\node [anchor=north west] (ht1-3) at ([yshift=0.4em]ht1-2.south west) {\scriptsize{{\color{red}\underline{-mined to}} persist till the last moment.A few days later, almost the whole island sunk into the sea,}};
\node [anchor=north west] (ht1-3) at ([yshift=0.4em]ht1-2.south west) {\scriptsize{{\color{red}\underline{-mined to}} persist till the last moment.A few days later, almost the whole island sunk into the sea,}};
\node [anchor=north west] (ht1-4) at ([yshift=0.4em]ht1-3.south west) {\scriptsize{and LOVE had to {\color{red}\underline{seek for help.}}}};
\node [anchor=north west] (ht1-4) at ([yshift=0.4em]ht1-3.south west) {\scriptsize{and LOVE had to {\color{red}\underline{seek for help.}}}};
%第二段--------------------------------
%原文-------------
\node[anchor=north west] (original4) at ([xshift=-3.5em,yshift=-0.3em]ht1-4.south west) {\scriptsize{源 \qquad 文：这时，富裕乘着一艘大船经过。爱说：``富裕，你能带我走吗？''富裕 答道：``不，我的船中}};
\node[anchor=north west] (original4-1) at ([xshift=3.5em,yshift=0.3em]original4.south west) {\scriptsize{有许多金银财宝，没有你的位置。''爱看见虚荣在一艘华丽的小船上，说：``虚荣，帮帮我吧}};
\node[anchor=north west] (original4-2) at ([yshift=0.3em]original4-1.south west) {\scriptsize{！''``我帮不了你。你全身都湿透了，会弄坏我这漂亮的小船的。''悲哀来了，爱向他求助：``}};
\node[anchor=north west] (original4-3) at ([yshift=0.3em]original4-2.south west) {\scriptsize{悲哀，让我跟你去吧！''``哦，……爱，我实在太悲哀了，想自己一个人呆一会儿！''悲哀答}};
\node[anchor=north west] (original4-4) at ([yshift=0.3em]original4-3.south west) {\scriptsize{道。快乐走近爱的身边，但是她太快乐了，竟然没有听见爱在叫她！}};
%机器翻译--------------
\node [anchor=north west] (mt4) at ([xshift=-3.5em,yshift=-0.3em]original4-4.south west) {\scriptsize{机器翻译：At this time, Richness {\color{red}\underline{passed by}} in a big ship. Love said, ``Rich, can you take me away?'' Richness}};
\node [anchor=north west] (mt4-1) at ([xshift=3.5em,yshift=0.4em]mt4.south west) {\scriptsize{replied, ``No, {\color{red}\underline{there are many treasures}} of gold and silver in my ship,and there is no place for you.''}};
\node [anchor=north west] (mt4-2) at ([xshift=0em,yshift=0.3em]mt4-1.south west) {\scriptsize{ Love saw vanity in a magnificent boat and said, ``Vanity, help me!'' ``I can't help you. You are {\color{red}\underline{soak}}}};
\node [anchor=north west] (mt4-3) at ([yshift=0.4em]mt4-2.south west) {\scriptsize{{\color{red}\underline{-ed to the skin}} and will damage my beautiful boat.'' When sorrow came, love asked him for help: ``}};
\node [anchor=north west] (mt4-4) at ([yshift=0.4em]mt4-3.south west) {\scriptsize{sorrow, let me go with you!'' ``Oh,...love, I am so sad that I want to be alone for a while!'' Sadly rep}};
\node [anchor=north west] (mt4-5) at ([yshift=0.4em]mt4-4.south west) {\scriptsize{-lied. Happiness {\color{red}\underline{approached}} love, but she was too happy to hear love calling her!}};
%人工翻译---------------
\node [anchor=north west] (ht4) at ([xshift=-3.5em,yshift=0.3em]mt4-5.south west) {\scriptsize{人工翻译：At that moment, WEALTH {\color{red}\underline{was passing by}} in a big boat. Love said,``WEALTH, can you take me}};
\node [anchor=north west] (ht4-1) at ([xshift=3.5em,yshift=0.4em]ht4.south west) {\scriptsize{with you?'' WEALTH answered, ``no, {\color{red}\underline{there is a lot}} of gold and silver in my boat. There is no place}};
