合并分支 'mengxia' 到 'caorunzhe'

Mengxia

查看合并请求 !350

Chapter9/Figures/figure-4-gram.tex

 %%%------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 \begin{tikzpicture}
 \begin{scope}
-\node [anchor=west] (w0) at (0,0) {\small{${\bm o}_{i-3}$}};
-\node [anchor=west] (w1) at ([xshift=2.8em]w0.east) {\small{${\bm o}_{i-2}$}};
-\node [anchor=west] (w2) at ([xshift=2.8em]w1.east) {\small{${\bm o}_{i-1}$}};
+\node [anchor=west] (w0) at (0,0) {\small{${\mathbi{o}}_{i-3}$}};
+\node [anchor=west] (w1) at ([xshift=2.8em]w0.east) {\small{${\mathbi{o}}_{i-2}$}};
+\node [anchor=west] (w2) at ([xshift=2.8em]w1.east) {\small{${\mathbi{o}}_{i-1}$}};
 \node [anchor=north] (index0) at ([yshift=0.5em]w0.south) {\footnotesize(index)};
 \node [anchor=north] (index1) at ([yshift=0.5em]w1.south) {\footnotesize(index)};
 \node [anchor=north] (index2) at ([yshift=0.5em]w2.south) {\footnotesize(index)};
 
-\node [anchor=south,draw,inner sep=3pt,fill=blue!20!white] (e0) at ([yshift=1em]w0.north) {\footnotesize{${\bm e}_1={\bm o}_{i-3} {\bm C}$}};
-\node [anchor=south,draw,inner sep=3pt,fill=blue!20!white] (e1) at ([yshift=1em]w1.north) {\footnotesize{${\bm e}_2={\bm o}_{i-2} {\bm C}$}};
-\node [anchor=south,draw,inner sep=3pt,fill=blue!20!white] (e2) at ([yshift=1em]w2.north) {\footnotesize{${\bm e}_3={\bm o}_{i-1} {\bm C}$}};
+\node [anchor=south,draw,inner sep=3pt,fill=blue!20!white] (e0) at ([yshift=1em]w0.north) {\footnotesize{${\mathbi{e}}_1={\mathbi{o}}_{i-3} {\mathbi{C}}$}};
+\node [anchor=south,draw,inner sep=3pt,fill=blue!20!white] (e1) at ([yshift=1em]w1.north) {\footnotesize{${\mathbi{e}}_2={\mathbi{o}}_{i-2} {\mathbi{C}}$}};
+\node [anchor=south,draw,inner sep=3pt,fill=blue!20!white] (e2) at ([yshift=1em]w2.north) {\footnotesize{${\mathbi{e}}_3={\mathbi{o}}_{i-1} {\mathbi{C}}$}};
 
-\node [anchor=south,draw,minimum width=11em,inner sep=3pt,fill=orange!20!white] (h0) at ([yshift=1.5em]e1.north) {\footnotesize{${\bm h}_0=\textrm{Tanh}([{\bm e}_1,{\bm e}_2,{\bm e}_3]{\bm H} + {\bm d})$}};
-\node [anchor=south,draw,minimum width=9em,inner sep=3pt,fill=orange!20!white] (h1) at ([yshift=1.5em]h0.north) {\footnotesize{${\bm y}=\textrm{Softmax}({\bm h}_0 {\bm U})$}};
+\node [anchor=south,draw,minimum width=11em,inner sep=3pt,fill=orange!20!white] (h0) at ([yshift=1.5em]e1.north) {\footnotesize{${\mathbi{h}}_0=\textrm{Tanh}([{\mathbi{e}}_1,{\mathbi{e}}_2,{\mathbi{e}}_3]{\mathbi{H}} + {\mathbi{d}})$}};
+\node [anchor=south,draw,minimum width=9em,inner sep=3pt,fill=orange!20!white] (h1) at ([yshift=1.5em]h0.north) {\footnotesize{${\mathbi{y}}=\textrm{Softmax}({\mathbi{h}}_0 {\mathbi{U}})$}};
 \node [anchor=south] (ylabel) at ([yshift=1em]h1.north) {\small{$\funp{P}(w_i|w_{i-3}w_{i-2}w_{i-1})$}};
 
 \draw [->,line width=1pt] ([yshift=0.1em]w0.north) -- ([yshift=-0.1em]e0.south);

Chapter9/Figures/figure-absolute-loss.tex

@@ -8,12 +8,12 @@
 \draw[->,thick] (-6,0) -- (5,0);
 \draw[->,thick] (-5,-4) -- (-5,5);
 
-\draw [<-] (-2.5,4) -- (-2,5) node [pos=1,right,inner sep=2pt] {\footnotesize{答案$\tilde{\vectorn{\emph{y}}}_i$}};
+\draw [<-] (-2.5,4) -- (-2,5) node [pos=1,right,inner sep=2pt] {\footnotesize{答案$\tilde{\mathbi{y}}_i$}};
 {
-\draw [<-] (-3,-3) -- (-2.5,-2) node [pos=0,left,inner sep=2pt] {\footnotesize{预测${\vectorn{\emph{y}}}_i$}};}
+\draw [<-] (-3,-3) -- (-2.5,-2) node [pos=0,left,inner sep=2pt] {\footnotesize{预测${\mathbi{y}}_i$}};}
 
 {
-\draw [<-] (2.3,1) -- (3.3,2) node [pos=1,right,inner sep=2pt] {\footnotesize{偏差$|\tilde{\vectorn{\emph{y}}}_i - {\vectorn{\emph{y}}}_i|$}};
+\draw [<-] (2.3,1) -- (3.3,2) node [pos=1,right,inner sep=2pt] {\footnotesize{偏差$|\tilde{\mathbi{y}}_i - {\mathbi{y}}_i|$}};
 \foreach \x in {-3.8,-3.7,...,3.0}{
     \pgfmathsetmacro{\p}{- 1/14 * (\x + 4) * (\x + 1) * (\x - 1) * (\x - 3)};
     \pgfmathsetmacro{\q}{- 1/14 * (4*\x*\x*\x + 3*\x*\x - 26*\x - 1)};

