Commit 2a41537d by xiaotong

new pages of syntactic systems

parent fb4867d8
...@@ -125,76 +125,195 @@ ...@@ -125,76 +125,195 @@
\section{基于层次短语的模型} \section{基于层次短语的模型}
%%%------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ %%%------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
%%% 基于短语的系统的架构 \subsection{同步上下文无关文法}
\begin{frame}{基于短语的系统的架构}
%%%------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
\subsection{层次短语规则及翻译特征}
%%%------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
\subsection{基于chart的解码}
%%%------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
\subsection{剪枝}
%%%------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
\section{基于语言学句法的模型}
%%%------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
%%% 句法树(层次短语)
\begin{frame}{层次短语句法树}
\begin{itemize} \begin{itemize}
\item \textbf{训练阶段},需要得到三个子模型 \item 层次短语规则的使用本质上在对(源语)句子构建树结构,它反应了文法对于字符串分析得到的推导
\begin{enumerate}
\item 短语表:短语翻译及每个短语对应的特征值
\item 调序模型:短语调序的模型
\item 语言模型:评价译文流畅度的$n$-gram语言模型
\end{enumerate}
\item \textbf{解码阶段}利用以上模型对新的句子进行翻译
\end{itemize} \end{itemize}
\begin{center} \begin{center}
\begin{tikzpicture} \begin{tikzpicture}
\begin{scope}
\tikzstyle{datanode} = [minimum width=7em,minimum height=1.7em,fill=ublue,rounded corners=0.7em]; \begin{scope}[xshift = -0.5in, yshift = -3.2in, sibling distance=2pt, level distance = 27pt]
\tikzstyle{modelnode} = [minimum width=7em,minimum height=1.7em,fill=darkred,rounded corners=0.2em]; \Tree[.\node(n1){\textbf{S}};
\tikzstyle{decodingnode} = [minimum width=7em,minimum height=1.7em,fill=ugreen,rounded corners=0.2em]; [.\node(n2){\textbf{S}};
[.\node(n3){\textbf{S}};
[.\node(n4){\textbf{S}};
[.\node(n5){\textbf{X}}; \node(cw1){}; ]
]
[.\node(n6){\textbf{X}}; \node(cw2){美国}; ]
]
[.\node(n7){\textbf{X}};
[. \node(cw3){并没有}; ]
[. \node(cw4){执行}; ]
]
]
[.\node(n8){\textbf{X}};
[. \node(cw5){世贸}; ]
[.\node(n9){\textbf{X}};
[. \node(cw6){组织}; ]
[. \node(cw7){}; ]
]
[. \node(cw8){裁决}; ]
]
]
\node[circle, inner sep = 1pt, fill=blue!90!white, anchor = west] (l1) at ([xshift=-0.3em]n1.north east) {{\color{white} \tiny{$r_2$}}};
\node[circle, inner sep = 1pt, fill=blue!90!white, anchor = east] (l2) at ([xshift=0.3em]n2.north west) {{\color{white} \tiny{$r_2$}}};
\node[circle, inner sep = 1pt, fill=blue!90!white, anchor = east] (l2) at ([xshift=0.3em]n3.north west) {{\color{white} \tiny{$r_2$}}};
\node[circle, inner sep = 1pt, fill=blue!90!white, anchor = east] (l2) at ([xshift=0.3em]n4.north west) {{\color{white} \tiny{$r_1$}}};
\node[circle, inner sep = 1pt, fill=blue!90!white, anchor = east] (l2) at ([xshift=0.3em]n5.north west) {{\color{white} \tiny{$r_3$}}};
\node[circle, inner sep = 1pt, fill=blue!90!white, anchor = west] (l1) at ([xshift=-0.3em]n6.south east) {{\color{white} \tiny{$r_4$}}};
\node[circle, inner sep = 1pt, fill=blue!90!white, anchor = west] (l1) at ([xshift=-0.3em]n7.north east) {{\color{white} \tiny{$r_5$}}};
\node[circle, inner sep = 1pt, fill=blue!90!white, anchor = west] (l1) at ([xshift=-0.3em]n8.north east) {{\color{white} \tiny{$r_6$}}};