\node [anchor=north west] (ht4-2) at ([yshift=0.4em]ht4-1.south west) {\scriptsize{for you.'' Love saw VANITY in a beautiful boat and said, ``VANITY, help me!'' ``I can't help you.}};
\node [anchor=north west] (ht4-3) at ([yshift=0.4em]ht4-2.south west) {\scriptsize{You are {\color{red}\underline{all wet,}} and will break my pretty boat.'' Then SADNESS came. Love asked for help,``SAD}};
\node [anchor=north west] (ht4-4) at ([yshift=0.4em]ht4-3.south west) {\scriptsize{-NESS, let me go with you!'' ``Oh,...LOVE, I am so sad that I want to be alone for a while!'' ``Repli}};
\node [anchor=north west] (ht4-5) at ([yshift=0.4em]ht4-4.south west) {\scriptsize{-ed SADNESS. JOY {\color{red}\underline{came close to }} love, but she was so happy that she did not hear him call her!}};
%第三段--------------------------------
\node[anchor=north west] (original8) at ([xshift=-3.5em,yshift=-0.3em]ht4-5.south west) {\scriptsize{源 \qquad 文：突然，一个声音传来：``过来，爱，我带你走。''这是位长者。爱大喜过望，竟忘了问他他}};
\node[anchor=north west] (original8-1) at ([xshift=3.5em,yshift=0.3em]original8.south west) {\scriptsize{的名字。登上陆地后，长者独自走开了。爱对长者感激不尽，问另一位长者知识：``帮我的}};
\node[anchor=north west] (original8-2) at ([yshift=0.3em]original8-1.south west) {\scriptsize{那个人是谁？''``他是时间。''知识老人回答。``时间？''爱问道，``他为什么要帮我？''知识老}};
\node[anchor=north west] (original8-3) at ([yshift=0.3em]original8-2.south west) {\scriptsize{人笑道：``因为只有时间才能理解爱有多么伟大。''}};
%机器翻译--------------
\node [anchor=north west] (mt8) at ([xshift=-3.5em,yshift=0.4em]original8-3.south west) {\scriptsize{机器翻译：Suddenly, a voice {\color{red}\underline{came:}} ``Come here, love, I'll take you away.'' This is an elder. Love was {\color{red}\underline{overjoy}}}};
\node [anchor=north west] (mt8-1) at ([xshift=3.5em,yshift=0.4em]mt8.south west) {\scriptsize{{\color{red}\underline{-ed and}} forgot to ask his name. After landing on land, the elder walked away alone.Love was very}};
\node [anchor=north west] (mt8-2) at ([yshift=0.4em]mt8-1.south west) {\scriptsize{grateful to the elder and asked another elder knowledge, {\color{red}\underline{``Who is the person who helped me?''}} ``He}};
\node [anchor=north west] (mt8-3) at ([yshift=0.4em]mt8-2.south west) {\scriptsize{is time.'' The {\color{red}\underline{old intellectual}} replied. ``Time?'' Love asked,``Why did he help me?'' The old intellec}};
\node [anchor=north west] (mt8-4) at ([yshift=0.4em]mt8-3.south west) {\scriptsize{-tual laughed, ``Because only time canunderstand how great love is.''}};
%人工翻译---------------
\node [anchor=north west] (ht8) at ([xshift=-3.5em,yshift=0.4em]mt8-4.south west) {\scriptsize{人工翻译：Suddenly, a voice {\color{red}\underline{said,}} ``come, LOVE, I'll take you.'' This is an elder. LOVE was {\color{red}\underline{so over that}} she}};
\node [anchor=north west] (ht8-1) at ([xshift=3.5em,yshift=0.4em]ht8.south west) {\scriptsize{forgot to ask his name. After landing on land, the elder walked away}};
\node [anchor=north west] (ht8-2) at ([yshift=0.4em]ht8-1.south west) {\scriptsize{alone.LOVE was so grateful to the elder that she asked KNOWLEDGE, another elder, {\color{red}\underline{``who help}}}};
