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composed rules

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正在显示 包含 341 行增加 和 158 行删除
Section04-Phrasal-and-Syntactic-Models/section04-test.tex
......@@ -146,144 +146,10 @@
\subsection{翻译规则抽取}
%%%------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
%%% 规则抽取
\begin{frame}{规则抽取 - 树的切割}
%%% 组合规则
\begin{frame}{更多的规则 - 组合规则}
\begin{itemize}
\item 所有可信节点构成了句法树的边缘集合(frontier set)，进而得到树的一种\alert{切割}以及切割得到的树片段(或规则)
\end{itemize}
\begin{center}
\begin{tikzpicture}
{\scriptsize
\begin{scope}[scale = 0.9, sibling distance=20pt, level distance=30pt]
\Tree[.\node(n1){IP};
[.\node(n2){NP}; [.\node(n3){PN}; \node(cw1){他}; ]]
[.\node(n4){VP};
[.\node(n5){PP};
[.\node(n6){P}; \node(cw2){对}; ]
[.\node(n7){NP};
[.\node(n8){NN}; \node(cw3){回答}; ]
]
]
[.\node(n9){VP};
[.\node(n10){VV}; \node(cw4){表示}; ]
[.\node(n11){NN}; \node(cw5){满意}; ]
]
]
]
\begin{pgfonlayer}{background}
\visible<2->{
\node [rectangle,fill=orange!20,inner sep=0] [fit = (n11)] (n11box) {};
\node [rectangle,fill=green!20,inner sep=0] [fit = (n4)] (n4box) {};
\node [rectangle,fill=green!20,inner sep=0] [fit = (n1)] (n1box) {};
\node [rectangle,fill=green!20,inner sep=0] [fit = (n2)] (n2box) {};
\node [rectangle,fill=green!20,inner sep=0] [fit = (n3)] (n3box) {};
\node [rectangle,fill=green!20,inner sep=0] [fit = (n5)] (n5box) {};
\node [rectangle,fill=green!20,inner sep=0] [fit = (n6)] (n6box) {};
\node [rectangle,fill=green!20,inner sep=0] [fit = (n7)] (n7box) {};
\node [rectangle,fill=green!20,inner sep=0] [fit = (n8)] (n8box) {};
\node [rectangle,fill=green!20,inner sep=0] [fit = (n9)] (n9box) {};
\node [rectangle,fill=orange!20,inner sep=0] [fit = (n10)] (n10box) {};
\node [anchor=north west, minimum size=1.2em, fill=green!20] (land1) at ([xshift=7.0em,yshift=0em]n1.north east) {};
\node [anchor=west] (land1label) at (land1.east) {\scriptsize{可信}};
\node [anchor=north west, minimum size=1.2em, fill=orange!20] (land2) at ([yshift=-0.3em]land1.south west) {};
\node [anchor=west] (land2label) at (land2.east) {\scriptsize{不可信}};
}
\end{pgfonlayer}
\node[anchor=north,minimum size=18pt] (tw1) at ([yshift=-10.0em]cw1.south){he};
\node[anchor=west,minimum size=18pt] (tw2) at ([yshift=-0.1em,xshift=0.3em]tw1.east){was};
\node[anchor=west,minimum size=18pt] (tw3) at ([yshift=0.1em,xshift=0.3em]tw2.east){satisfied};
\node[anchor=west,minimum size=18pt] (tw4) at ([xshift=0.3em]tw3.east){with};
\node[anchor=west,minimum size=18pt] (tw5) at ([xshift=0.3em]tw4.east){the};
\node[anchor=west,minimum size=18pt] (tw6) at ([yshift=-0.1em,xshift=0.3em]tw5.east){answer};