\node[circle, inner sep = 1pt, fill=blue!90!white, anchor = west] (l1) at ([xshift=-0.3em]n9.north east) {{\color{white} \tiny{$r_7$}}};
\end{scope}
\begin{scope}[xshift = 1.8in, yshift = -3.0in]
\node (rules) {\textbf{Rules used:}};
\draw[-] (rules.south west)--([xshift=2.7in]rules.south west);
\node[anchor=north west] (r1) at ([yshift=-0.2em]rules.south west) {$r_1$};
\node[anchor=west] (rc1) at ([xshift=1em]r1.east) {$S \; \to \; X, \; \; X$};
\node[anchor=north west] (r2) at ([yshift=-0.2em]r1.south west) {$r_2$};
\node[anchor=west] (rc2) at ([xshift=1em]r2.east) {$S \; \to \; S \; X, \; \; S \; X$};
\node[anchor=north west] (r3) at ([yshift=-0.2em]r2.south west) {$r_3$};
\node[anchor=west] (rc3) at ([xshift=1em]r3.east) {$X \; \to \; \text{}, \; \; \text{but}$};
\node [datanode,anchor=north west] (bitext) at (0,0) {{\color{white} \scriptsize{训练用双语数据}}}; \node[anchor=north west] (r4) at ([yshift=-0.2em]r3.south west) {$r_4$};
\node [modelnode,anchor=north] (phrase) at ([yshift=-1.5em]bitext.south) {{\color{white} \scriptsize{短语抽取及打分}}}; \node[anchor=west] (rc4) at ([xshift=1em]r4.east) {$X \; \to \; \text{美国}, \; \; \text{the U.S.}$};
\node [modelnode,anchor=west] (reorder) at ([xshift=1.5em]phrase.east) {{\color{white} \scriptsize{调序建模}}};
\node [modelnode,anchor=west] (lm) at ([xshift=1.5em]reorder.east) {{\color{white} \scriptsize{语言建模}}};
\node [datanode,anchor=south] (monotext) at ([yshift=1.5em]lm.north) {{\color{white} \scriptsize{目标语单语数据}}};
\node [datanode,anchor=north] (phrasetable) at ([yshift=-1.5em]phrase.south) {{\color{white} \scriptsize{短语表}}}; \node[anchor=north west] (r5) at ([yshift=-0.2em]r4.south west) {$r_5$};
\node [datanode,anchor=north] (reordertable) at ([yshift=-1.5em]reorder.south) {{\color{white} \scriptsize{调序模型}}}; \node[anchor=west] (rc5) at ([xshift=1em]r5.east) {$X \; \to \; \text{并没有} \; \text{执行}, \; \; \text{}$};
\node [datanode,anchor=north] (lmtable) at ([yshift=-1.5em]lm.south) {{\color{white} \scriptsize{语言模型}}};
\node [decodingnode,anchor=north] (decoding) at ([yshift=-2em]reordertable.south) {{\color{white} \scriptsize{解码器}}}; \node[anchor=north west] (r52) at ([yshift=-0.2em]r5.south west) {{\color{white} $r_5$}};
\node[anchor=west] (rc52) at ([xshift=3.9em]r52.east) {$\text{has not implemented}$};
\draw [->,very thick] ([yshift=-0.1em]bitext.south) -- ([yshift=0.1em]phrase.north); \node[anchor=north west] (r6) at ([yshift=-0.2em]r52.south west) {$r_6$};
\draw [->,very thick] (bitext.south east) -- ([yshift=0.1em]reorder.north west); \node[anchor=west] (rc6) at ([xshift=1em]r6.east) {$X \; \to \; \text{世贸} \; X \; \text{裁决}, $};
\draw [->,very thick] ([yshift=-0.1em]monotext.south) -- ([yshift=0.1em]lm.north);
\draw [->,very thick] ([yshift=-0.1em]phrase.south) -- ([yshift=0.1em]phrasetable.north);
\draw [->,very thick] ([yshift=-0.1em]reorder.south) -- ([yshift=0.1em]reordertable.north);
\draw [->,very thick] ([yshift=-0.1em]lm.south) -- ([yshift=0.1em]lmtable.north);
\draw [->,very thick] ([yshift=-0.1em]phrasetable.south east) -- ([yshift=0.1em,xshift=-3em]decoding.north); \node[anchor=north west] (r61) at ([yshift=-0.2em]r6.south west) {{\color{white} $r_6$}};
