译概率。假设$x$表示任意源语单词，所有的目标语单词$y \in Y$都可能是它的译文。当给定一个互译的句对$(s,t)$，我们定义$\textrm{P}(x \leftrightarrow y; s, t)$表示在$(s,t)$中$x$和$y$互译的可能性或概率。其中$x$属于句子$s$中的词，而$y$属于$t$中的词，具体计算如公式\ref{eqC3.1}\\所示。
\begin{equation}
\textrm{P}(x \leftrightarrow y; s,t) \equiv \textrm{P}(x,y;s,t) = \frac{c(x,y;s,t)}{\sum_{x',y'} c(x',y';s,t)}
\label{eqC3.1}
\end{equation}
\noindent\hspace{2em}上式中分子$c(x,y;s,t)$表示$x$和$y$在句对$(s,t)$中共现的总次数，\cite{Aho-Ullman:1969:JCSS}分母$\sum_{x',y'} c(x',y';$ $s,t)$表示任意的$x'$和任意的$y'$在$(s,t)$中共现的总次数。\cite{book_key}为了更加清晰的理解如何计算$c(x,y;s,t)$,我们用图3.7描述的算法进行了说明。
\noindent\hspace{2em}这是一个table的样例，word里目前还没有使用表格，因此借用学长论文里的table，如表\ref{table-ner}所示
%----------------------
\begin{table}[htp]
\small
\begin{center}
\begin{tabular}{l|l}
\hline \bf Model & \bf F1 \\
\hline
$best \ published$ \\
BiLSTM-CRF \cite{lample-etal-2016-neural} & 90.94 \\
BiLSTM-CRF+ELMo \cite{peters-etal-2018-deep} & 92.22 \\
BERT Base \cite{devlin2018bert} & 92.40 \\
BERT Large \cite{devlin2018bert} & 92.80 \\
BiLSTM-CRF+PCE \cite{Akbik2019PooledCE} & 93.18 \\
\hline
Random RNNs w/o pre-trained LM & 90.64 \\
DARTS w/o pre-trained LM & 91.05 \\
I-DARTS ($n=2$) w/o pre-trained LM & 90.96 \\
I-DARTS ($n=1$) w/o pre-trained LM & 91.23 \\
\hline
Random RNNs & 92.89 \\
DARTS & 93.13 \\
I-DARTS ($n=2$) & 93.14 \\
I-DARTS ($n=1$) & 93.47 \\
\hline
\end{tabular}
\end{center}
\caption{\label{font-table} F1 scores on the CoNLL-2003 English NER test set. }
\label{table-ner}
\end{table}
book_tex/Chapters/index.tex 0 → 100644
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%\hypersetup{pdftitle={Title},pdfauthor={Author}} % Uncomment and fill out to include PDF metadata for the author and title of the book
%----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
\IfFileExists{C:/WINDOWS/win.ini}
{\newcommand{\mycfont}{song}}
\begin{CJK}{UTF8}{\mycfont}
\end{CJK}
%公式字体设置为计算机现代罗马
\AtBeginDocument{
\SetSymbolFont{operators} {normal}{OT1}{cmr} {m}{n}
\SetSymbolFont{letters} {normal}{OML}{cmm} {m}{it}
\SetSymbolFont{symbols} {normal}{OMS}{cmsy}{m}{n}
\SetSymbolFont{largesymbols}{normal}{OMX}{cmex}{m}{n}
\SetSymbolFont{operators} {bold} {OT1}{cmr} {bx}{n}
\SetSymbolFont{letters} {bold} {OML}{cmm} {b}{it}
\SetSymbolFont{symbols} {bold} {OMS}{cmsy}{b}{n}
\SetSymbolFont{largesymbols}{bold} {OMX}{cmex}{m}{n}
\SetMathAlphabet{\mathbf}{normal}{OT1}{cmr}{bx}{n}
\SetMathAlphabet{\mathsf}{normal}{OT1}{cmss}{m}{n}
\SetMathAlphabet{\mathit}{normal}{OT1}{cmr}{m}{it}
\SetMathAlphabet{\mathtt}{normal}{OT1}{cmtt}{m}{n}
\SetMathAlphabet{\mathbf}{bold} {OT1}{cmr}{bx}{n}
\SetMathAlphabet{\mathsf}{bold} {OT1}{cmss}{bx}{n}
\SetMathAlphabet{\mathit}{bold} {OT1}{cmr}{bx}{it}
\SetMathAlphabet{\mathtt}{bold} {OT1}{cmtt}{m}{n}
}
\renewcommand{\baselinestretch}{1.2}%设置行间距
\begin{document}
\begin{CJK}{UTF8}{\mycfont}
%\include{Chapters/titlepage}
%\include{Chapter1/chapter1}
%\include{Chapters/chapter2}
\include{Chapter3/chapter3}
%\include{Chapters/bibliography}
%\include{Chapters/index}
%---------------------
\end{CJK}
\end{document}
book_tex/structure.tex 0 → 100644
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
% The Legrand Orange Book
% Structural Definitions File
% Version 2.1 (26/09/2018)
%
% Original author:
% Mathias Legrand (legrand.mathias@gmail.com) with modifications by:
% Vel (vel@latextemplates.com)
%
% This file was downloaded from:
% http://www.LaTeXTemplates.com
%
% License:
% CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/)