Chapter9/Figures/figure-back-propagation-hid.tex

 %%%------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 \begin{tikzpicture}
 \begin{scope}
-\node [anchor=center,draw,fill=red!20,minimum height=1.8em,minimum width=2.5em] (h) at (0,0) {${\bm h}^{k-1}$};
-\node [anchor=west,draw,fill=blue!20,minimum height=1.8em,minimum width=2.5em] (s) at ([xshift=6em]h.east) {${\bm s}^{k}$};
-\node [anchor=west,draw,fill=green!20,minimum height=1.8em,minimum width=2.5em] (h2) at ([xshift=6em]s.east) {${\bm h}^{k}$};
+\node [anchor=center,draw,fill=red!20,minimum height=1.8em,minimum width=2.5em] (h) at (0,0) {${\mathbi{h}}^{k-1}$};
+\node [anchor=west,draw,fill=blue!20,minimum height=1.8em,minimum width=2.5em] (s) at ([xshift=6em]h.east) {${\mathbi{s}}^{k}$};
+\node [anchor=west,draw,fill=green!20,minimum height=1.8em,minimum width=2.5em] (h2) at ([xshift=6em]s.east) {${\mathbi{h}}^{k}$};
 \node [anchor=east] (prev) at ([xshift=-2em]h.west) {...};
 \node [anchor=west] (next) at ([xshift=2em]h2.east) {...};
 \draw [->,thick] ([xshift=0.1em]prev.east) -- ([xshift=-0.1em]h.west);
-\draw [->,thick] ([xshift=0.1em]h.east) -- ([xshift=-0.1em]s.west) node [pos=0.5,below] {\scriptsize{${\bm s}^k = {\bm h}^{k-1}{\bm W}^k$}};
-\draw [->,thick] ([xshift=0.1em]s.east) -- ([xshift=-0.1em]h2.west) node [pos=0.5,below] {\scriptsize{${\bm h}^k = f^k({\bm s}^{k})$}};
+\draw [->,thick] ([xshift=0.1em]h.east) -- ([xshift=-0.1em]s.west) node [pos=0.5,below] {\scriptsize{${\mathbi{s}}^k = {\mathbi{h}}^{k-1}{\mathbi{W}}^k$}};
+\draw [->,thick] ([xshift=0.1em]s.east) -- ([xshift=-0.1em]h2.west) node [pos=0.5,below] {\scriptsize{${\mathbi{h}}^k = f^k({\mathbi{s}}^{k})$}};
 \draw [->,thick] ([xshift=0.1em]h2.east) -- ([xshift=-0.1em]next.west);
 
 {
@@ -29,15 +29,15 @@
 }
 
 {
-\node [anchor=south] (h2label) at (h2.north) {$\frac{\partial L}{\partial {\bm h}^{k}}$};
+\node [anchor=south] (h2label) at (h2.north) {$\frac{\partial L}{\partial {\mathbi{h}}^{k}}$};
 }
 
 {
-\node [anchor=south] (slabel) at (s.north) {$\frac{\partial L}{\partial {\bm s}^{k}}$};
+\node [anchor=south] (slabel) at (s.north) {$\frac{\partial L}{\partial {\mathbi{s}}^{k}}$};
 }
 
 {
-\node [anchor=south] (hlabel) at (h.north) {$\frac{\partial L}{\partial {\bm h}^{k-1}}$, $\frac{\partial L}{\partial {\bm W}^{k}}$};
+\node [anchor=south] (hlabel) at (h.north) {$\frac{\partial L}{\partial {\mathbi{h}}^{k-1}}$, $\frac{\partial L}{\partial {\mathbi{W}}^{k}}$};
 }
 
 \end{scope}

Chapter9/Figures/figure-back-propagation-output1.tex

 %%%------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 \begin{tikzpicture}
 \begin{scope}
-\node [anchor=west,minimum height=1.7em,fill=blue!20,draw] (s) at (0,0) {${\bm s}^{K}$};
-\node [anchor=west,minimum height=1.7em,fill=green!20,draw] (h2) at ([xshift=5.5em]s.east) {${\bm h}^{K}$};
+\node [anchor=west,minimum height=1.7em,fill=blue!20,draw] (s) at (0,0) {$\mathbi{s}^{K}$};
+\node [anchor=west,minimum height=1.7em,fill=green!20,draw] (h2) at ([xshift=5.5em]s.east) {$\mathbi{h}^{K}$};
 \node [anchor=west,minimum height=1.7em,fill=orange!20,draw] (l) at ([xshift=5.5em]h2.east) {$L$};
 \draw [->] (s.east) -- (h2.west);
 \draw [->] (h2.east) -- (l.west);
 
-\draw [->,very thick,red] ([yshift=1em,xshift=-0.1em]l.north) -- ([yshift=1em,xshift=0.1em]h2.north) node [pos=0.5,above] {\scriptsize{求梯度{$\frac{\partial L}{\partial {\bm h}^K} = ?$}}};
-\draw [->,very thick,red] ([yshift=1em,xshift=-0.1em]h2.north) -- ([yshift=1em,xshift=0.1em]s.north) node [pos=0.5,above] {\scriptsize{求梯度{$\frac{\partial f^K({\bm s}^K)}{\partial {\bm s}^K} = ?$}}};
+\draw [->,very thick,red] ([yshift=1em,xshift=-0.1em]l.north) -- ([yshift=1em,xshift=0.1em]h2.north) node [pos=0.5,above] {\scriptsize{求梯度{$\frac{\partial L}{\partial {\mathbi{h}}^K} = ?$}}};
+\draw [->,very thick,red] ([yshift=1em,xshift=-0.1em]h2.north) -- ([yshift=1em,xshift=0.1em]s.north) node [pos=0.5,above] {\scriptsize{求梯度{$\frac{\partial f^K({\mathbi{s}}^K)}{\partial {\mathbi{s}}^K} = ?$}}};
 \draw [-,very thick,red] ([yshift=0.5em]l.north) -- ([yshift=1.5em]l.north);
 \draw [-,very thick,red] ([yshift=0.5em]h2.north) -- ([yshift=1.5em]h2.north);
 \draw [-,very thick,red] ([yshift=0.5em]s.north) -- ([yshift=1.5em]s.north);

Chapter9/Figures/figure-back-propagation-output2.tex

 %%%------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 \begin{tikzpicture}
 \begin{scope}
-\node [anchor=center,minimum height=1.7em,fill=yellow!20,draw] (h) at (0,0) {${\bm h}^{K-1}$};
-\node [anchor=west,minimum height=1.7em,fill=blue!20,draw] (s) at ([xshift=6.0em]h.east) {${\bm s}^{K}$};
+\node [anchor=center,minimum height=1.7em,fill=yellow!20,draw] (h) at (0,0) {${\mathbi{h}}^{K-1}$};
+\node [anchor=west,minimum height=1.7em,fill=blue!20,draw] (s) at ([xshift=6.0em]h.east) {${\mathbi{s}}^{K}$};
 