\draw [->,very thick] ([yshift=-0.1em]reordertable.south) -- ([yshift=0.1em,xshift=0em]decoding.north); \node[anchor=west] (rc61) at ([xshift=3.9em]r61.east) {$\text{the decision} \; X \; \text{the WTO}$};
\draw [->,very thick] ([yshift=-0.1em]lmtable.south west) -- ([yshift=0.1em,xshift=3em]decoding.north);
\node[anchor=north west] (r7) at ([yshift=-0.2em]r61.south west) {$r_7$};
\node[anchor=west] (rc7) at ([xshift=1em]r7.east) {$X \; \to \; \text{组织 的}, \; \; \text{of}$};
\node (labela) at (-1in,-2.4in) {(b) Source-language projection of the derivation and the rules used};
\end{scope} \end{scope}
\end{tikzpicture} \end{tikzpicture}
\end{center} \end{center}
\end{frame} \end{frame}
%%%------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ %%%------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
%%% 文法驱动的统计机器翻译流程 %%% 句法树(语言学)
\begin{frame}{文法驱动的机器翻译流程} \begin{frame}{语言学句法树}
% Manual第42页 \begin{itemize}
\end{frame} \item x
\end{itemize}
\begin{center}
\begin{tikzpicture}
%%%------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ \begin{scope}[xshift = -0.3in, sibling distance=18pt, level distance = 27pt]
\subsection{同步上下文无关文法} \Tree[.IP
[.ADVP
[.AD \node(cw1){}; ]
]
[.NP
[.NR \node(cw2){美国}; ]
]
[.VP
[.ADVP
[.AD \node(cw3){并没有}; ]
]
[.VP
[.VP
[.VV \node(cw4){执行}; ]
]
[.NP
[.NP
[.NN \node(cw5){世贸}; ]
[.NN \node(cw6){组织}; ]
]
[.DEC \node(cw7){}; ]
[.NP
[.NN \node(cw8){裁决}; ]
]
]
]
]
]
\node (labela) at (1in,-2.5in) {(a) The CTB-style parse tree of the input sentence};
\end{scope}
\end{tikzpicture}
\end{center}
\end{frame}
%%%------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ %%%------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
\subsection{层次短语规则及翻译特征} %%% 使用句法信息的一些思考
\begin{frame}{使用句法信息的一些思考}
\begin{itemize}
\item \textbf{句法树形式选择} - 句法的表示形式有很多,侧重点也不同,机器翻译需要何种句法信息?
\item \textbf{如何获取句法知识} - 句法信息由谁提供?
\begin{itemize}
\item 自动句法分析器可以提供句法信息,分析器可以从树库中自动学习(回忆第二章),因此得到的句法分析结果和树库标注是一致的
\item 不使用句法分析器,而是让机器翻译自动学习适合翻译任务的句法结构
\end{itemize}
\end{itemize}
\end{frame}
%%%------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ %%%------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
\subsection{基于chart的解码} %%% 在MT中使用句法带来的好处
\begin{frame}{使用句法的好处}
\begin{itemize}
\item 这里我们假设:
\begin{itemize}
\item 使用短语结构树表示句法信息
\item 句法树由句法分析器自动生成
\end{itemize}
\item 短语结构树可以仍容易进行远距离调序的建模,同时丰富的句法功能标记有助于翻译中的消歧和生成
\end{itemize}
\end{frame}
%%%------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ %%%------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
\subsection{剪枝} %%% 句法树中的一些基本概念
\begin{frame}{基本概念}
\begin{itemize}
\item 基于句法系统的一些基本概念
\end{itemize}
\end{frame}
%%%------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ %%%------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
\section{基于语言学句法的模型} %%% 句法模型分类
\begin{frame}{句法模型分类}
\begin{itemize}
\item 句法模型分类
\item 各种变形
\end{itemize}
\end{frame}
%%%------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ %%%------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
\subsection{基于树结构的文法} \subsection{基于树结构的文法}
......