%
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
% VARIOUS REQUIRED PACKAGES AND CONFIGURATIONS
%----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
\usepackage{graphicx} % Required for including pictures
\graphicspath{{Pictures/}} % Specifies the directory where pictures are stored
\usepackage{lipsum} % Inserts dummy text
\usepackage{tikz} % Required for drawing custom shapes
\usepackage[english]{babel} % English language/hyphenation
\usepackage{enumitem} % Customize lists
\setlist{nolistsep} % Reduce spacing between bullet points and numbered lists
\usepackage{booktabs} % Required for nicer horizontal rules in tables
\usepackage{xcolor} % Required for specifying colors by name
\definecolor{ocre}{RGB}{243,102,25} % Define the orange color used for highlighting throughout the book
%----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
% MARGINS
%----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
\usepackage{geometry} % Required for adjusting page dimensions and margins
\geometry{
paper=b5paper, % Paper size, change to letterpaper for US letter size
top=2cm, % Top margin
bottom=1.5cm, % Bottom margin
left=1.8cm, % Left margin
right=1.8cm, % Right margin
headheight=10pt, % Header height
footskip=1.4cm, % Space from the bottom margin to the baseline of the footer
headsep=10pt, % Space from the top margin to the baseline of the header
%showframe, % Uncomment to show how the type block is set on the page
}
%----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
% FONTS
%----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
\usepackage{avant} % Use the Avantgarde font for headings
%\usepackage{times} % Use the Times font for headings
\usepackage{mathptmx} % Use the Adobe Times Roman as the default text font together with math symbols from the Sym­bol, Chancery and Com­puter Modern fonts
\usepackage{microtype} % Slightly tweak font spacing for aesthetics
\usepackage[utf8]{inputenc} % Required for including letters with accents
\usepackage[T1]{fontenc} % Use 8-bit encoding that has 256 glyphs
%----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
% BIBLIOGRAPHY AND INDEX
%----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
\usepackage[style=numeric,citestyle=numeric,sorting=nyt,sortcites=true,autopunct=true,babel=hyphen,hyperref=true,abbreviate=false,backref=true,backend=biber]{biblatex}
%\bibliography{Biblio-Database.bib}
\addbibresource{bibliography2.bib} % BibTeX bibliography file
\defbibheading{bibempty}{}
\usepackage{calc} % For simpler calculation - used for spacing the index letter headings correctly
\usepackage{makeidx} % Required to make an index
%\bibliographystyle{plainnat}
\makeindex % Tells LaTeX to create the files required for indexing
%----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
% MAIN TABLE OF CONTENTS
%----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
\usepackage{titletoc} % Required for manipulating the table of contents
\contentsmargin{0cm} % Removes the default margin
% Part text styling (this is mostly taken care of in the PART HEADINGS section of this file)
\titlecontents{part}
[0cm] % Left indentation
{\addvspace{20pt}\bfseries} % Spacing and font options for parts
{}
{}
{}
% Chapter text styling
\titlecontents{chapter}
[1.25cm] % Left indentation
{\addvspace{12pt}\large\sffamily\bfseries} % Spacing and font options for chapters