 \draw [->] (h.east) -- (s.west);
 
 
-\node [anchor=south west,inner sep=2pt] (step100) at ([xshift=0.5em,yshift=-0.8em]h.north east) {\scriptsize{${\bm s}^K = {\bm h}^{K-1} {\bm W}^K$}};
+\node [anchor=south west,inner sep=2pt] (step100) at ([xshift=0.5em,yshift=-0.8em]h.north east) {\scriptsize{${\mathbi{s}}^K = {\mathbi{h}}^{K-1} {\mathbi{W}}^K$}};
 
 
-\node [anchor=south west] (slabel) at ([yshift=1em,xshift=0.3em]s.north) {\scriptsize{\textbf{{已经得到：${\bm \pi}^K = \frac{\partial L}{\partial {\bm s}^K}$}}}};
+\node [anchor=south west] (slabel) at ([yshift=1em,xshift=0.3em]s.north) {\scriptsize{\textbf{{已经得到：${\bm \pi}^K = \frac{\partial L}{\partial {\mathbi{s}}^K}$}}}};
 \draw [->] ([yshift=0.3em]slabel.south) .. controls +(south:0.5) and +(north:0.5) .. ([xshift=0.5em,yshift=0.1em]s.north);
 
 {
-\draw [->,very thick,red] ([yshift=1em,xshift=-0.1em]s.north) -- ([yshift=1.0em,xshift=0.1em]h.north) node [pos=0.5,above] {\scriptsize{{$\frac{\partial L}{\partial {\bm W}^K} = ?$, $\frac{\partial L}{\partial {\bm h}^{K-1}} = ?$}}};
+\draw [->,very thick,red] ([yshift=1em,xshift=-0.1em]s.north) -- ([yshift=1.0em,xshift=0.1em]h.north) node [pos=0.5,above] {\scriptsize{{$\frac{\partial L}{\partial {\mathbi{W}}^K} = ?$, $\frac{\partial L}{\partial {\mathbi{h}}^{K-1}} = ?$}}};
 \draw [-,very thick,red] ([yshift=0.5em]h.north) -- ([yshift=1.5em]h.north);
 \draw [-,very thick,red] ([yshift=0.5em]s.north) -- ([yshift=1.5em]s.north);
 }

Chapter9/Figures/figure-broadcast.tex

@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@
     \node [fill=orange!20,inner sep=0pt,minimum height=0.49cm,minimum width=0.49cm] at (\x,\y) {$\number\value{mycount1}$};
     \addtocounter{mycount1}{1};
   }
-\node [anchor=south] (varlabel) at (0,0.6) {$\vectorn{\emph{s}}$};
+\node [anchor=south] (varlabel) at (0,0.6) {$\mathbi{s}$};
 \node [anchor=north] (labelc) at (0,-0.7) {\footnotesize{(a)}};
 \end{scope}
 
@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@
     \node [fill=green!20,inner sep=0pt,minimum height=0.48cm,minimum width=0.48cm] at (\x,\y) {$1$};
     \addtocounter{mycount1}{1};
   }
-\node [anchor=south] (varlabel) at (0,0.1) {$\vectorn{\emph{b}}$};
+\node [anchor=south] (varlabel) at (0,0.1) {$\mathbi{b}$};
 \node [anchor=north] (labelc) at (0,-0.7) {\footnotesize{(b)}};
 \end{scope}
 
@@ -34,7 +34,7 @@
     \node [fill=orange!20,inner sep=0pt,minimum height=0.49cm,minimum width=0.49cm] at (\x,\y) {$\number\value{mycount1}$};
     \addtocounter{mycount1}{1};
   }
-\node [anchor=south] (varlabel) at (0,0.6) {$\vectorn{\emph{s}}$};
+\node [anchor=south] (varlabel) at (0,0.6) {$\mathbi{s}$};
 \end{scope}
 \begin{scope}[yshift=-1in,xshift=1.5in]
 \setcounter{mycount1}{1}
@@ -50,7 +50,7 @@
     \addtocounter{mycount1}{1};
   }
 \node [anchor=center] (plabel) at (-4.5em,0) {\huge{$\mathbf{+}$}};
-\node [anchor=south] (varlabel) at (0,0.6) {$\vectorn{\emph{b}}$};
+\node [anchor=south] (varlabel) at (0,0.6) {$\mathbi{b}$};
 \node [anchor=north] (labelc) at (0,-0.7) {\footnotesize{(c)}};
 \end{scope}
 \begin{scope}[yshift=-1in,xshift=3in]
@@ -62,7 +62,7 @@
     \addtocounter{mycount1}{1};
   }
 \node [anchor=center] (plabel) at (-4.5em,0) {\huge{$\mathbf{=}$}};
-\node [anchor=south] (varlabel) at (0,0.6) {${\vectorn{\emph{s}}}+\vectorn{\emph{b}}$};
+\node [anchor=south] (varlabel) at (0,0.6) {$\mathbi{s}+\mathbi{b}$};
 \end{scope}
 
 