\draw[dashed] (cw1.south) -- ([yshift=-0.4em]tw1.north);
\draw[dashed] (cw2.south) .. controls +(south:2.0) and +(north:0.6) .. ([yshift=-0.4em]tw4.north);
\draw[dashed] (cw3.south) -- ([yshift=-0.4em]tw5.north);
\draw[dashed] (cw3.south) -- ([yshift=-0.4em]tw6.north);
\draw[dashed] (cw4.south) .. controls +(south:2.5) and +(north:0.6) .. ([yshift=-0.4em]tw3.north);
\draw[dashed] (cw5.south) .. controls +(south:2.5) and +(north:0.6) .. ([yshift=-0.4em]tw3.north);
\end{scope}
\begin{scope} [yshift = -1.87in, xshift = 1.9in]
\visible<3->{
\begin{scope}[level distance=20pt]
\node[scale=0.8, inner sep=0.1cm,align=center,draw] (cfrag1) at
(0,0.25) {\Tree[.\node(sn1){NP}; [.\node(sn2){PN}; 他 ]]};
\end{scope}
\begin{scope}[level distance=20pt]
\node[scale=0.8, inner sep=0.1cm,align=center,anchor=south west,draw] (cfrag2) at
([xshift=1.2em]cfrag1.south east) {\Tree[.\node(sn3){P}; 对 ]};
\end{scope}
\begin{scope}[level distance=20pt]
\node[scale=0.8, inner sep=0.1cm,align=center,anchor=south west,draw] (cfrag3) at
([xshift=1.2em]cfrag2.south east) {\Tree[.\node(sn4){NP}; [.NN 回答 ]]};
\end{scope}
\begin{scope}[sibling distance=15pt,level distance=20pt]
\node[scale=0.8, inner sep=0.1cm,align=center,anchor=south west,draw] (cfrag4) at
([xshift=1.4em]cfrag3.south east) {\Tree[.\node(sn5){VP}; [.\node(sn6){VV}; 表示 ] [.\node(sn7){NN}; 满意 ]]};
\end{scope}
\begin{scope}[sibling distance=20pt,,level distance=25pt]
\node[scale=0.8, inner sep=0.1cm,align=center,anchor=south west,draw] (cfrag5) at
([xshift=0.3em,yshift=2.2em]cfrag2.north west) {\Tree[.\node(sn8){PP}; [.\node(sn9){P}; ] [.\node(sn10){NP}; ]]};
\end{scope}
\begin{scope}[sibling distance=60pt]
\node[scale=0.8, inner sep=0.1cm,align=center,anchor=south west,draw] (cfrag6) at
([xshift=1.6em,yshift=0.5em]cfrag5.north west) {\Tree[.\node(sn11){VP}; [.\node(sn12){PP}; ] [.\node(sn13){VP}; ]]};
\end{scope}
\begin{scope}[sibling distance=80pt,level distance=18pt]
\node[scale=0.8, inner sep=0.1cm,align=center,anchor=south east,draw] (cfrag7) at
([xshift=-3.6em,yshift=0.5em]cfrag6.north east) {\Tree[.\node(sn14){IP}; [.\node(sn15){NP}; ] [.\node(sn16){VP}; ]]};
\end{scope}
\node[scale=0.9,anchor=north,minimum size=18pt] (tw11) at ([xshift=-0.3em,yshift=-1.2em]cfrag1.south){he};
\node[scale=0.9,anchor=west,minimum size=18pt] (tw12) at ([yshift=-0.1em,xshift=0.5em]tw11.east){was};
\node[scale=0.9,anchor=west,minimum size=18pt] (tw13) at ([yshift=0.1em,xshift=0.5em]tw12.east){satisfied};
\node[scale=0.9,anchor=west,minimum size=18pt] (tw14) at ([xshift=0.5em]tw13.east){with};