{\color{ocre!60}\contentslabel[\Large\thecontentslabel]{1.25cm}\color{ocre}} % Formatting of numbered sections of this type
{\color{ocre}} % Formatting of numberless sections of this type
{\color{ocre!60}\normalsize\;\titlerule*[.5pc]{.}\;\thecontentspage} % Formatting of the filler to the right of the heading and the page number
% Section text styling
\titlecontents{section}
[1.25cm] % Left indentation
{\addvspace{3pt}\sffamily\bfseries} % Spacing and font options for sections
{\contentslabel[\thecontentslabel]{1.25cm}} % Formatting of numbered sections of this type
{} % Formatting of numberless sections of this type
{\hfill\color{black}\thecontentspage} % Formatting of the filler to the right of the heading and the page number
% Subsection text styling
\titlecontents{subsection}
[1.25cm] % Left indentation
{\addvspace{1pt}\sffamily\small} % Spacing and font options for subsections
{\contentslabel[\thecontentslabel]{1.25cm}} % Formatting of numbered sections of this type
{} % Formatting of numberless sections of this type
{\ \titlerule*[.5pc]{.}\;\thecontentspage} % Formatting of the filler to the right of the heading and the page number
% Figure text styling
\titlecontents{figure}
[1.25cm] % Left indentation
{\addvspace{1pt}\sffamily\small} % Spacing and font options for figures
{\thecontentslabel\hspace*{1em}} % Formatting of numbered sections of this type
{} % Formatting of numberless sections of this type
{\ \titlerule*[.5pc]{.}\;\thecontentspage} % Formatting of the filler to the right of the heading and the page number
% Table text styling
\titlecontents{table}
[1.25cm] % Left indentation
{\addvspace{1pt}\sffamily\small} % Spacing and font options for tables
{\thecontentslabel\hspace*{1em}} % Formatting of numbered sections of this type
{} % Formatting of numberless sections of this type
{\ \titlerule*[.5pc]{.}\;\thecontentspage} % Formatting of the filler to the right of the heading and the page number
%----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
% MINI TABLE OF CONTENTS IN PART HEADS
%----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
% Chapter text styling
\titlecontents{lchapter}
[0em] % Left indentation
{\addvspace{15pt}\large\sffamily\bfseries} % Spacing and font options for chapters
{\color{ocre}\contentslabel[\Large\thecontentslabel]{1.25cm}\color{ocre}} % Chapter number
{}
{\color{ocre}\normalsize\sffamily\bfseries\;\titlerule*[.5pc]{.}\;\thecontentspage} % Page number
% Section text styling
\titlecontents{lsection}
[0em] % Left indentation
{\sffamily\small} % Spacing and font options for sections
{\contentslabel[\thecontentslabel]{1.25cm}} % Section number
{}
{}
% Subsection text styling (note these aren't shown by default, display them by searchings this file for tocdepth and reading the commented text)
\titlecontents{lsubsection}
[.5em] % Left indentation
{\sffamily\footnotesize} % Spacing and font options for subsections
{\contentslabel[\thecontentslabel]{1.25cm}}
{}
{}
%----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
% HEADERS AND FOOTERS
%----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
\usepackage{fancyhdr} % Required for header and footer configuration
\pagestyle{fancy} % Enable the custom headers and footers
\renewcommand{\chaptermark}[1]{\markboth{\sffamily\normalsize\bfseries\chaptername\ \thechapter.\ #1}{}} % Styling for the current chapter in the header
\renewcommand{\sectionmark}[1]{\markright{\sffamily\normalsize\thesection\hspace{5pt}#1}{}} % Styling for the current section in the header
