\node [anchor=north west] (mt1-2) at ([yshift=0.4em]mt1-1.south west) {\scriptsize{-pared the boat and {\color{red}\underline{left the island.}} Only Love decided to stay.She {\color{red}\underline{ wanted to stick}} to it until the last}};
\node [anchor=north west] (mt1-3) at ([yshift=0.4em]mt1-2.south west) {\scriptsize{moment. After a few days, the island was really going to sink and love {\color{red}\underline{ wanted help.}}}};
%人工翻译---------------
\node [anchor=north west] (ht1) at ([xshift=-3.5em,yshift=0.4em]mt1-3.south west) {\scriptsize{人工翻译：Once upon a time, there was a small island {\color{red}\underline{where}} lived all kinds of emotions like JOY,SADNESS,}};
...
...
@@ -37,53 +36,11 @@
\node[anchor=north west] (original4-4) at ([yshift=0.3em]original4-3.south west) {\scriptsize{道。快乐走近爱的身边，但是她太快乐了，竟然没有听见爱在叫她！}};
%机器翻译--------------
\node [anchor=north west] (mt4) at ([xshift=-3.5em,yshift=0.3em]original4-4.south west) {\scriptsize{机器翻译：At this time, Richness {\color{red}\underline{passed by}} in a big ship. Love said, ``Rich, can you take me away?'' Richness}};
\node [anchor=north west] (mt4-1) at ([xshift=3.5em,yshift=0.4em]mt4.south west) {\scriptsize{replied, ``No, {\color{red}\underline{there are many treasures}} of gold and silver in my ship,and there is no place for you.''}};
\node [anchor=north west] (mt4-2) at ([yshift=0.4em]mt4-1.south west) {\scriptsize{ Love saw vanity in a magnificent boat and said, ``Vanity, help me!'' ``I can't help you. You are {\color{red}\underline{soak}}}};
\node [anchor=north west] (mt4-3) at ([yshift=0.4em]mt4-2.south west) {\scriptsize{{\color{red}\underline{-ed to the skin}} and will damage my beautiful boat.'' When sorrow came, love asked him for help: ``}};
\node [anchor=north west] (mt4-4) at ([yshift=0.4em]mt4-3.south west) {\scriptsize{sorrow, let me go with you!'' ``Oh,...love, I am so sad that I want to be alone for a while!'' Sadly rep}};
\node [anchor=north west] (mt4-5) at ([yshift=0.4em]mt4-4.south west) {\scriptsize{-lied. Happiness {\color{red}\underline{approached}} love, but she was too happy to hear love calling her!}};
%人工翻译---------------
\node [anchor=north west] (ht4) at ([xshift=-3.5em,yshift=0.3em]mt4-5.south west) {\scriptsize{人工翻译：At that moment, WEALTH {\color{red}\underline{was passing by}} in a big boat. Love said,``WEALTH, can you take me}};
\node [anchor=north west] (ht4-1) at ([xshift=3.5em,yshift=0.4em]ht4.south west) {\scriptsize{with you?'' WEALTH answered, ``no, {\color{red}\underline{there is a lot}} of gold and silver in my boat. There is no place}};
\node [anchor=north west] (ht4-2) at ([yshift=0.4em]ht4-1.south west) {\scriptsize{for you.'' Love saw VANITY in a beautiful boat and said, ``VANITY, help me!'' ``I can't help you.}};
\node [anchor=north west] (ht4-3) at ([yshift=0.4em]ht4-2.south west) {\scriptsize{You are {\color{red}\underline{all wet,}} and will break my pretty boat.'' Then SADNESS came. Love asked for help,``SAD}};