\node [anchor=north west] (ht8-3) at ([yshift=0.4em]ht8-2.south west) {\scriptsize{{\color{red}\underline{-ed me?''}} ``He is TIME.'' The {\color{red}\underline{old man}} replied. ``TIME?'' LOVE asked. ``why did he help me?'' The}};
\node [anchor=north west] (ht8-4) at ([yshift=0.4em]ht8-3.south west) {\scriptsize{old man smiled and said, ``Because only time can understand how great love is.''}};
\parinterval 通常一个典型的{\small\bfnew{基于转换规则的机器翻译}}\index{基于转换规则的机器翻译}（Transfer Based Translation）\index{Transfer Based Translation}过程可以被视为``独立分析-独立生成-相关转换''的过程\cite{jurafsky2000speech}。如图\ref{fig:1-11}所示，完整的机器翻译过程可以分成六个步骤，其中每一个步骤都是通过相应的翻译规则来完成。比如，第一个步骤中需要构建源语词法分析规则，第二个步骤中需要构建源语句法分析规则，第三个和第四个步骤中需要构建转换规则，其中包括源语-目标语词汇和结构转换规则。
\parinterval 通常一个典型的{\small\bfnew{基于转换规则的机器翻译}}\index{基于转换规则的机器翻译}（Transfer Based Translation）\index{Transfer Based Translation}过程可以被视为“独立分析-独立生成-相关转换”的过程\upcite{jurafsky2000speech}。如图\ref{fig:1-11}所示，完整的机器翻译过程可以分成六个步骤，其中每一个步骤都是通过相应的翻译规则来完成。比如，第一个步骤中需要构建源语词法分析规则，第二个步骤中需要构建源语句法分析规则，第三个和第四个步骤中需要构建转换规则，其中包括源语-目标语词汇和结构转换规则。
\parinterval 基于转换的方法可以通过词汇层、句法层和语义层完成从源语到目标语的转换过程，虽然采用了独立分析和独立生成两个子过程，但中间包含一个从源语到目标语的相关转换过程。这就会导致一个实际问题，假设需要实现$N$个语言之间互译的机器翻译系统，采用基于转换的方法，需要构建$N(N-1)$个不同的机器翻译系统，这个构建代价是非常高的。为了解决这个问题，一种有效的解决方案是使用{\small\bfnew{基于中间语言的机器翻译}}\index{基于中间语言的机器翻译}（Interlingua Based Translation）\index{Interlingua Based Translation}方法。
\parinterval 基于转换的方法可以通过词汇层、句法层和语义层完成从源语到目标语的转换过程，虽然采用了独立分析和独立生成两个子过程，但中间包含一个从源语到目标语的相关转换过程。这就会导致一个实际问题，假设需要实现$N$个语言之间互译的机器翻译系统，采用基于转换的方法，需要构建$N(N-1)$个不同的机器翻译系统，这个构建代价是非常高的。为了解决这个问题，一种有效的解决方案是使用{\small\bfnew{基于中间语言的机器翻译}}\index{基于中间语言的机器翻译}（Interlingua Based Translation）\index{Interlingua Based Translation}方法。
\parinterval《Foundations of Statistical Natural Language Processing》\cite{manning1999foundations}中文译名《统计自然语言处理基础》，作者是自然语言处理领域的权威Chris Manning教授和Hinrich Sch$\ddot{\textrm{u}}$tze教授。该书对统计自然语言处理方法进行了全面介绍。书中讲解了统计自然语言处理所需的语言学和概率论基础知识，介绍了机器翻译评价、语言建模、判别式训练以及整合语言学信息等基础方法。其中也包含了构建自然语言处理工具所需的基本理论和算法，提供了对数学和语言学基础内容广泛而严格的覆盖，以及统计方法的详细讨论。
\parinterval Ian Goodfellow、Yoshua Bengio、Aaron Courville三位机器学习领域的学者所写的《Deep Learning》\cite{Goodfellow-et-al-2016}也是值得一读的参考书。其讲解了有关深度学习常用的方法，其中很多都会在深度学习模型设计和使用中用到。同时在该书的应用一章中也简单讲解了神经机器翻译的任务定义和发展过程。
\parinterval Ian Goodfellow、Yoshua Bengio、Aaron Courville三位机器学习领域的学者所写的《Deep Learning》\upcite{Goodfellow-et-al-2016}也是值得一读的参考书。其讲解了有关深度学习常用的方法，其中很多都会在深度学习模型设计和使用中用到。同时在该书的应用一章中也简单讲解了神经机器翻译的任务定义和发展过程。
\parinterval《Neural Network Methods for Natural Language Processing》\cite{goldberg2017neural}是Yoav Goldberg编写的面向自然语言处理的深度学习参考书。相比《Deep Learning》，该书聚焦在自然语言处理中的深度学习方法，内容更加易读，非常适合刚入门自然语言处理及深度学习应用的人员参考。
除了会议之外，《中文信息学报》、《Computational Linguistics》、《Machine Translation》、《Transactions of the Association for Computational Linguistics》、《IEEE/ACM Transactions on Audio, Speech, and Language Processing》、《ACM Transactions on Asian and Low Resource Language Information Processing》、《Natural Language Engineering》等期刊也发表了许多与机器翻译相关的重要论文。
除了会议之外，《中文信息学报》、\emph{Computational Linguistics}、\emph{Machine Translation}、\emph{Transactions of the Association for Computational Linguistics}、\emph{IEEE/ACM Transactions on Audio, Speech, and Language Processing}、\emph{ACM Transactions on Asian and Low Resource Language Information Processing}、\emph{Natural Language Engineering}等期刊也发表了许多与机器翻译相关的重要论文。