Chapter9/Figures/figure-compare.tex

+%%%------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+\begin{tikzpicture}
+{
+\begin{scope}
+\node [] (part1label) at (0,0) {\includegraphics[scale=0.22]{./Chapter9/Figures/figure-feature-engineering.jpg}};
+\node [anchor=north,minimum width=2.0em,minimum height=1.5em] (label11) at ([xshift=0.3em,yshift=2em]part1label.north) {\large{特征工程+机器学习}};
+\node [anchor=north,minimum width=2.0em,minimum height=1.5em] (label12) at ([xshift=-11em,yshift=-6.3em]part1label.north) {\normalsize{输入}};
+\node [anchor=north,minimum width=2.0em,minimum height=1.5em] (label13) at ([xshift=-1em,yshift=-6.3em]part1label.north) {\normalsize{特征提取}};
+\node [anchor=north,minimum width=2.0em,minimum height=1.5em] (label14) at ([xshift=6.9em,yshift=-6.3em]part1label.north) {\normalsize{分类}};
+\node [anchor=north,minimum width=2.0em,minimum height=1.5em] (label15) at ([xshift=14.2em,yshift=-6.3em]part1label.north) {\normalsize{输出}};
+\end{scope}
+}
+{
+\begin{scope}[yshift=-1.5in]
+\node [] (part1label2) at (0,0) {\includegraphics[scale=0.22]{./Chapter9/Figures/figure-deep-learning.jpg}};
+\node [anchor=north,minimum width=2.0em,minimum height=1.5em] (label21) at ([xshift=0.2em,yshift=1.2em]part1label2.north) {\large{深度学习（端到端学习）}};
+\node [anchor=north,minimum width=2.0em,minimum height=1.5em] (label22) at ([xshift=-11em,yshift=-6em]part1label2.north) {\normalsize{输入}};
+\node [anchor=north,minimum width=2.0em,minimum height=1.5em] (label23) at ([xshift=3.0em,yshift=-6em]part1label2.north) {\normalsize{特征提取+分类}};
+\node [anchor=north,minimum width=2.0em,minimum height=1.5em] (label24) at ([xshift=14.2em,yshift=-6em]part1label2.north) {\normalsize{输出}};
+\end{scope}
+}
+\end{tikzpicture}
+%%%------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Chapter9/Figures/figure-corresponence-between-matrix-element-and-output.tex

@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@
 
 \node [anchor=east] (x0) at ([xshift=-6em]neuron00.west) {$x_1$};
 \node [anchor=east] (x1) at ([xshift=-6em]neuron01.west) {$x_2$};
-\node [anchor=east] (x2) at ([xshift=-6em]neuron02.west) {${\vectorn{\emph{b}}}$};
+\node [anchor=east] (x2) at ([xshift=-6em]neuron02.west) {$\mathbi{b}$};
 
 \node [anchor=west] (y0) at ([xshift=4em]neuron00.east) {$y_1$：\scriptsize{温度}};
 

Chapter9/Figures/figure-embedding-matrix.tex

 %%%------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 \begin{tikzpicture}
 \begin{scope}
-\node [anchor=center,inner sep=2pt] (e) at (0,0) {\small{$\vectorn{\emph{e}}=\vectorn{\emph{o}}$}};
-\node [anchor=west,inner sep=2pt] (c) at (e.east) {\small{$\vectorn{\emph{C}}$}};
+\node [anchor=center,inner sep=2pt] (e) at (0,0) {\small{$\mathbi{e}=\mathbi{o}$}};
+\node [anchor=west,inner sep=2pt] (c) at (e.east) {\small{$\mathbi{C}$}};
 
 \begin{pgfonlayer}{background}
 \node [rectangle,inner sep=0.4em,draw,fill=blue!20!white] [fit = (e) (c)] (box) {};
 \end{pgfonlayer}
 
 \draw [->,thick] ([yshift=-1em]box.south)--([yshift=-0.1em]box.south) node [pos=0,below] (bottom1) {\small{单词$w$的one-hot表示}};
-\draw [->,thick] ([yshift=0.1em]box.north)--([yshift=1em]box.north) node [pos=1,above] (top1) {\scriptsize{$\vectorn{\emph{e}}$=(8,.2,-1,.9,...,1)}};
-\node [anchor=north] (bottom2) at ([yshift=0.3em]bottom1.south) {\scriptsize{$\vectorn{\emph{o}}$=(0,0,1,0,...,0)}};
+\draw [->,thick] ([yshift=0.1em]box.north)--([yshift=1em]box.north) node [pos=1,above] (top1) {\scriptsize{$\mathbi{e}$=(8,.2,-1,.9,...,1)}};
+\node [anchor=north] (bottom2) at ([yshift=0.3em]bottom1.south) {\scriptsize{$\mathbi{o}$=(0,0,1,0,...,0)}};
 \node [anchor=south] (top2) at ([yshift=-0.3em]top1.north) {\small{单词$w$的分布式表示}};
 
 {
 \node [anchor=north west,fill=red!20!white] (cmatrix) at ([xshift=3em,yshift=1.0em]c.north east) {\scriptsize{$\begin{pmatrix} 1 & .2 & -.2 & 8 & ... & 0 \\ .6 & .8 & -2 & 1 & ... & -.2 \\ 8 & .2 & -1 & .9 & ... & 2.3 \\ 1 & 1.2 & -.9 & 3 & ... & .2 \\ ... & ... & ... & ... & ... & ... \\ 1 & .3 & 3 & .9 & ... & 5.1 \end{pmatrix}$}};
-\node [anchor=west,inner sep=2pt,fill=red!30!white] (c) at (e.east) {\small{$\vectorn{\emph{C}}$}};
+\node [anchor=west,inner sep=2pt,fill=red!30!white] (c) at (e.east) {\small{$\mathbi{C}$}};
 \draw [<-,thick] (c.east) -- ([xshift=3em]c.east);
 }
 
 {
-\node [anchor=south,draw,fill=green!20!white] (e2) at ([yshift=1.5em]cmatrix.north) {\scriptsize{外部词嵌入系统得到的$\vectorn{\emph{C}}$}};
+\node [anchor=south,draw,fill=green!20!white] (e2) at ([yshift=1.5em]cmatrix.north) {\scriptsize{外部词嵌入系统得到的$\mathbi{C}$}};
 \draw [->,very thick,dashed] (e2.south) -- (cmatrix.north);
 }
 

Chapter9/Figures/figure-fit.tex

@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@
 \draw [-,ublue] (n11.west) -- (n11.east);
 \node [anchor=north] (x1) at ([yshift=-6em]n11.south) {$x_1$};
 \node [anchor=north] (labela) at ([xshift=3.5em,yshift=-0.5em]x1.south) {\footnotesize{(a) 拟合一小段函数}};
-\node [anchor=north] (b) at ([yshift=-6em]n10.south) {$\vectorn{\emph{b}}$};
+\node [anchor=north] (b) at ([yshift=-6em]n10.south) {$\mathbi{b}$};
 {
 \draw [->,thick,red] (b.north) -- ([yshift=-0.1em]n10.south);
 \draw [->,thick,ugreen] (x1.north) -- ([yshift=-0.1em]n10.290);
@@ -93,7 +93,7 @@
 \draw [-,ublue] (n11.west) -- (n11.east);
 \node [anchor=north] (x1) at ([yshift=-6em]n11.south) {$x_1$};
 \node [anchor=north] (labelb) at ([xshift=6em,yshift=-0.5em]x1.south) {\footnotesize{(b) 拟合更大一段函数}};
-\node [anchor=north] (b) at ([yshift=-6em]n10.south) {$\vectorn{\emph{b}}$};
+\node [anchor=north] (b) at ([yshift=-6em]n10.south) {$\mathbi{b}$};
 {
 \draw [->,thick,red] (b.north) -- ([yshift=-0.1em]n10.south);
 \draw [->,thick,ugreen] (x1.north) -- ([yshift=-0.1em]n10.290);