\node[scale=0.9,anchor=west,minimum size=18pt] (tw15) at ([xshift=0.5em]tw14.east){the};
\node[scale=0.9,anchor=west,minimum size=18pt] (tw16) at ([yshift=-0.1em,xshift=0.5em]tw15.east){answer};
\draw[dashed] ([xshift=-0.3em]cfrag1.south) -- ([yshift=-0.3em]tw11.north);
\draw[dashed] (cfrag2.south) -- ([yshift=-0.4em]tw14.north);
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\draw[dashed] (cfrag3.south) -- ([yshift=-0.4em]tw16.north);
\draw[dashed] (cfrag4.south) .. controls +(south:0.6) and +(north:0.6) .. ([yshift=-0.4em]tw13.north);
\draw[*-*] ([xshift=0.0em,yshift=-0.2em]cfrag1.north) -- ([xshift=0.0em,yshift=10.0em]cfrag1.north);
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\draw[*-*] ([xshift=0.1em,yshift=-0.4em]cfrag3.north) -- ([xshift=0.1em,yshift=0.7em]cfrag3.north);
\draw[*-*] ([xshift=0.0em,yshift=-0.2em]cfrag4.north) -- ([xshift=0.0em,yshift=5.1em]cfrag4.north);
\draw[*-*] ([xshift=0.1em,yshift=-0.2em]cfrag5.north) -- ([xshift=0.1em,yshift=0.9em]cfrag5.north);
\draw[*-*] ([xshift=0.0em,yshift=-0.2em]cfrag6.north) -- ([xshift=0.0em,yshift=0.9em]cfrag6.north);
}
\end{scope}
}
\end{tikzpicture}
\end{center}
\end{frame}
%%%------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
%%% 最小规则
\begin{frame}{规则抽取 - 最小规则}
\begin{itemize}
\item 边缘集合所对应的树切割，产生了若干树片段，这些树片段内部包含其它的切割点，每个树片段都对应了一条最小翻译规则(即无法继续分解的规则)。见如下示例
\item 最小规则之间可以进行组合，得到更大粒度的组合规则，可以使用更多上下文信息，并进行更复杂的调序。比如，三条最小规则组合成一条composed-3规则
\end{itemize}
\begin{minipage}[b]{0.47\textwidth}
......@@ -291,17 +157,17 @@
\renewcommand*{\arraystretch}{1.3}
\begin{tabular}{l l}
\visible<2->{$r_1$} & \visible<2->{NP(PN(他)) $\to$ he} \\
\visible<3->{$r_2$} & \visible<3->{P(对) $\to$ with} \\
\visible<4->{$r_3$} & \visible<4->{NP(NN(回答)) $\to$ the answer} \\
\visible<5->{$r_4$} & \visible<5->{VP(VV(表示) NN(满意) $\to$} \\
& \visible<5->{satisfied} \\
\visible<6->{$r_5$} & \visible<6->{PP(P$_1$ NP$_2$) $\to$} \\
& \visible<6->{P$_1$ NP$_2$} \\
\visible<6->{$r_6$} & \visible<6->{VP(PP$_1$ VP$_2$) $\to$} \\
& \visible<6->{VP$_2$ PP$_1$} \\
\visible<6->{$r_7$} & \visible<6->{IP(NP$_1$ VP$_2$) $\to$} \\
& \visible<6->{NP$_1$ VP$_2$} \\
& \\
\visible<2->{$r_5$} & \visible<2->{PP(P$_1$ NP$_2$) $\to$ P$_1$ NP$_2$} \\
\visible<2->{$r_6$} & \visible<2->{VP(PP$_1$ VP$_2$) $\to$ VP$_2$ PP$_1$} \\
\visible<2->{$r_7$} & \visible<2->{IP(NP$_1$ VP$_2$) $\to$ NP$_1$ VP$_2$} \\
\visible<3->{\alert{$r_{1,7}$}} & \visible<3->{IP(NP(PN(他)) VP$_1$) $\to$} \\
& \visible<3->{he VP$_1$}\\
\visible<4->{\alert{$r_{1,6}$}} & \visible<4->{IP(NP(PN(他)) VP(PP$_1$ VP$_2$))} \\
\visible<4->{\alert{\ $^{,7}$}} & \visible<4->{$\to$ he VP$_2$ PP$_1$}\\