\fancyhf{} % Clear default headers and footers
\fancyhead[LE,RO]{\sffamily\normalsize\thepage} % Styling for the page number in the header
\fancyhead[LO]{\rightmark} % Print the nearest section name on the left side of odd pages
\fancyhead[RE]{\leftmark} % Print the current chapter name on the right side of even pages
%\fancyfoot[C]{\thepage} % Uncomment to include a footer
\renewcommand{\headrulewidth}{0.5pt} % Thickness of the rule under the header
\fancypagestyle{plain}{% Style for when a plain pagestyle is specified
\fancyhead{}\renewcommand{\headrulewidth}{0pt}%
}
% Removes the header from odd empty pages at the end of chapters
\makeatletter
\renewcommand{\cleardoublepage}{
\clearpage\ifodd\c@page\else
\hbox{}
\vspace*{\fill}
\thispagestyle{empty}
\newpage
\fi}
%----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
% THEOREM STYLES
%----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
\usepackage{amsmath,amsfonts,amssymb,amsthm} % For math equations, theorems, symbols, etc
\newcommand{\intoo}[2]{\mathopen{]}#1\,;#2\mathclose{[}}
\newcommand{\ud}{\mathop{\mathrm{{}d}}\mathopen{}}
\newcommand{\intff}[2]{\mathopen{[}#1\,;#2\mathclose{]}}
\renewcommand{\qedsymbol}{$\blacksquare$}
\newtheorem{notation}{Notation}[chapter]
% Boxed/framed environments
\newtheoremstyle{ocrenumbox}% Theorem style name
{0pt}% Space above
{0pt}% Space below
{\normalfont}% Body font
{}% Indent amount
{\small\bf\sffamily\color{ocre}}% Theorem head font
{\;}% Punctuation after theorem head
{0.25em}% Space after theorem head
{\small\sffamily\color{ocre}\thmname{#1}\nobreakspace\thmnumber{\@ifnotempty{#1}{}\@upn{#2}}% Theorem text (e.g. Theorem 2.1)
\thmnote{\nobreakspace\the\thm@notefont\sffamily\bfseries\color{black}---\nobreakspace#3.}} % Optional theorem note
\newtheoremstyle{blacknumex}% Theorem style name
{5pt}% Space above
{5pt}% Space below
{\normalfont}% Body font
{} % Indent amount
{\small\bf\sffamily}% Theorem head font
{\;}% Punctuation after theorem head
{0.25em}% Space after theorem head
{\small\sffamily{\tiny\ensuremath{\blacksquare}}\nobreakspace\thmname{#1}\nobreakspace\thmnumber{\@ifnotempty{#1}{}\@upn{#2}}% Theorem text (e.g. Theorem 2.1)
\thmnote{\nobreakspace\the\thm@notefont\sffamily\bfseries---\nobreakspace#3.}}% Optional theorem note
\newtheoremstyle{blacknumbox} % Theorem style name
{0pt}% Space above
{0pt}% Space below
{\normalfont}% Body font
{}% Indent amount
{\small\bf\sffamily}% Theorem head font
{\;}% Punctuation after theorem head
{0.25em}% Space after theorem head
{\small\sffamily\thmname{#1}\nobreakspace\thmnumber{\@ifnotempty{#1}{}\@upn{#2}}% Theorem text (e.g. Theorem 2.1)
\thmnote{\nobreakspace\the\thm@notefont\sffamily\bfseries---\nobreakspace#3.}}% Optional theorem note
% Non-boxed/non-framed environments
\newtheoremstyle{ocrenum}% Theorem style name
{5pt}% Space above
{5pt}% Space below
{\normalfont}% Body font
{}% Indent amount
{\small\bf\sffamily\color{ocre}}% Theorem head font
{\;}% Punctuation after theorem head
{0.25em}% Space after theorem head
{\small\sffamily\color{ocre}\thmname{#1}\nobreakspace\thmnumber{\@ifnotempty{#1}{}\@upn{#2}}% Theorem text (e.g. Theorem 2.1)
\thmnote{\nobreakspace\the\thm@notefont\sffamily\bfseries\color{black}---\nobreakspace#3.}} % Optional theorem note
\makeatother
% Defines the theorem text style for each type of theorem to one of the three styles above