Chapter9/Figures/figure-forward-propagation-hid.tex

 %%%------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 \begin{tikzpicture}
 \begin{scope}
-\node [anchor=center,draw,fill=red!20,minimum height=1.8em,minimum width=2.5em] (h) at (0,0) {${\vectorn{\emph{h}}}^{k-1}$};
-\node [anchor=west,draw,fill=blue!20,minimum height=1.8em,minimum width=2.5em] (s) at ([xshift=6em]h.east) {${\vectorn{\emph{s}}}^{k}$};
-\node [anchor=west,draw,fill=green!20,minimum height=1.8em,minimum width=2.5em] (h2) at ([xshift=6em]s.east) {${\vectorn{\emph{h}}}^{k}$};
+\node [anchor=center,draw,fill=red!20,minimum height=1.8em,minimum width=2.5em] (h) at (0,0) {${\mathbi{h}}^{k-1}$};
+\node [anchor=west,draw,fill=blue!20,minimum height=1.8em,minimum width=2.5em] (s) at ([xshift=6em]h.east) {${\mathbi{s}}^{k}$};
+\node [anchor=west,draw,fill=green!20,minimum height=1.8em,minimum width=2.5em] (h2) at ([xshift=6em]s.east) {${\mathbi{h}}^{k}$};
 \node [anchor=east] (prev) at ([xshift=-2em]h.west) {...};
 \node [anchor=west] (next) at ([xshift=2em]h2.east) {...};
 \draw [->,thick] ([xshift=0.1em]prev.east) -- ([xshift=-0.1em]h.west);
-\draw [->,thick] ([xshift=0.1em]h.east) -- ([xshift=-0.1em]s.west) node [pos=0.5,above] {\scriptsize{${\vectorn{\emph{s}}}^k = {\vectorn{\emph{h}}}^{k-1}{\vectorn{\emph{W}}}^k$}};
-\draw [->,thick] ([xshift=0.1em]s.east) -- ([xshift=-0.1em]h2.west) node [pos=0.5,above] {\scriptsize{${\vectorn{\emph{h}}}^k = f^k({\vectorn{\emph{s}}}^{k})$}};
+\draw [->,thick] ([xshift=0.1em]h.east) -- ([xshift=-0.1em]s.west) node [pos=0.5,above] {\scriptsize{${\mathbi{s}}^k = {\mathbi{h}}^{k-1}{\mathbi{W}}^k$}};
+\draw [->,thick] ([xshift=0.1em]s.east) -- ([xshift=-0.1em]h2.west) node [pos=0.5,above] {\scriptsize{${\mathbi{h}}^k = f^k({\mathbi{s}}^{k})$}};
 \draw [->,thick] ([xshift=0.1em]h2.east) -- ([xshift=-0.1em]next.west);
 
 

Chapter9/Figures/figure-forward-propagation-output.tex

 %%%------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 \begin{tikzpicture}
 \begin{scope}
-\node [anchor=center,minimum height=1.7em,fill=yellow!20,draw] (h) at (0,0) {${\bm h}^{K-1}$};
-\node [anchor=west,minimum height=1.7em,fill=blue!20,draw] (s) at ([xshift=5.5em]h.east) {${\bm s}^{K}$};
-\node [anchor=west,minimum height=1.7em,fill=green!20,draw] (h2) at ([xshift=5.5em]s.east) {${\bm h}^{K}$};
+\node [anchor=center,minimum height=1.7em,fill=yellow!20,draw] (h) at (0,0) {$\mathbi{h}^{K-1}$};
+\node [anchor=west,minimum height=1.7em,fill=blue!20,draw] (s) at ([xshift=5.5em]h.east) {$\mathbi{s}^{K}$};
+\node [anchor=west,minimum height=1.7em,fill=green!20,draw] (h2) at ([xshift=5.5em]s.east) {$\mathbi{h}^{K}$};
 \node [anchor=west,minimum height=1.7em,fill=orange!20,draw] (l) at ([xshift=5.5em]h2.east) {$L$};
 \draw [->] (h.east) -- (s.west);
 \draw [->] (s.east) -- (h2.west);
 \draw [->] (h2.east) -- (l.west) node [pos=0.5,above] {\tiny{损失}};
 
-\node [anchor=south west,inner sep=2pt] (step100) at ([xshift=0.2em,yshift=-0.8em]h.north east) {\tiny{${\bm s}^K = {\bm h}^{K-1} {\bm W}^K$}};
+\node [anchor=south west,inner sep=2pt] (step100) at ([xshift=0.2em,yshift=-0.8em]h.north east) {\tiny{$\mathbi{s}^K = \mathbi{h}^{K-1} \mathbi{W}^K$}};
 \node [anchor=south west,inner sep=2pt] (step101) at ([xshift=1em]step100.north west) {\tiny{线性变换}};
 
-\node [anchor=south west,inner sep=2pt] (step200) at ([xshift=0.5em,yshift=-0.8em]s.north east) {\tiny{${\bm h}^K = f^K({\bm s}^K)$}};
+\node [anchor=south west,inner sep=2pt] (step200) at ([xshift=0.5em,yshift=-0.8em]s.north east) {\tiny{$\mathbi{h}^K = f^K(\mathbi{s}^K)$}};
 \node [anchor=south west,inner sep=2pt] (step201) at ([xshift=1em]step200.north west) {\tiny{激活函数}};
 
 \node [anchor=south,inner sep=1pt] (outputlabel) at ([yshift=0.0em]h2.north) {\tiny{\textbf{输出层}}};

Chapter9/Figures/figure-four-layers-of-neural-network.tex

@@ -19,7 +19,7 @@
     \node [anchor=north] (x\n) at ([yshift=-2em]neuron0\n.south) {$x_\n$};
 }
 