\visible<5->{\alert{$r_{1,5}$}} & \visible<5->{IP(NP(PN(他)) } \\
\visible<5->{\alert{\ $^{,6,7}$}} & \visible<5->{VP(P$_1$ NP$_2$ VP$_3$))}\\
& \visible<5->{$\to$ he VP$_3$ P$_1$ NP$_2$}\\
& \\
\end{tabular}
\renewcommand*{\arraystretch}{1.0}
}
......@@ -313,7 +179,7 @@
{\scriptsize
\begin{scope}
\visible<1->{
\visible<2->{
\begin{scope}[level distance=20pt]
\node[scale=0.8, inner sep=0.1cm,align=center,draw] (cfrag1) at
(0,0.25) {\Tree[.\node(sn1){NP}; [.\node(sn2){PN}; 他 ]]};
......@@ -369,23 +235,35 @@
\draw[*-*] ([xshift=0.1em,yshift=-0.2em]cfrag5.north) -- ([xshift=0.1em,yshift=0.9em]cfrag5.north);
\draw[*-*] ([xshift=0.0em,yshift=-0.2em]cfrag6.north) -- ([xshift=0.0em,yshift=0.9em]cfrag6.north);
\visible<2->{
\visible<3->{
\node [fill=blue,circle,inner sep=2pt] (rlabel1) at (cfrag1.south east) {{\color{white} \tiny{1}}};
\draw[*-*,red,thick] ([xshift=0.0em,yshift=-0.2em]cfrag1.north) -- ([xshift=0.0em,yshift=10.0em]cfrag1.north);
}
\visible<5->{
\node [fill=blue,circle,inner sep=2pt] (rlabel5) at (cfrag5.north west) {{\color{white} \tiny{5}}};
\draw[*-*,red] ([xshift=0.0em,yshift=-0.2em]cfrag6.north) -- ([xshift=0.0em,yshift=0.9em]cfrag6.north);
}
\visible<4->{
\node [fill=blue,circle,inner sep=2pt] (rlabel6) at (cfrag6.north east) {{\color{white} \tiny{6}}};
\draw[*-*,red] ([xshift=0.1em,yshift=-0.2em]cfrag5.north) -- ([xshift=0.1em,yshift=0.9em]cfrag5.north);
}
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\node [fill=blue,circle,inner sep=2pt] (rlabel7) at (cfrag7.south west) {{\color{white} \tiny{7}}};
}
\begin{pgfonlayer}{background}
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\node [fill=blue,circle,inner sep=2pt] (rlabel2) at (cfrag2.south east) {{\color{white} \tiny{2}}};
\node [fill=green!20,inner sep=0pt] (cfrag1back) [fit = (cfrag1)] {};
\node [fill=green!20,inner sep=0pt] (cfrag1back) [fit = (cfrag7)] {};
}
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\node [fill=blue,circle,inner sep=2pt] (rlabel3) at (cfrag3.south east) {{\color{white} \tiny{3}}};
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}
\visible<5->{
\node [fill=blue,circle,inner sep=2pt] (rlabel4) at (cfrag4.south east) {{\color{white} \tiny{4}}};
}
\visible<6->{
\node [fill=blue,circle,inner sep=2pt] (rlabel5) at (cfrag5.north west) {{\color{white} \tiny{5}}};
\node [fill=blue,circle,inner sep=2pt] (rlabel6) at (cfrag6.north east) {{\color{white} \tiny{6}}};
\node [fill=blue,circle,inner sep=2pt] (rlabel7) at (cfrag7.south west) {{\color{white} \tiny{7}}};
\node [fill=green!20,inner sep=0pt] (cfrag1back) [fit = (cfrag5)] {};
}
\end{pgfonlayer}
}
\end{scope}
......