\node [anchor=north west] (ht4-4) at ([yshift=0.4em]ht4-3.south west) {\scriptsize{-NESS, let me go with you!'' ``Oh,...LOVE, I am so sad that I want to be alone for a while!'' ``Repli}};
\node [anchor=north west] (ht4-5) at ([yshift=0.4em]ht4-4.south west) {\scriptsize{-ed SADNESS. JOY {\color{red}\underline{came close to }} love, but she was so happy that she did not hear him call her!}};
%第三段--------------------------------
\node[anchor=north west] (original8) at ([xshift=-3.5em,yshift=-0.3em]ht4-5.south west) {\scriptsize{源 \qquad 文：突然，一个声音传来：``过来，爱，我带你走。''这是位长者。爱大喜过望，竟忘了问他他}};
\node[anchor=north west] (original8-1) at ([xshift=3.5em,yshift=0.3em]original8.south west) {\scriptsize{的名字。登上陆地后，长者独自走开了。爱对长者感激不尽，问另一位长者知识：``帮我的}};
\node[anchor=north west] (original8-2) at ([yshift=0.3em]original8-1.south west) {\scriptsize{那个人是谁？''``他是时间。''知识老人回答。``时间？''爱问道，``他为什么要帮我？''知识老}};
\node[anchor=north west] (original8-3) at ([yshift=0.3em]original8-2.south west) {\scriptsize{人笑道：``因为只有时间才能理解爱有多么伟大。''}};
%机器翻译--------------
\node [anchor=north west] (mt8) at ([xshift=-3.5em,yshift=0.4em]original8-3.south west) {\scriptsize{机器翻译：Suddenly, a voice {\color{red}\underline{came:}} ``Come here, love, I'll take you away.'' This is an elder. Love was {\color{red}\underline{overjoy}}}};
\node [anchor=north west] (mt8-1) at ([xshift=3.5em,yshift=0.4em]mt8.south west) {\scriptsize{{\color{red}\underline{-ed and}} forgot to ask his name. After landing on land, the elder walked away alone.Love was very}};
\node [anchor=north west] (mt8-2) at ([yshift=0.4em]mt8-1.south west) {\scriptsize{grateful to the elder and asked another elder knowledge, {\color{red}\underline{``Who is the person who helped me?''}} ``He}};
\node [anchor=north west] (mt8-3) at ([yshift=0.4em]mt8-2.south west) {\scriptsize{is time.'' The {\color{red}\underline{old intellectual}} replied. ``Time?'' Love asked,``Why did he help me?'' The old intellec}};
\node [anchor=north west] (mt8-4) at ([yshift=0.4em]mt8-3.south west) {\scriptsize{-tual laughed, ``Because only time canunderstand how great love is.''}};
%人工翻译---------------
\node [anchor=north west] (ht8) at ([xshift=-3.5em,yshift=0.4em]mt8-4.south west) {\scriptsize{人工翻译：Suddenly, a voice {\color{red}\underline{said,}} ``come, LOVE, I'll take you.'' This is an elder. LOVE was {\color{red}\underline{so over that}} she}};
\node [anchor=north west] (ht8-1) at ([xshift=3.5em,yshift=0.4em]ht8.south west) {\scriptsize{forgot to ask his name. After landing on land, the elder walked away}};
\node [anchor=north west] (ht8-2) at ([yshift=0.4em]ht8-1.south west) {\scriptsize{alone.LOVE was so grateful to the elder that she asked KNOWLEDGE, another elder, {\color{red}\underline{``who help}}}};
\node [anchor=north west] (ht8-3) at ([yshift=0.4em]ht8-2.south west) {\scriptsize{{\color{red}\underline{-ed me?''}} ``He is TIME.'' The {\color{red}\underline{old man}} replied. ``TIME?'' LOVE asked. ``why did he help me?'' The}};
\node [anchor=north west] (ht8-4) at ([yshift=0.4em]ht8-3.south west) {\scriptsize{old man smiled and said, ``Because only time can understand how great love is.''}};