-\node [anchor=west] (w1label) at ([xshift=-0.5em,yshift=0.8em]x5.north east) {${\vectorn{\emph{W}}}^{[1]}$};
+\node [anchor=west] (w1label) at ([xshift=-0.5em,yshift=0.8em]x5.north east) {${\mathbi{W}}^{[1]}$};
 
 \begin{pgfonlayer}{background}
 \node [rectangle,inner sep=0.2em,fill=red!20] [fit = (neuron01) (neuron05)] (layer01) {};
@@ -47,7 +47,7 @@
     }
 }
 
-\node [anchor=west] (w2label) at ([xshift=-2.5em,yshift=5.4em]x5.north east) {${\vectorn{\emph{W}}}^{[2]}$};
+\node [anchor=west] (w2label) at ([xshift=-2.5em,yshift=5.4em]x5.north east) {${\mathbi{W}}^{[2]}$};
 
 \begin{pgfonlayer}{background}
 {
@@ -77,7 +77,7 @@
     \draw [<-,thick] ([yshift=1.1em]neuron2\n.north) -- (neuron2\n.north);
 }
 
-\node [anchor=west] (w3label) at ([xshift=-2.5em,yshift=9.5em]x5.north east) {${\vectorn{\emph{W}}}^{[3]}$};
+\node [anchor=west] (w3label) at ([xshift=-2.5em,yshift=9.5em]x5.north east) {${\mathbi{W}}^{[3]}$};
 
 \begin{pgfonlayer}{background}
 {

Chapter9/Figures/figure-residual-structure.tex

@@ -10,15 +10,15 @@
 
 \node [anchor=north,draw,thick](node2)at ([yshift=-1.2em]node3.south){\small{weight layer}};
 \draw[->,thick](node2.north)--([yshift=0.35em]node3.south);
-\node[anchor=west](node2-1) at ([xshift=2.1em,yshift=1.2em]node2.east) {${\bm x}$};
+\node[anchor=west](node2-1) at ([xshift=2.1em,yshift=1.2em]node2.east) {$\mathbi{x}$};
 \node[anchor=north](node2-2) at ([xshift=0.2em,yshift=-0.3em]node2-1.south) {\footnotesize{$\rm{identity}$}};
 
-\node [anchor=east](node4) at ([xshift=-0.2em]node2.west) {$\textrm{F}({\bm x})$};
-\node [anchor=east](node5) at ([xshift=-0.3em]node3.west) {$\textrm{F}({\bm x})+{\bm x}$};
+\node [anchor=east](node4) at ([xshift=-0.2em]node2.west) {$\textrm{F}(\mathbi{x})$};
+\node [anchor=east](node5) at ([xshift=-0.3em]node3.west) {$\textrm{F}(\mathbi{x})+\mathbi{x}$};
 
 \node [anchor=north](node1) at ([yshift=-1.8em]node2.south) {};
 \draw[->,thick]([yshift=0.0em]node1.north)--(node2.south);
-\node [anchor=east](node1-1) at ([xshift=1em,yshift=0.4em]node1.east) {${\bm x}$};
+\node [anchor=east](node1-1) at ([xshift=1em,yshift=0.4em]node1.east) {$\mathbi{x}$};
 \draw[->,thick]([xshift=-1.3em,yshift=0.8em]node1-1.east)--([xshift=2.7em,yshift=0.8em]node1-1.east)--([xshift=2.7em,yshift=5.35em]node1-1.east)--([xshift=-0.4em]node3.east);
 
 

Chapter9/Figures/figure-rnn-lm.tex

@@ -7,14 +7,14 @@
 \node [anchor=west,rnnnode] (node13) at ([xshift=2em]node12.east) {\scriptsize{RNN Cell}};
 \node [anchor=west,rnnnode] (node14) at ([xshift=2em]node13.east) {\scriptsize{RNN Cell}};
 }
-\node [anchor=north,rnnnode,fill=red!30!white] (e1) at ([yshift=-1.2em]node11.south) {\tiny{${\bm e}_1={\bm o}_1{\bm C}$}};
-\node [anchor=north,rnnnode,fill=red!30!white] (e2) at ([yshift=-1.2em]node12.south) {\tiny{${\bm e}_2={\bm wo}_2{\bm C}$}};
-\node [anchor=north,rnnnode,fill=red!30!white] (e3) at ([yshift=-1.2em]node13.south) {\tiny{${\bm e}_3={\bm o}_3{\bm C}$}};
-\node [anchor=north,rnnnode,fill=red!30!white] (e4) at ([yshift=-1.2em]node14.south) {\tiny{${\bm e}_4={\bm o}_4{\bm C}$}};
-\node [anchor=north] (w1) at ([yshift=-1em]e1.south) {\footnotesize{${\bm o}_1$}};
-\node [anchor=north] (w2) at ([yshift=-1em]e2.south) {\footnotesize{${\bm o}_2$}};
-\node [anchor=north] (w3) at ([yshift=-1em]e3.south) {\footnotesize{${\bm o}_3$}};
-\node [anchor=north] (w4) at ([yshift=-1em]e4.south) {\footnotesize{${\bm o}_4$}};
+\node [anchor=north,rnnnode,fill=red!30!white] (e1) at ([yshift=-1.2em]node11.south) {\tiny{${\mathbi{e}}_1={\mathbi{o}}_1{\mathbi{C}}$}};
+\node [anchor=north,rnnnode,fill=red!30!white] (e2) at ([yshift=-1.2em]node12.south) {\tiny{${\mathbi{e}}_2={\mathbi{o}}_2{\mathbi{C}}$}};
+\node [anchor=north,rnnnode,fill=red!30!white] (e3) at ([yshift=-1.2em]node13.south) {\tiny{${\mathbi{e}}_3={\mathbi{o}}_3{\mathbi{C}}$}};
+\node [anchor=north,rnnnode,fill=red!30!white] (e4) at ([yshift=-1.2em]node14.south) {\tiny{${\mathbi{e}}_4={\mathbi{o}}_4{\mathbi{C}}$}};
+\node [anchor=north] (w1) at ([yshift=-1em]e1.south) {\footnotesize{${\mathbi{o}}_1$}};
+\node [anchor=north] (w2) at ([yshift=-1em]e2.south) {\footnotesize{${\mathbi{o}}_2$}};
+\node [anchor=north] (w3) at ([yshift=-1em]e3.south) {\footnotesize{${\mathbi{o}}_3$}};
+\node [anchor=north] (w4) at ([yshift=-1em]e4.south) {\footnotesize{${\mathbi{o}}_4$}};
 