\newcounter{dummy}
\numberwithin{dummy}{section}
\theoremstyle{ocrenumbox}
\newtheorem{theoremeT}[dummy]{Theorem}
\newtheorem{problem}{Problem}[chapter]
\newtheorem{exerciseT}{Exercise}[chapter]
\theoremstyle{blacknumex}
\newtheorem{exampleT}{Example}[chapter]
\theoremstyle{blacknumbox}
\newtheorem{vocabulary}{Vocabulary}[chapter]
\newtheorem{definitionT}{Definition}[section]
\newtheorem{corollaryT}[dummy]{Corollary}
\theoremstyle{ocrenum}
\newtheorem{proposition}[dummy]{Proposition}
%----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
% DEFINITION OF COLORED BOXES
%----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
\RequirePackage[framemethod=default]{mdframed} % Required for creating the theorem, definition, exercise and corollary boxes
% Theorem box
\newmdenv[skipabove=7pt,
skipbelow=7pt,
backgroundcolor=black!5,
linecolor=ocre,
innerleftmargin=5pt,
innerrightmargin=5pt,
innertopmargin=5pt,
leftmargin=0cm,
rightmargin=0cm,
innerbottommargin=5pt]{tBox}
% Exercise box
\newmdenv[skipabove=7pt,
skipbelow=7pt,
rightline=false,
leftline=true,
topline=false,
bottomline=false,
backgroundcolor=ocre!10,
linecolor=ocre,
innerleftmargin=5pt,
innerrightmargin=5pt,
innertopmargin=5pt,
innerbottommargin=5pt,
leftmargin=0cm,
rightmargin=0cm,
linewidth=4pt]{eBox}
% Definition box
\newmdenv[skipabove=7pt,
skipbelow=7pt,
rightline=false,
leftline=true,
topline=false,
bottomline=false,
linecolor=ocre,
innerleftmargin=5pt,
innerrightmargin=5pt,
innertopmargin=0pt,
leftmargin=0cm,
rightmargin=0cm,
linewidth=4pt,
innerbottommargin=0pt]{dBox}
% Corollary box
\newmdenv[skipabove=7pt,
skipbelow=7pt,
rightline=false,
leftline=true,
topline=false,
bottomline=false,
linecolor=gray,
backgroundcolor=black!5,
innerleftmargin=5pt,
innerrightmargin=5pt,
innertopmargin=5pt,
leftmargin=0cm,
rightmargin=0cm,
linewidth=4pt,
innerbottommargin=5pt]{cBox}
% Creates an environment for each type of theorem and assigns it a theorem text style from the "Theorem Styles" section above and a colored box from above
\newenvironment{theorem}{\begin{tBox}\begin{theoremeT}}{\end{theoremeT}\end{tBox}}
\newenvironment{exercise}{\begin{eBox}\begin{exerciseT}}{\hfill{\color{ocre}\tiny\ensuremath{\blacksquare}}\end{exerciseT}\end{eBox}}
\newenvironment{definition}{\begin{dBox}\begin{definitionT}}{\end{definitionT}\end{dBox}}
\newenvironment{example}{\begin{exampleT}}{\hfill{\tiny\ensuremath{\blacksquare}}\end{exampleT}}
\newenvironment{corollary}{\begin{cBox}\begin{corollaryT}}{\end{corollaryT}\end{cBox}}
%----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
% REMARK ENVIRONMENT
%----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
\newenvironment{remark}{\par\vspace{10pt}\small % Vertical white space above the remark and smaller font size
\begin{list}{}{
\leftmargin=35pt % Indentation on the left
\rightmargin=25pt}\item\ignorespaces % Indentation on the right
\makebox[-2.5pt]{\begin{tikzpicture}[overlay]
\node[draw=ocre!60,line width=1pt,circle,fill=ocre!25,font=\sffamily\bfseries,inner sep=2pt,outer sep=0pt] at (-15pt,0pt){\textcolor{ocre}{R}};\end{tikzpicture}} % Orange R in a circle
\advance\baselineskip 1pt}{\end{list}\vskip5pt} % Tighter line spacing and white space after remark
%----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
% SECTION NUMBERING IN THE MARGIN
%----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
\makeatletter
\renewcommand{\@seccntformat}[1]{\llap{\textcolor{ocre}{\csname the#1\endcsname}\hspace{1em}}}