...@@ -840,7 +840,9 @@ ...@@ -840,7 +840,9 @@
\begin{tcolorbox}[enhanced,size=normal,left=2mm,right=1mm,colback=blue!5!white,colframe=blue!75!black,drop fuzzy shadow] \begin{tcolorbox}[enhanced,size=normal,left=2mm,right=1mm,colback=blue!5!white,colframe=blue!75!black,drop fuzzy shadow]
{\LARGE {\LARGE
\textbf{如何使用短语、句法等}\\ \textbf{结构信息进行机器翻译建模?} \textbf{如何使用短语、句法等}\\
\\
\textbf{结构信息进行机器翻译建模?}
} }
\end{tcolorbox} \end{tcolorbox}
...@@ -1532,15 +1534,15 @@ $d$是一个$(\textbf{s},\textbf{t})$上基于短语的翻译推导,$\textrm{P ...@@ -1532,15 +1534,15 @@ $d$是一个$(\textbf{s},\textbf{t})$上基于短语的翻译推导,$\textrm{P
\visible<3->{ \visible<3->{
% rule 1 (source) % rule 1 (source)
\node [anchor=west] (rule1s1) at (0,0) {}; \node [anchor=west] (rule1s1) at (0,0) {};
\node [anchor=west,inner sep=2pt,fill=black] (rule1s2) at ([xshift=0.5em]rule1s1.east) {\scriptsize{{\color{white} $X_1$}}}; \node [anchor=west,inner sep=2pt,fill=black] (rule1s2) at ([xshift=0.5em]rule1s1.east) {\scriptsize{{\color{white} $\textrm{X}_1$}}};
\node [anchor=west] (rule1s3) at ([xshift=0.5em]rule1s2.east) {}; \node [anchor=west] (rule1s3) at ([xshift=0.5em]rule1s2.east) {};
\node [anchor=west,inner sep=2pt,fill=black] (rule1s4) at ([xshift=0.5em]rule1s3.east) {\scriptsize{{\color{white} $X_2$}}}; \node [anchor=west,inner sep=2pt,fill=black] (rule1s4) at ([xshift=0.5em]rule1s3.east) {\scriptsize{{\color{white} $\textrm{X}_2$}}};
% rule 1 (target) % rule 1 (target)
\node [anchor=west] (rule1t1) at ([xshift=0.8in]rule1s4.east) {have}; \node [anchor=west] (rule1t1) at ([xshift=0.8in]rule1s4.east) {have};
\node [anchor=west,inner sep=2pt,fill=black] (rule1t2) at ([xshift=0.5em]rule1t1.east) {\scriptsize{{\color{white} $X_2$}}}; \node [anchor=west,inner sep=2pt,fill=black] (rule1t2) at ([xshift=0.5em]rule1t1.east) {\scriptsize{{\color{white} $\textrm{X}_2$}}};
\node [anchor=west] (rule1t3) at ([xshift=0.5em]rule1t2.east) {with}; \node [anchor=west] (rule1t3) at ([xshift=0.5em]rule1t2.east) {with};
\node [anchor=west,inner sep=2pt,fill=black] (rule1t4) at ([xshift=0.5em]rule1t3.east) {\scriptsize{{\color{white} $X_1$}}}; \node [anchor=west,inner sep=2pt,fill=black] (rule1t4) at ([xshift=0.5em]rule1t3.east) {\scriptsize{{\color{white} $\textrm{X}_1$}}};
} }
\visible<1->{ \visible<1->{
...@@ -1573,14 +1575,14 @@ $d$是一个$(\textbf{s},\textbf{t})$上基于短语的翻译推导,$\textrm{P ...@@ -1573,14 +1575,14 @@ $d$是一个$(\textbf{s},\textbf{t})$上基于短语的翻译推导,$\textrm{P
\visible<4->{ \visible<4->{
% rule 2 (source) % rule 2 (source)
\node [anchor=west,inner sep=2pt,fill=black] (rule2s1) at ([yshift=3.5em,xshift=-0.5em]rule1s1.north west) {\scriptsize{{\color{white} $X_1$}}}; \node [anchor=west,inner sep=2pt,fill=black] (rule2s1) at ([yshift=3.5em,xshift=-0.5em]rule1s1.north west) {\scriptsize{{\color{white} $\textrm{X}_1$}}};