Section04-Phrasal-and-Syntactic-Models/section04.tex
......@@ -3158,6 +3158,7 @@ $\textrm{VP(VV(提高) NN}_1) \to \textrm{increases\ NN}_1$ \\
{\scriptsize
\begin{scope}[scale = 0.9, sibling distance=20pt, level distance=30pt]
{\footnotesize
\Tree[.\node(n1){IP};
[.\node(n2){NP}; [.\node(n3){PN}; \node(cw1){他}; ]]
[.\node(n4){VP};
......@@ -3173,6 +3174,7 @@ $\textrm{VP(VV(提高) NN}_1) \to \textrm{increases\ NN}_1$ \\
]
]
]
}
\begin{pgfonlayer}{background}
......@@ -3395,6 +3397,309 @@ $\textrm{VP(VV(提高) NN}_1) \to \textrm{increases\ NN}_1$ \\
\end{frame}
%%%------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
%%% unary rule
\begin{frame}{一元规则}
\begin{itemize}
\item 上述例子中，词性生成单词的过程对应一种\alert{一元规则}，即树的孩子节点只有一个，例如 \\
\vspace{0.5em}
\begin{center}
NP(PN(他)) $\to$ he
\end{center}
\vspace{0.5em}
显然，NP只有一个孩子PN，PN只有一个孩子he。实际上，这条规则对应两条规则的组合
\vspace{0.5em}
\begin{center}
PN(他) $\to$ he\\
\vspace{0.3em}
NP(PN$_1$) $\to$ PN$_1$
\end{center}
\vspace{0.5em}
这里，把两条一元规则合并成``NP(PN(他)) $\to$ he''主要是出于系统实现的考虑，因为允许任意词性到句法标记的一元规则会大大增加翻译假设数量，但是本质上这些一元规则并没有带来太多新的信息\\
\vspace{0.2em}
这也是为什么上图中PN虽然是可信节点，但是没有作为树切割的边界
\end{itemize}
\end{frame}
%%%------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
%%% 处理空对其单词
\begin{frame}{更多的规则 - 处理空对齐}
\begin{itemize}
\item 句法翻译系统成功的前提是规则可以覆盖尽可能多的语言现象。为了得到覆盖度更高的规则集，需要处理空对齐的情况 - 把空对齐单词附着在所有可能的规则上
\end{itemize}
\begin{minipage}[b]{0.47\textwidth}
{\footnotesize
\renewcommand*{\arraystretch}{1.3}
\begin{tabular}{l l}
\visible<2->{$r_1$} & \visible<2->{NP(PN(他)) $\to$ he} \\
\visible<2->{$r_4$} & \visible<2->{VP(VV(表示) NN(满意) $\to$} \\
& \visible<2->{satisfied} \\
\visible<2->{$r_6$} & \visible<2->{VP(PP$_1$ VP$_2$) $\to$ VP$_2$ PP$_1$} \\
\visible<2->{$r_7$} & \visible<2->{IP(NP$_1$ VP$_2$) $\to$ NP$_1$ VP$_2$} \\
\visible<4->{$r_8$} & \visible<4->{NP(PN(他)) $\to$ he \alert{was}} \\
\visible<5->{$r_9$} & \visible<5->{VP(VV(表示) NN(满意)) $\to$} \\
& \visible<5->{\alert{was} satisfied} \\
\visible<6->{$r_{10}$} & \visible<6->{VP(PP$_1$ VP$_2$) $\to$} \\
& \visible<6->{\alert{was} VP$_2$ PP$_1$} \\
\visible<7->{$r_{11}$} & \visible<7->{IP(NP$_1$ VP$_2$) $\to$} \\
& \visible<7->{NP$_1$ \alert{was} VP$_2$} \\
\end{tabular}
\renewcommand*{\arraystretch}{1.0}
}
\end{minipage}
\hfill
\begin{minipage}[t]{0.47\textwidth}
\begin{tikzpicture}
{\scriptsize
\begin{scope}
\visible<2->{
\begin{scope}[level distance=20pt]
\node[scale=0.8, inner sep=0.1cm,align=center,draw] (cfrag1) at
(0,0.25) {\Tree[.\node(sn1){NP}; [.\node(sn2){PN}; 他 ]]};
\end{scope}
\begin{scope}[level distance=20pt]
\node[scale=0.8, inner sep=0.1cm,align=center,anchor=south west,draw] (cfrag2) at
([xshift=1.2em]cfrag1.south east) {\Tree[.\node(sn3){P}; 对 ]};
\end{scope}
\begin{scope}[level distance=20pt]
\node[scale=0.8, inner sep=0.1cm,align=center,anchor=south west,draw] (cfrag3) at
([xshift=1.2em]cfrag2.south east) {\Tree[.\node(sn4){NP}; [.NN 回答 ]]};
\end{scope}
\begin{scope}[sibling distance=15pt,level distance=20pt]