\renewcommand{\section}{\@startsection{section}{1}{\z@}
{-4ex \@plus -1ex \@minus -.4ex}
{1ex \@plus.2ex }
{\normalfont\large\sffamily\bfseries}}
\renewcommand{\subsection}{\@startsection {subsection}{2}{\z@}
{-3ex \@plus -0.1ex \@minus -.4ex}
{0.5ex \@plus.2ex }
{\normalfont\sffamily\bfseries}}
\renewcommand{\subsubsection}{\@startsection {subsubsection}{3}{\z@}
{-2ex \@plus -0.1ex \@minus -.2ex}
{.2ex \@plus.2ex }
{\normalfont\small\sffamily\bfseries}}
\renewcommand\paragraph{\@startsection{paragraph}{4}{\z@}
{-2ex \@plus-.2ex \@minus .2ex}
{.1ex}
{\normalfont\small\sffamily\bfseries}}
%----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
% PART HEADINGS
%----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
% Numbered part in the table of contents
\newcommand{\@mypartnumtocformat}[2]{%
\setlength\fboxsep{0pt}%
\noindent\colorbox{ocre!20}{\strut\parbox[c][.7cm]{\ecart}{\color{ocre!70}\Large\sffamily\bfseries\centering#1}}\hskip\esp\colorbox{ocre!40}{\strut\parbox[c][.7cm]{\linewidth-\ecart-\esp}{\Large\sffamily\centering#2}}%
}
% Unnumbered part in the table of contents
\newcommand{\@myparttocformat}[1]{%
\setlength\fboxsep{0pt}%
\noindent\colorbox{ocre!40}{\strut\parbox[c][.7cm]{\linewidth}{\Large\sffamily\centering#1}}%
}
\newlength\esp
\setlength\esp{4pt}
\newlength\ecart
\setlength\ecart{1.2cm-\esp}
\newcommand{\thepartimage}{}%
\newcommand{\partimage}[1]{\renewcommand{\thepartimage}{#1}}%
\def\@part[#1]#2{%
\ifnum \c@secnumdepth >-2\relax%
\refstepcounter{part}%
\addcontentsline{toc}{part}{\texorpdfstring{\protect\@mypartnumtocformat{\thepart}{#1}}{\partname~\thepart\ ---\ #1}}
\else%
\addcontentsline{toc}{part}{\texorpdfstring{\protect\@myparttocformat{#1}}{#1}}%
\fi%
\startcontents%
\markboth{}{}%
{\thispagestyle{empty}%
\begin{tikzpicture}[remember picture,overlay]%
\node at (current page.north west){\begin{tikzpicture}[remember picture,overlay]%
\fill[ocre!20](0cm,0cm) rectangle (\paperwidth,-\paperheight);
\node[anchor=north] at (4cm,-3.25cm){\color{ocre!40}\fontsize{220}{100}\sffamily\bfseries\thepart};
\node[anchor=south east] at (\paperwidth-1cm,-\paperheight+1cm){\parbox[t][][t]{8.5cm}{
\printcontents{l}{0}{\setcounter{tocdepth}{1}}% The depth to which the Part mini table of contents displays headings; 0 for chapters only, 1 for chapters and sections and 2 for chapters, sections and subsections
}};
\node[anchor=north east] at (\paperwidth-1.5cm,-3.25cm){\parbox[t][][t]{15cm}{\strut\raggedleft\color{white}\fontsize{30}{30}\sffamily\bfseries#2}};
\end{tikzpicture}};
\end{tikzpicture}}%
\@endpart}
\def\@spart#1{%
\startcontents%
\phantomsection
{\thispagestyle{empty}%
\begin{tikzpicture}[remember picture,overlay]%
\node at (current page.north west){\begin{tikzpicture}[remember picture,overlay]%
\fill[ocre!20](0cm,0cm) rectangle (\paperwidth,-\paperheight);
\node[anchor=north east] at (\paperwidth-1.5cm,-3.25cm){\parbox[t][][t]{15cm}{\strut\raggedleft\color{white}\fontsize{30}{30}\sffamily\bfseries#1}};
\end{tikzpicture}};
\end{tikzpicture}}
\addcontentsline{toc}{part}{\texorpdfstring{%
\setlength\fboxsep{0pt}%
\noindent\protect\colorbox{ocre!40}{\strut\protect\parbox[c][.7cm]{\linewidth}{\Large\sffamily\protect\centering #1\quad\mbox{}}}}{#1}}%
\@endpart}
\def\@endpart{\vfil\newpage
\if@twoside
\if@openright
\null
\thispagestyle{empty}%
\newpage
\fi
\fi
\if@tempswa
\twocolumn
\fi}