 \draw [->,thick] ([yshift=0.1em]w1.north)--([yshift=-0.1em]e1.south);
 \draw [->,thick] ([yshift=0.1em]w2.north)--([yshift=-0.1em]e2.south);

Chapter9/Figures/figure-single-layer-of-neural-network-for-weather-prediction.tex

@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@
 \node [anchor=center,neuronnode] (neuron02) at ([yshift=-3em]neuron01) {};
 \node [anchor=east] (x0) at ([xshift=-6em]neuron00.west) {$x_1$};
 \node [anchor=east] (x1) at ([xshift=-6em]neuron01.west) {$x_2$};
-\node [anchor=east] (x2) at ([xshift=-6em]neuron02.west) {${\vectorn{\emph{b}}}$};
+\node [anchor=east] (x2) at ([xshift=-6em]neuron02.west) {$\mathbi{b}$};
 \node [anchor=west] (y0) at ([xshift=4em]neuron00.east) {$y_1$};
 
 \draw [->] (x0.east) -- (neuron00.180) node [pos=0.1,above] {\tiny{$w_{11}$}};
@@ -29,10 +29,10 @@
 \draw [->] (x2.east) -- (neuron02.180) node [pos=0.3,below] {\tiny{$b_{3}$}};
 \draw [->] (neuron02.east) -- (y2.west);
 
-\node [anchor=east,align=left] (inputlabel) at ([xshift=-0.1em]x1.west) {\scriptsize{输入向量}:\\\small{${\vectorn{\emph{x}}}=(x_1,x_2)$}};
+\node [anchor=east,align=left] (inputlabel) at ([xshift=-0.1em]x1.west) {\scriptsize{输入向量}:\\\small{$\mathbi{x}=(x_1,x_2)$}};
 
 
-\node [anchor=west,align=left] (outputlabel) at ([xshift=0.1em]y1.east) {\scriptsize{输出向量}:\\\small{${\vectorn{\emph{y}}}=(y_1,y_2,y_3)$}};
+\node [anchor=west,align=left] (outputlabel) at ([xshift=0.1em]y1.east) {\scriptsize{输出向量}:\\\small{$\mathbi{y}=(y_1,y_2,y_3)$}};
 
 
 \begin{pgfonlayer}{background}

Chapter9/Figures/figure-tensor-mul.tex

@@ -49,7 +49,7 @@
     \node [fill=red!20,inner sep=0pt,minimum height=0.49cm,minimum width=0.49cm] at (\x,\y) {$\number\value{mycount4}$};
     \addtocounter{mycount4}{1};
   }
-\node [anchor=north] (xlabel) at (0,-1.2) {$\vectorn{\emph{x}}$};
+\node [anchor=north] (xlabel) at (0,-1.2) {$\mathbi{x}$};
 }
 \node [anchor=south west] (label14) at (-1.3,0.9) {\footnotesize{\ding{175}}};
 \end{scope}
@@ -65,7 +65,7 @@
 \node [fill=black!20,inner sep=0pt,minimum height=0.49cm,minimum width=0.49cm] at (0.25,0.25) {\small{$-1$}};
 \node [fill=black!20,inner sep=0pt,minimum height=0.49cm,minimum width=0.49cm] at (0.25,-0.25) {$1$};
 \node [fill=black!20,inner sep=0pt,minimum height=0.49cm,minimum width=0.49cm] at (0.25,-0.75) {$0$};
-\node [anchor=north] (xlabel) at (0,-1.2) {$\vectorn{\emph{W}}$};
+\node [anchor=north] (xlabel) at (0,-1.2) {$\mathbi{W}$};
 }
 
 {\draw [->,thick,dashed] (-1.5in+2em+1.5em,-0.3) .. controls +(east:2) and +(west:1) .. (-0.55,0.8) node [pos=0.5,left] {\scriptsize{\textbf{矩阵乘}}};}
@@ -129,7 +129,7 @@
 }
 \node [anchor=south west] (label24) at (-0.8,0.9) {\footnotesize{\ding{175}}};
 {
-\node [anchor=north] (xlabel) at (0,-1.2) {${\vectorn{\emph{x}}} \cdot {\vectorn{\emph{W}}}$};
+\node [anchor=north] (xlabel) at (0,-1.2) {${\mathbi{x}} \cdot {\mathbi{W}}$};
 \node [anchor=center] (elabel) at (-0.7in,0) {\Huge{$\textbf{=}$}};
 }
 \end{scope}

Chapter9/Figures/figure-translation.tex

@@ -19,7 +19,7 @@
 \node[above] at ([xshift=2em,yshift=1em]a2.west){1};
 \node[below] at ([xshift=-0.5em,yshift=0em]a2.west){-1};
 \node [anchor=west] (x) at ([xshift=-3.5cm,yshift=2em]a2.north) {\scriptsize{
-    ${\vectorn{\emph{W}}}=\begin{pmatrix}
+    $\mathbi{W}=\begin{pmatrix}
     1&0&0\\
     0&-1&0\\
     0&0&1
@@ -44,7 +44,7 @@
 
 
 \node [anchor=west] (x) at ([xshift=-4cm,yshift=2em]a3.north) {\scriptsize{
-    ${\vectorn{\emph{b}}}=\begin{pmatrix}
+    $\mathbi{b}=\begin{pmatrix}
     0.5&0&0\\
     0&0&0\\
     0&0&0

Chapter9/Figures/figure-two-layer-neural-network.tex

@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@
 \draw [-,ublue] (n10.west) -- (n10.east);
 \draw [-,ublue] (n11.west) -- (n11.east);
 \node [anchor=north] (x1) at ([yshift=-4em]n11.south) {$x_1$};
-\node [anchor=north] (b) at ([yshift=-4em]n10.south) {$\vectorn{\emph{b}}$};
+\node [anchor=north] (b) at ([yshift=-4em]n10.south) {$\mathbi{b}$};
 {
 \draw [->,thick] (b.north) -- ([yshift=-0.1em]n10.south);
 \draw [->,thick] (x1.north) -- ([yshift=-0.1em]n10.290);

Chapter9/Figures/figure-weather-forward.tex

@@ -15,10 +15,10 @@
 \draw [-,thick](part3.south)--(part4.north);
 