\node[scale=0.8, inner sep=0.1cm,align=center,anchor=south west,draw] (cfrag4) at
([xshift=1.4em]cfrag3.south east) {\Tree[.\node(sn5){VP}; [.\node(sn6){VV}; 表示 ] [.\node(sn7){NN}; 满意 ]]};
\end{scope}
\begin{scope}[sibling distance=20pt,,level distance=25pt]
\node[scale=0.8, inner sep=0.1cm,align=center,anchor=south west,draw] (cfrag5) at
([xshift=0.3em,yshift=2.2em]cfrag2.north west) {\Tree[.\node(sn8){PP}; [.\node(sn9){P}; ] [.\node(sn10){NP}; ]]};
\end{scope}
\begin{scope}[sibling distance=60pt]
\node[scale=0.8, inner sep=0.1cm,align=center,anchor=south west,draw] (cfrag6) at
([xshift=1.6em,yshift=0.5em]cfrag5.north west) {\Tree[.\node(sn11){VP}; [.\node(sn12){PP}; ] [.\node(sn13){VP}; ]]};
\end{scope}
\begin{scope}[sibling distance=80pt,level distance=18pt]
\node[scale=0.8, inner sep=0.1cm,align=center,anchor=south east,draw] (cfrag7) at
([xshift=-3.6em,yshift=0.5em]cfrag6.north east) {\Tree[.\node(sn14){IP}; [.\node(sn15){NP}; ] [.\node(sn16){VP}; ]]};
\end{scope}
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\node[scale=0.9,anchor=west,minimum size=18pt] (tw12) at ([yshift=-0.1em,xshift=0.5em]tw11.east){was};
\node[scale=0.9,anchor=west,minimum size=18pt] (tw13) at ([yshift=0.1em,xshift=0.5em]tw12.east){satisfied};
\node[scale=0.9,anchor=west,minimum size=18pt] (tw14) at ([xshift=0.5em]tw13.east){with};
\node[scale=0.9,anchor=west,minimum size=18pt] (tw15) at ([xshift=0.5em]tw14.east){the};
\node[scale=0.9,anchor=west,minimum size=18pt] (tw16) at ([yshift=-0.1em,xshift=0.5em]tw15.east){answer};
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\draw[dashed] (cfrag3.south) -- ([yshift=-0.4em]tw16.north);
\draw[dashed] (cfrag4.south) .. controls +(south:0.6) and +(north:0.6) .. ([yshift=-0.4em]tw13.north);
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\node [fill=blue,circle,inner sep=2pt] (rlabel1) at (cfrag1.south east) {{\color{white} \tiny{1}}};
}
%\node [fill=blue,circle,inner sep=2pt] (rlabel2) at (cfrag2.south east) {{\color{white} \tiny{2}}};
%\node [fill=blue,circle,inner sep=2pt] (rlabel3) at (cfrag3.south east) {{\color{white} \tiny{3}}};
\visible<5->{
\node [fill=blue,circle,inner sep=2pt] (rlabel4) at (cfrag4.south east) {{\color{white} \tiny{4}}};
}
%\node [fill=blue,circle,inner sep=2pt] (rlabel5) at (cfrag5.north west) {{\color{white} \tiny{5}}};
\visible<6->{
\node [fill=blue,circle,inner sep=2pt] (rlabel6) at (cfrag6.north east) {{\color{white} \tiny{6}}};
}
\visible<7->{
\node [fill=blue,circle,inner sep=2pt] (rlabel7) at (cfrag7.south west) {{\color{white} \tiny{7}}};
}
\visible<3->{
\node [fill=white,draw=red,thick] (tw12label) at (tw12) {\alert{was}};
}
\visible<4->{
\draw [->,red] ([xshift=0.2em]tw12label.north west) .. controls +(north:0.4) and +(south:0.4) .. ([xshift=0em]cfrag1.south);
}
\visible<7->{
\draw [->,red] ([xshift=0.8em]tw12label.north west) -- ([xshift=0.8em,yshift=16.8em]tw12label.north west);