\node [anchor=west] (rule2s2) at ([xshift=0.5em]rule2s1.east) {}; \node [anchor=west] (rule2s2) at ([xshift=0.5em]rule2s1.east) {};
\node [anchor=west,inner sep=2pt,fill=black] (rule2s3) at ([xshift=0.5em]rule2s2.east) {\scriptsize{{\color{white} $X_2$}}}; \node [anchor=west,inner sep=2pt,fill=black] (rule2s3) at ([xshift=0.5em]rule2s2.east) {\scriptsize{{\color{white} $\textrm{X}_2$}}};
% rule 2 (target) % rule 2 (target)
\node [anchor=west,inner sep=2pt,fill=black] (rule2t1) at ([xshift=1.8in]rule2s3.east) {\scriptsize{{\color{white} $X_2$}}}; \node [anchor=west,inner sep=2pt,fill=black] (rule2t1) at ([xshift=1.8in]rule2s3.east) {\scriptsize{{\color{white} $\textrm{X}_2$}}};
\node [anchor=west] (rule2t2) at ([xshift=0.5em]rule2t1.east) {that}; \node [anchor=west] (rule2t2) at ([xshift=0.5em]rule2t1.east) {that};
\node [anchor=west,inner sep=2pt,fill=black] (rule2t3) at ([xshift=0.5em]rule2t2.east) {\scriptsize{{\color{white} $X_1$}}}; \node [anchor=west,inner sep=2pt,fill=black] (rule2t3) at ([xshift=0.5em]rule2t2.east) {\scriptsize{{\color{white} $\textrm{X}_1$}}};
% phrase 3 (source and target) % phrase 3 (source and target)
\node [anchor=north] (phrase3s1) at ([yshift=-0.8em]rule2s3.south) {\footnotesize{少数 国家}}; \node [anchor=north] (phrase3s1) at ([yshift=-0.8em]rule2s3.south) {\footnotesize{少数 国家}};
...@@ -1603,12 +1605,12 @@ $d$是一个$(\textbf{s},\textbf{t})$上基于短语的翻译推导,$\textrm{P ...@@ -1603,12 +1605,12 @@ $d$是一个$(\textbf{s},\textbf{t})$上基于短语的翻译推导,$\textrm{P
\visible<5->{ \visible<5->{
% rule 3 (source) % rule 3 (source)
\node [anchor=west,inner sep=2pt,fill=black] (rule3s1) at ([yshift=2.5em,xshift=4em]rule2s1.north west) {\scriptsize{{\color{white} $X_1$}}}; \node [anchor=west,inner sep=2pt,fill=black] (rule3s1) at ([yshift=2.5em,xshift=4em]rule2s1.north west) {\scriptsize{{\color{white} $\textrm{X}_1$}}};
\node [anchor=west] (rule3s2) at ([xshift=0.5em]rule3s1.east) {之一}; \node [anchor=west] (rule3s2) at ([xshift=0.5em]rule3s1.east) {之一};
% rule 3 (target) % rule 3 (target)
\node [anchor=west] (rule3t1) at ([xshift=1.0in]rule3s2.east) {one of}; \node [anchor=west] (rule3t1) at ([xshift=1.0in]rule3s2.east) {one of};
\node [anchor=west,inner sep=2pt,fill=black] (rule3t2) at ([xshift=0.5em]rule3t1.east) {\scriptsize{{\color{white} $X_1$}}}; \node [anchor=west,inner sep=2pt,fill=black] (rule3t2) at ([xshift=0.5em]rule3t1.east) {\scriptsize{{\color{white} $\textrm{X}_1$}}};
% edges: rule 2 to rule 3 % edges: rule 2 to rule 3
\draw [->] ([xshift=-1em]rule2s.north) ..controls +(north:1.2em) and +(south:1.2em).. ([yshift=-0.1em]rule3s1.south); \draw [->] ([xshift=-1em]rule2s.north) ..controls +(north:1.2em) and +(south:1.2em).. ([yshift=-0.1em]rule3s1.south);