\node [anchor=north west] (mt4-2) at ([xshift=3.5em,yshift=0.3em]original1.south west) {\scriptsize{ Love saw vanity in a magnificent boat and said, ``Vanity, help me!'' ``I can't help you. You are {\color{red}\underline{soak}}}};
\node [anchor=north west] (mt4-3) at ([yshift=0.4em]mt4-2.south west) {\scriptsize{{\color{red}\underline{-ed to the skin}} and will damage my beautiful boat.'' When sorrow came, love asked him for help: ``}};
\node [anchor=north west] (mt4-4) at ([yshift=0.4em]mt4-3.south west) {\scriptsize{sorrow, let me go with you!'' ``Oh,...love, I am so sad that I want to be alone for a while!'' Sadly rep}};
\node [anchor=north west] (mt4-5) at ([yshift=0.4em]mt4-4.south west) {\scriptsize{-lied. Happiness {\color{red}\underline{approached}} love, but she was too happy to hear love calling her!}};
%人工翻译---------------
\node [anchor=north west] (ht4) at ([xshift=-3.5em,yshift=0.3em]mt4-5.south west) {\scriptsize{人工翻译：At that moment, WEALTH {\color{red}\underline{was passing by}} in a big boat. Love said,``WEALTH, can you take me}};
\node [anchor=north west] (ht4-1) at ([xshift=3.5em,yshift=0.4em]ht4.south west) {\scriptsize{with you?'' WEALTH answered, ``no, {\color{red}\underline{there is a lot}} of gold and silver in my boat. There is no place}};
\node [anchor=north west] (ht4-2) at ([yshift=0.4em]ht4-1.south west) {\scriptsize{for you.'' Love saw VANITY in a beautiful boat and said, ``VANITY, help me!'' ``I can't help you.}};
\node [anchor=north west] (ht4-3) at ([yshift=0.4em]ht4-2.south west) {\scriptsize{You are {\color{red}\underline{all wet,}} and will break my pretty boat.'' Then SADNESS came. Love asked for help,``SAD}};
\node [anchor=north west] (ht4-4) at ([yshift=0.4em]ht4-3.south west) {\scriptsize{-NESS, let me go with you!'' ``Oh,...LOVE, I am so sad that I want to be alone for a while!'' ``Repli}};
\node [anchor=north west] (ht4-5) at ([yshift=0.4em]ht4-4.south west) {\scriptsize{-ed SADNESS. JOY {\color{red}\underline{came close to }} love, but she was so happy that she did not hear him call her!}};
%第三段--------------------------------
\node[anchor=north west] (original8) at ([xshift=-3.5em,yshift=-0.3em]ht4-5.south west) {\scriptsize{源 \qquad 文：突然，一个声音传来：``过来，爱，我带你走。''这是位长者。爱大喜过望，竟忘了问他他}};
\node[anchor=north west] (original8-1) at ([xshift=3.5em,yshift=0.3em]original8.south west) {\scriptsize{的名字。登上陆地后，长者独自走开了。爱对长者感激不尽，问另一位长者知识：``帮我的}};
\node[anchor=north west] (original8-2) at ([yshift=0.3em]original8-1.south west) {\scriptsize{那个人是谁？''``他是时间。''知识老人回答。``时间？''爱问道，``他为什么要帮我？''知识老}};
\node[anchor=north west] (original8-3) at ([yshift=0.3em]original8-2.south west) {\scriptsize{人笑道：``因为只有时间才能理解爱有多么伟大。''}};
%机器翻译--------------
\node [anchor=north west] (mt8) at ([xshift=-3.5em,yshift=0.4em]original8-3.south west) {\scriptsize{机器翻译：Suddenly, a voice {\color{red}\underline{came:}} ``Come here, love, I'll take you away.'' This is an elder. Love was {\color{red}\underline{overjoy}}}};