}
\visible<6->{
\draw [->,red] ([xshift=0.2em]tw12label.north) .. controls +(north:7em) and +(south:11em) .. ([xshift=0em]cfrag6.south);
}
\visible<5->{
\draw [->,red] ([xshift=0.6em]tw12label.north) -- ([xshift=-2em]cfrag4.south);
}
\begin{pgfonlayer}{background}
\visible<4->{
\node [fill=green!20,inner sep=0pt] (cfrag1back) [fit = (cfrag1)] {};
}
\visible<5->{
\node [fill=green!20,inner sep=0pt] (cfrag1back) [fit = (cfrag4)] {};
}
\visible<6->{
\node [fill=green!20,inner sep=0pt] (cfrag1back) [fit = (cfrag6)] {};
}
\visible<7->{
\node [fill=green!20,inner sep=0pt] (cfrag1back) [fit = (cfrag7)] {};
}
\end{pgfonlayer}
}
\end{scope}
}
\end{tikzpicture}
\end{minipage}
\end{frame}
%%%------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
%%% 组合规则
\begin{frame}{更多的规则 - 组合规则}
\begin{itemize}
\item 最小规则之间可以进行组合，得到更大粒度的组合规则，可以使用更多上下文信息，并进行更复杂的调序。比如，三条最小规则组合成一条composed-3规则
\end{itemize}
\begin{minipage}[b]{0.47\textwidth}
{\footnotesize
\renewcommand*{\arraystretch}{1.3}
\begin{tabular}{l l}
\visible<2->{$r_1$} & \visible<2->{NP(PN(他)) $\to$ he} \\
\visible<2->{$r_5$} & \visible<2->{PP(P$_1$ NP$_2$) $\to$ P$_1$ NP$_2$} \\
\visible<2->{$r_6$} & \visible<2->{VP(PP$_1$ VP$_2$) $\to$ VP$_2$ PP$_1$} \\
\visible<2->{$r_7$} & \visible<2->{IP(NP$_1$ VP$_2$) $\to$ NP$_1$ VP$_2$} \\
\visible<3->{\alert{$r_{1,7}$}} & \visible<3->{IP(NP(PN(他)) VP$_1$) $\to$} \\
& \visible<3->{he VP$_1$}\\
\visible<4->{\alert{$r_{1,6}$}} & \visible<4->{IP(NP(PN(他)) VP(PP$_1$ VP$_2$))} \\
\visible<4->{\alert{\ $^{,7}$}} & \visible<4->{$\to$ he VP$_2$ PP$_1$}\\
\visible<5->{\alert{$r_{1,5}$}} & \visible<5->{IP(NP(PN(他)) } \\
\visible<5->{\alert{\ $^{,6,7}$}} & \visible<5->{VP(P$_1$ NP$_2$ VP$_3$))}\\
& \visible<5->{$\to$ he VP$_3$ P$_1$ NP$_2$}\\
& \\
\end{tabular}
\renewcommand*{\arraystretch}{1.0}
}
\end{minipage}
\hfill
\begin{minipage}[t]{0.47\textwidth}
\begin{tikzpicture}
{\scriptsize
\begin{scope}
\visible<2->{
\begin{scope}[level distance=20pt]
\node[scale=0.8, inner sep=0.1cm,align=center,draw] (cfrag1) at
(0,0.25) {\Tree[.\node(sn1){NP}; [.\node(sn2){PN}; 他 ]]};
\end{scope}
\begin{scope}[level distance=20pt]
\node[scale=0.8, inner sep=0.1cm,align=center,anchor=south west,draw] (cfrag2) at
([xshift=1.2em]cfrag1.south east) {\Tree[.\node(sn3){P}; 对 ]};
\end{scope}
\begin{scope}[level distance=20pt]
\node[scale=0.8, inner sep=0.1cm,align=center,anchor=south west,draw] (cfrag3) at
([xshift=1.2em]cfrag2.south east) {\Tree[.\node(sn4){NP}; [.NN 回答 ]]};
\end{scope}
\begin{scope}[sibling distance=15pt,level distance=20pt]
\node[scale=0.8, inner sep=0.1cm,align=center,anchor=south west,draw] (cfrag4) at
([xshift=1.4em]cfrag3.south east) {\Tree[.\node(sn5){VP}; [.\node(sn6){VV}; 表示 ] [.\node(sn7){NN}; 满意 ]]};
\end{scope}
\begin{scope}[sibling distance=20pt,,level distance=25pt]
\node[scale=0.8, inner sep=0.1cm,align=center,anchor=south west,draw] (cfrag5) at