%----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
% CHAPTER HEADINGS
%----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
% A switch to conditionally include a picture, implemented by Christian Hupfer
\newif\ifusechapterimage
\usechapterimagetrue
\newcommand{\thechapterimage}{}%
\newcommand{\chapterimage}[1]{\ifusechapterimage\renewcommand{\thechapterimage}{#1}\fi}%
\newcommand{\autodot}{.}
\def\@makechapterhead#1{%
{\parindent \z@ \raggedright \normalfont
\ifnum \c@secnumdepth >\m@ne
\if@mainmatter
\begin{tikzpicture}[remember picture,overlay]
\node at (current page.north west)
{\begin{tikzpicture}[remember picture,overlay]
\node[anchor=north west,inner sep=0pt] at (0,0) {\ifusechapterimage\includegraphics[width=\paperwidth]{\thechapterimage}\fi};
\draw[anchor=west] (\Gm@lmargin,-7cm) node [line width=2pt,rounded corners=15pt,draw=ocre,fill=white,fill opacity=0.5,inner sep=15pt]{\strut\makebox[22cm]{}};
\draw[anchor=west] (\Gm@lmargin+.3cm,-7cm) node {\huge\sffamily\bfseries\color{black}\thechapter\autodot~#1\strut};
\end{tikzpicture}};
\end{tikzpicture}
\else
\begin{tikzpicture}[remember picture,overlay]
\node at (current page.north west)
{\begin{tikzpicture}[remember picture,overlay]
\node[anchor=north west,inner sep=0pt] at (0,0) {\ifusechapterimage\includegraphics[width=\paperwidth]{\thechapterimage}\fi};
\draw[anchor=west] (\Gm@lmargin,-7cm) node [line width=2pt,rounded corners=15pt,draw=ocre,fill=white,fill opacity=0.5,inner sep=15pt]{\strut\makebox[22cm]{}};
\draw[anchor=west] (\Gm@lmargin+.3cm,-7cm) node {\huge\sffamily\bfseries\color{black}#1\strut};
\end{tikzpicture}};
\end{tikzpicture}
\fi\fi\par\vspace*{270\p@}}}
%-------------------------------------------
\def\@makeschapterhead#1{%
\begin{tikzpicture}[remember picture,overlay]
\node at (current page.north west)
{\begin{tikzpicture}[remember picture,overlay]
\node[anchor=north west,inner sep=0pt] at (0,0) {\ifusechapterimage\includegraphics[width=\paperwidth]{\thechapterimage}\fi};
\draw[anchor=west] (\Gm@lmargin,-7cm) node [line width=2pt,rounded corners=15pt,draw=ocre,fill=white,fill opacity=0.5,inner sep=15pt]{\strut\makebox[22cm]{}};
\draw[anchor=west] (\Gm@lmargin+.3cm,-7cm) node {\huge\sffamily\bfseries\color{black}#1\strut};
\end{tikzpicture}};
\end{tikzpicture}
\par\vspace*{270\p@}}
\makeatother
%----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
% LINKS
%----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
\usepackage{hyperref}
\hypersetup{hidelinks,backref=true,pagebackref=true,hyperindex=true,colorlinks=false,breaklinks=true,urlcolor=ocre,bookmarks=true,bookmarksopen=false}
\usepackage{bookmark}
\bookmarksetup{
open,
numbered,
addtohook={%
\ifnum\bookmarkget{level}=0 % chapter
\bookmarksetup{bold}%
\fi
\ifnum\bookmarkget{level}=-1 % part
\bookmarksetup{color=ocre,bold}%
\fi
}
}
%----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
% Chapter 3
%----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
\usepackage{tikz}
\usetikzlibrary{arrows,decorations.pathreplacing}
\usetikzlibrary{positioning,fit,calc}
\usetikzlibrary{shadows} % LATEX and plain TEX when using Tik Z
\usetikzlibrary{mindmap,backgrounds} % mind map
\usepackage{type1cm}%设置公式字体
\usepackage{caption}%设置图片标题字体大小
\captionsetup{font={small}}
\usepackage{pstricks}
\DeclareMathOperator*{\argmax}{arg\,max}
\DeclareMathOperator*{\argmin}{arg\,min}
\ No newline at end of file
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