\node [anchor=north west] (mt8-1) at ([xshift=3.5em,yshift=0.4em]mt8.south west) {\scriptsize{{\color{red}\underline{-ed and}} forgot to ask his name. After landing on land, the elder walked away alone.Love was very}};
\node [anchor=north west] (mt8-2) at ([yshift=0.4em]mt8-1.south west) {\scriptsize{grateful to the elder and asked another elder knowledge, {\color{red}\underline{``Who is the person who helped me?''}} ``He}};
\node [anchor=north west] (mt8-3) at ([yshift=0.4em]mt8-2.south west) {\scriptsize{is time.'' The {\color{red}\underline{old intellectual}} replied. ``Time?'' Love asked,``Why did he help me?'' The old intellec}};
\node [anchor=north west] (mt8-4) at ([yshift=0.4em]mt8-3.south west) {\scriptsize{-tual laughed, ``Because only time canunderstand how great love is.''}};
%人工翻译---------------
\node [anchor=north west] (ht8) at ([xshift=-3.5em,yshift=0.4em]mt8-4.south west) {\scriptsize{人工翻译：Suddenly, a voice {\color{red}\underline{said,}} ``come, LOVE, I'll take you.'' This is an elder. LOVE was {\color{red}\underline{so over that}} she}};
\node [anchor=north west] (ht8-1) at ([xshift=3.5em,yshift=0.4em]ht8.south west) {\scriptsize{forgot to ask his name. After landing on land, the elder walked away}};
\node [anchor=north west] (ht8-2) at ([yshift=0.4em]ht8-1.south west) {\scriptsize{alone.LOVE was so grateful to the elder that she asked KNOWLEDGE, another elder, {\color{red}\underline{``who help}}}};
\node [anchor=north west] (ht8-3) at ([yshift=0.4em]ht8-2.south west) {\scriptsize{{\color{red}\underline{-ed me?''}} ``He is TIME.'' The {\color{red}\underline{old man}} replied. ``TIME?'' LOVE asked. ``why did he help me?'' The}};
\node [anchor=north west] (ht8-4) at ([yshift=0.4em]ht8-3.south west) {\scriptsize{old man smiled and said, ``Because only time can understand how great love is.''}};
@@ -468,7 +468,7 @@ d = {(\bar{s}_{\bar{a}_1},\bar{t}_1)} \circ {(\bar{s}_{\bar{a}_2},\bar{t}_2)} \c
\end{figure}
%-------------------------------------------
\parinterval 除此之外，一些外部工具也可以用来获取词对齐，如Fastalign\cite{dyer2013a}、Berkeley Word Aligner\cite{taskar2005a}等。词对齐的质量通常使用词对齐错误率（AER）来评价\cite{OchA}。但是词对齐并不是一个独立的系统，它一般会服务于其他任务。因此，也可以使用下游任务来评价词对齐的好坏。比如，改进词对齐后观察机器翻译系统性能的变化。
\parinterval 除此之外，一些外部工具也可以用来获取词对齐，如Fastalign\cite{dyer2013a}、Berkeley Word Aligner\cite{taskar2005a}等。词对齐的质量通常使用词对齐错误率（AER）来评价\cite{DBLP:conf/coling/OchN00}。但是词对齐并不是一个独立的系统，它一般会服务于其他任务。因此，也可以使用下游任务来评价词对齐的好坏。比如，改进词对齐后观察机器翻译系统性能的变化。
\parinterval 由于层次短语规则本质上就是CFG规则，因此公式\ref{eq:4-28}代表了一个典型的句法分析过程。需要做的是，用模型源语言端的CFG对输入句子进行分析，同时用模型目标语言端的CFG生成译文。基于CFG的句法分析是自然语言处理中的经典问题。一种广泛使用的方法是：首先把CFG转化为$\varepsilon$-free的{\small\bfnew{乔姆斯基范式}}\index{乔姆斯基范式}（Chomsky Normal Form）\index{Chomsky Normal Form}\footnote[5]{能够证明任意的CFG都可以被转换为乔姆斯基范式，即文法只包含形如A$\to$BC或A$\to$a的规则。这里，假设文法中不包含空串产生式A$\to\varepsilon$，其中$\varepsilon$表示空字符串。}，之后采用CYK方法进行分析。
\parinterval 由于层次短语规则本质上就是CFG规则，因此公式\ref{eq:4-28}代表了一个典型的句法分析过程。需要做的是，用模型源语言端的CFG对输入句子进行分析，同时用模型目标语言端的CFG生成译文。基于CFG的句法分析是自然语言处理中的经典问题。一种广泛使用的方法是：首先把CFG转化为$\varepsilon$-free的{\small\bfnew{乔姆斯基范式}}\index{乔姆斯基范式}（Chomsky Normal Form）\index{Chomsky Normal Form}\footnote[5]{能够证明任意的CFG都可以被转换为乔姆斯基范式，即文法只包含形如A$\to$BC或A$\to$a的规则。这里，假设文法中不包含空串产生式A$\to\varepsilon$，其中$\varepsilon$表示空字符串。}，之后采用CKY方法进行分析。