([xshift=0.3em,yshift=2.2em]cfrag2.north west) {\Tree[.\node(sn8){PP}; [.\node(sn9){P}; ] [.\node(sn10){NP}; ]]};
\end{scope}
\begin{scope}[sibling distance=60pt]
\node[scale=0.8, inner sep=0.1cm,align=center,anchor=south west,draw] (cfrag6) at
([xshift=1.6em,yshift=0.5em]cfrag5.north west) {\Tree[.\node(sn11){VP}; [.\node(sn12){PP}; ] [.\node(sn13){VP}; ]]};
\end{scope}
\begin{scope}[sibling distance=80pt,level distance=18pt]
\node[scale=0.8, inner sep=0.1cm,align=center,anchor=south east,draw] (cfrag7) at
([xshift=-3.6em,yshift=0.5em]cfrag6.north east) {\Tree[.\node(sn14){IP}; [.\node(sn15){NP}; ] [.\node(sn16){VP}; ]]};
\end{scope}
\node[scale=0.9,anchor=north,minimum size=18pt] (tw11) at ([xshift=-0.3em,yshift=-1.2em]cfrag1.south){he};
\node[scale=0.9,anchor=west,minimum size=18pt] (tw12) at ([yshift=-0.1em,xshift=0.5em]tw11.east){was};
\node[scale=0.9,anchor=west,minimum size=18pt] (tw13) at ([yshift=0.1em,xshift=0.5em]tw12.east){satisfied};
\node[scale=0.9,anchor=west,minimum size=18pt] (tw14) at ([xshift=0.5em]tw13.east){with};
\node[scale=0.9,anchor=west,minimum size=18pt] (tw15) at ([xshift=0.5em]tw14.east){the};
\node[scale=0.9,anchor=west,minimum size=18pt] (tw16) at ([yshift=-0.1em,xshift=0.5em]tw15.east){answer};
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\draw[*-*] ([xshift=0.1em,yshift=-0.4em]cfrag3.north) -- ([xshift=0.1em,yshift=0.7em]cfrag3.north);
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\draw[*-*] ([xshift=0.0em,yshift=-0.2em]cfrag6.north) -- ([xshift=0.0em,yshift=0.9em]cfrag6.north);
\visible<3->{
\node [fill=blue,circle,inner sep=2pt] (rlabel1) at (cfrag1.south east) {{\color{white} \tiny{1}}};
\draw[*-*,red,thick] ([xshift=0.0em,yshift=-0.2em]cfrag1.north) -- ([xshift=0.0em,yshift=10.0em]cfrag1.north);
}
\visible<5->{
\node [fill=blue,circle,inner sep=2pt] (rlabel5) at (cfrag5.north west) {{\color{white} \tiny{5}}};
\draw[*-*,red] ([xshift=0.0em,yshift=-0.2em]cfrag6.north) -- ([xshift=0.0em,yshift=0.9em]cfrag6.north);
}
\visible<4->{
\node [fill=blue,circle,inner sep=2pt] (rlabel6) at (cfrag6.north east) {{\color{white} \tiny{6}}};
\draw[*-*,red] ([xshift=0.1em,yshift=-0.2em]cfrag5.north) -- ([xshift=0.1em,yshift=0.9em]cfrag5.north);
}
\visible<3->{
\node [fill=blue,circle,inner sep=2pt] (rlabel7) at (cfrag7.south west) {{\color{white} \tiny{7}}};
}
\begin{pgfonlayer}{background}
\visible<3->{
\node [fill=green!20,inner sep=0pt] (cfrag1back) [fit = (cfrag1)] {};
\node [fill=green!20,inner sep=0pt] (cfrag1back) [fit = (cfrag7)] {};
}
\visible<4->{
\node [fill=green!20,inner sep=0pt] (cfrag1back) [fit = (cfrag6)] {};
}
\visible<5->{
\node [fill=green!20,inner sep=0pt] (cfrag1back) [fit = (cfrag5)] {};
}
\end{pgfonlayer}
}
\end{scope}
}
\end{tikzpicture}
\end{minipage}
\end{frame}
%%%------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
%%% 基于树结构的翻译文法 - 树到树
\begin{frame}{树到树规则抽取}
% 我的博士论文
......
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