 \node [anchor=north,minimum width=1.5em,minimum height=1.5em] (part4-2) at ([xshift=-1.2em,yshift=-0.2em]part4.south) {\scriptsize {$1\times 2$}};
-\node [anchor=north,minimum width=4.0em,minimum height=1.5em] (part5) at ([yshift=-1.4em]part4.south) {\footnotesize {${\vectorn{\emph{a}}}$}};
+\node [anchor=north,minimum width=4.0em,minimum height=1.5em] (part5) at ([yshift=-1.4em]part4.south) {\footnotesize {$\mathbi{a}$}};
 \draw [-,thick](part4.south)--([yshift=-0.1em]part5.north);
 %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
-\node [anchor=west,minimum width=2.0em,minimum height=1.5em] (part5-3) at ([xshift=-0.8em,yshift=0.2em]part5.east) {\footnotesize {${\vectorn{\emph{W}}}^{[2]}$}};
+\node [anchor=west,minimum width=2.0em,minimum height=1.5em] (part5-3) at ([xshift=-0.8em,yshift=0.2em]part5.east) {\footnotesize {${\mathbi{W}}^{[2]}$}};
 \node [anchor=west,minimum width=2.0em,minimum height=1.5em] (part5-4) at ([xshift=2.0em,yshift=0.0em]part5-3.east) {\footnotesize {$ b^{[2]}$}};
 \draw[-,thick](part4.south)--([xshift=-0.5em]part5-3.north);
 \draw[-,thick](part3.south)--(part5-4.north);
@@ -38,11 +38,11 @@
 \draw [-,thick](part7.south)--(part8.north);
 
 \node [anchor=north,minimum width=1.5em,minimum height=1.5em] (part8-2) at ([xshift=-1.2em,yshift=-0.2em]part8.south) {\scriptsize{$1\times 3$}};
-\node [anchor=north,minimum width=4.0em,minimum height=1.5em] (part9) at ([yshift=-1.4em]part8.south) {\footnotesize {${\vectorn{\emph{x}}}$}};
+\node [anchor=north,minimum width=4.0em,minimum height=1.5em] (part9) at ([yshift=-1.4em]part8.south) {\footnotesize {$\mathbi{x}$}};
 \draw [-,thick](part8.south)--([yshift=-0.1em]part9.north);
 %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
-\node [anchor=west,minimum width=2.0em,minimum height=1.5em] (part9-3) at ([xshift=-0.8em,yshift=0.1em]part9.east) {\footnotesize {${\vectorn{\emph{W}}}^{[1]}$}};
-\node [anchor=west,minimum width=2.0em,minimum height=1.5em] (part9-4) at ([xshift=2.0em,yshift=0.0em]part9-3.east) {\footnotesize {${\vectorn{\emph{b}}}^{[1]}$}};
+\node [anchor=west,minimum width=2.0em,minimum height=1.5em] (part9-3) at ([xshift=-0.8em,yshift=0.1em]part9.east) {\footnotesize {${\mathbi{W}}^{[1]}$}};
+\node [anchor=west,minimum width=2.0em,minimum height=1.5em] (part9-4) at ([xshift=2.0em,yshift=0.0em]part9-3.east) {\footnotesize {${\mathbi{b}}^{[1]}$}};
 \draw[-,thick](part8.south)--([xshift=-0.5em]part9-3.north);
 \draw[-,thick](part7.south)--(part9-4.north);
 \node [anchor=south,minimum width=1.5em,minimum height=1.5em] (part9-3-1) at ([xshift=1.1em,yshift=-0.45em]part9-3.north) {\scriptsize {$3\times 2$}};

Chapter9/Figures/figure-weather.tex

 %%%------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 \begin{tikzpicture}
 \tikzstyle{neuronnode} = [minimum size=2.2em,circle,draw,ublue,very thick,inner sep=1pt, fill=white,align=center,drop shadow={shadow xshift=0.1em,shadow yshift=-0.1em}]
-\node [anchor=west,minimum width=2.0em,minimum height=1.5em] (bias10) at (0,0.05)  {\footnotesize{${\vectorn{\emph{b}}}^{[1]}$}};
+\node [anchor=west,minimum width=2.0em,minimum height=1.5em] (bias10) at (0,0.05)  {\footnotesize{${\mathbi{b}}^{[1]}$}};
 \node [anchor=west,minimum width=2.0em,minimum height=1.5em] (bias11) at ([xshift=-1.5em,yshift=-0.3em]bias10.south)  {\footnotesize{偏置1}};
 \node [anchor=center,rotate=13,fill=white,inner sep=1pt] (b11) at ([yshift=1.0em,xshift=1.8em]bias10.north) {\scriptsize{$b_{11}$}};
 

Chapter9/chapter9.tex

@@ -129,27 +129,14 @@
 
 \parinterval 端到端学习使机器学习不再依赖传统的特征工程方法，因此也不需要繁琐的数据预处理、特征选择、降维等过程，而是直接利用人工神经网络自动从输入数据中提取、组合更复杂的特征，大大提升了模型能力和工程效率。以图\ref{fig:9-2}中的图像分类为例，在传统方法中，图像分类需要很多阶段的处理。首先，需要提取一些手工设计的图像特征，在将其降维之后，需要利用SVM等分类算法对其进行分类。与这种多阶段的流水线似的处理流程相比，端到端深度学习只训练一个神经网络，输入就是图片的像素表示，输出直接是分类类别。
 
-%------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-    \begin{figure}[htp]
-    \centering
-    \subfigcapskip=8pt
-    \subfigure[基于特征工程的机器学习方法做图像分类]{
-    \begin{minipage}{.9\textwidth}
-    \centering
-        \includegraphics[width=8cm]{./Chapter9/Figures/figure-feature-engineering.jpg}
-    \end{minipage}%
-    }
- \vfill
-    \subfigure[端到端学习方法做图像分类]{
-    \begin{minipage}{.9\textwidth}
-        \centering
-        \includegraphics[width=8cm]{./Chapter9/Figures/figure-deep-learning.jpg}
-    \end{minipage}%
-    }
+%----------------------------------------------
+\begin{figure}[htp]
+\centering
+\input{./Chapter9/Figures/figure-compare}
 \caption{特征工程{\small\sffamily\bfseries{vs}}端到端学习}
 \label{fig:9-2}
-\end {figure}
-%------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+\end{figure}
+%----------------------------------------------
 
 \parinterval 传统的机器学习需要人工定义特征，这个过程往往需要对问题的隐含假设。这种方法存在三方面的问题：