\parinterval 尽管使用Pre-Norm结构可以很容易地训练深层Transformer模型，但从信息传递的角度看，Transformer模型中第$n$层的输入仅仅依赖于前一层的输出。虽然残差连接可以将信息跨层传递，但是对于很深的网络，整个模型的输入和输出之间仍需要很多次残差连接才能进行有效的传递。为了使上层的网络可以更加方便地访问下层网络的信息，一种方法是直接引入更多跨层的连接。最简单的一种方法是直接将所有层的输出都连接到最上层，达到聚合多层信息的目的\cite{DBLP:conf/emnlp/BapnaCFCW18}\cite{wang-etal-2018-multi-layer}。另一种更加有效的方式是使用{\small\bfnew{动态线性层聚合方法}}\index{动态线性层聚合方法}（Dynamic Linear Combination of Layers，DLCL）\index{Dynamic Linear Combination of Layers，DLCL}。在每一层的输入中不仅考虑前一层的输出，而是将前面所有层的中间结果（包括词嵌入）进行线性聚合，理论上等价于常微分方程中的高阶求解方法\cite{WangLearning}。以Pre-Norm结构为例，具体做法如下：
\parinterval 尽管使用Pre-Norm结构可以很容易地训练深层Transformer模型，但从信息传递的角度看，Transformer模型中第$n$层的输入仅仅依赖于前一层的输出。虽然残差连接可以将信息跨层传递，但是对于很深的网络，整个模型的输入和输出之间仍需要很多次残差连接才能进行有效的传递。为了使上层的网络可以更加方便地访问下层网络的信息，一种方法是直接引入更多跨层的连接。最简单的一种方法是直接将所有层的输出都连接到最上层，达到聚合多层信息的目的\cite{DBLP:conf/emnlp/BapnaCFCW18,wang-etal-2018-multi-layer}。另一种更加有效的方式是使用{\small\bfnew{动态线性层聚合方法}}\index{动态线性层聚合方法}（Dynamic Linear Combination of Layers，DLCL）\index{Dynamic Linear Combination of Layers，DLCL}。在每一层的输入中不仅考虑前一层的输出，而是将前面所有层的中间结果（包括词嵌入）进行线性聚合，理论上等价于常微分方程中的高阶求解方法\cite{WangLearning}。以Pre-Norm结构为例，具体做法如下：
author="Eugene {Charniak} and Mark {Johnson} and Micha {Elsner} and Joseph {Austerweil} and David {Ellis} and Isaac {Haxton} and Catherine {Hill} and R. {Shrivaths} and Jeremy {Moore} and Michael {Pozar} and Theresa {Vu}",
booktitle="Proceedings of the Human Language Technology Conference of the NAACL, Main Conference",
pages="168--175",
notes="Sourced from Microsoft Academic - https://academic.microsoft.com/paper/2101714644",
year="2006"
}
@inproceedings{Tong2016Syntactic,
author = {Tong Xiao and
Jingbo Zhu and
...
...
@@ -2858,22 +2918,6 @@ year ={2008},
year={1992},
publisher={MIT Press}
}
@article{bengio2003a,
title={A neural probabilistic language model},
author={Bengio and
Yoshua and
Ducharme and
Rejean and
Vincent and
Pascal and
Janvin and
Christian},
journal={Journal of Machine Learning Research},
volume={3},
number={6},
pages={1137--1155},
year={2003}
}
@inproceedings{mikolov2012context,
title={Context dependent recurrent neural network language model},
title = "Pre-Translation for Neural Machine Translation",
author = "Niehues, Jan and
...
...
@@ -6489,3 +6422,52 @@ year = {2020},
year = {2001},
pages = {253--258}
}
@inproceedings{Weiss2017SequencetoSequenceMC,
title={Sequence-to-Sequence Models Can Directly Translate Foreign Speech},
author={Ron J. Weiss and Jan Chorowski and Navdeep Jaitly and Yonghui Wu and Zhifeng Chen},
booktitle={INTERSPEECH},
pages = {2625-2629},
year={2017}
}
@inproceedings{dong-etal-2015-multi,
title = "Multi-Task Learning for Multiple Language Translation",
author = "Dong, Daxiang and
Wu, Hua and
He, Wei and
Yu, Dianhai and
Wang, Haifeng",
booktitle = "Proceedings of the 53rd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and the 7th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
month = jul,
year = "2015",
//address = "Beijing, China",
publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