...@@ -1625,14 +1627,14 @@ $d$是一个$(\textbf{s},\textbf{t})$上基于短语的翻译推导,$\textrm{P ...@@ -1625,14 +1627,14 @@ $d$是一个$(\textbf{s},\textbf{t})$上基于短语的翻译推导,$\textrm{P
\visible<6->{ \visible<6->{
% rule 4 (source) % rule 4 (source)
\node [anchor=west,inner sep=2pt,fill=black] (rule4s1) at ([yshift=3.5em,xshift=-3.5em]rule3s1.north west) {\scriptsize{{\color{white} $X_1$}}}; \node [anchor=west,inner sep=2pt,fill=black] (rule4s1) at ([yshift=3.5em,xshift=-3.5em]rule3s1.north west) {\scriptsize{{\color{white} $\textrm{X}_1$}}};
\node [anchor=west] (rule4s2) at ([xshift=0.5em]rule4s1.east) {}; \node [anchor=west] (rule4s2) at ([xshift=0.5em]rule4s1.east) {};
\node [anchor=west,inner sep=2pt,fill=black] (rule4s3) at ([xshift=0.5em]rule4s2.east) {\scriptsize{{\color{white} $X_2$}}}; \node [anchor=west,inner sep=2pt,fill=black] (rule4s3) at ([xshift=0.5em]rule4s2.east) {\scriptsize{{\color{white} $\textrm{X}_2$}}};
% rule 2 (target) % rule 2 (target)
\node [anchor=west,inner sep=2pt,fill=black] (rule4t1) at ([xshift=2.0in]rule4s2.east) {\scriptsize{{\color{white} $X_1$}}}; \node [anchor=west,inner sep=2pt,fill=black] (rule4t1) at ([xshift=2.0in]rule4s2.east) {\scriptsize{{\color{white} $\textrm{X}_1$}}};
\node [anchor=west] (rule4t2) at ([xshift=0.5em]rule4t1.east) {is}; \node [anchor=west] (rule4t2) at ([xshift=0.5em]rule4t1.east) {is};
\node [anchor=west,inner sep=2pt,fill=black] (rule4t3) at ([xshift=0.5em]rule4t2.east) {\scriptsize{{\color{white} $X_2$}}}; \node [anchor=west,inner sep=2pt,fill=black] (rule4t3) at ([xshift=0.5em]rule4t2.east) {\scriptsize{{\color{white} $\textrm{X}_2$}}};
% phrase 4 (source and target) % phrase 4 (source and target)
\node [anchor=north] (phrase4s1) at ([yshift=-0.8em]rule4s1.south) {\footnotesize{澳洲}}; \node [anchor=north] (phrase4s1) at ([yshift=-0.8em]rule4s1.south) {\footnotesize{澳洲}};
...@@ -1818,7 +1820,7 @@ d = r_1 \circ r_2 \circ r_3 \circ r_4 ...@@ -1818,7 +1820,7 @@ d = r_1 \circ r_2 \circ r_3 \circ r_4
\draw [->,very thick] ([yshift=-0.1em]monotext.south) -- ([yshift=0.1em]lm.north); \draw [->,very thick] ([yshift=-0.1em]monotext.south) -- ([yshift=0.1em]lm.north);
\draw [->,very thick] ([yshift=-0.1em]lm.south) -- ([yshift=0.1em]lmmodel.north); \draw [->,very thick] ([yshift=-0.1em]lm.south) -- ([yshift=0.1em]lmmodel.north);
\draw [->,very thick] ([yshift=0.3em,xshift=-0.1em]lmmodel.west) -- ([yshift=-0.1em]tuning.south east); \draw [->,very thick] ([yshift=0.3em,xshift=-0.1em]lmmodel.west) -- ([yshift=-0.1em]tuning.south east);
\draw [->,very thick] ([yshift=-0.3em,xshift=-0.1em]lmmodel.west) -- ([yshift=-0.1em]decoding.north east); \draw [->,very thick] ([yshift=-0.3em,xshift=-0.1em]lmmodel.west) -- ([yshift=0.1em]decoding.north east);
\end{scope} \end{scope}
\end{tikzpicture} \end{tikzpicture}
\end{center} \end{center}
......
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