tree matching

Section04-Phrasal-and-Syntactic-Models/section04-test.tex

@@ -152,68 +152,198 @@
 \subsection{规则匹配}
 
 %%%------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-%%%  基于树的解码方法 - chart
-\begin{frame}{基于树的解码 - chart}
+%%%  基于树的解码方法 - chart-based decoding
+\begin{frame}{基于树的解码 - 基于chart的方法}
 \begin{itemize}
-\item 规则匹配后形成的超图，每个节点可以由两部分信息决定：节点的句法标记 + 跨度
+\item 基于chart这种结构，可以很容易的构建解码所用的超图。常用的方法是自底向上解码：
     \begin{itemize}
-    \item 这本质上和单语句法分析中的表示方法是一致的
-    \item 存储形式有很多中，这里采用常用的chart结构，即，用一个二维表存储，其中每一个单元对应一个跨度(span)。同一个跨度的节点都可以放到同一个表单元中，同一表单元的节点用句法标记区分
+    \item 从源语言句法树的叶子节点开始，自下而上访问树的节点
+    \item 对于每个跨度，如果对应一个树节点，则匹配相应的规则
+    \item 从树的根节点可以得到翻译推导，最终选择最优推导所对应的译文输出
     \end{itemize}
 \end{itemize}
 
+\visible<2->{
+\begin{minipage}[b]{0.42\linewidth}
 \begin{center}
 \begin{tikzpicture}
 
-\visible<2->{
 \begin{scope}
-\node [anchor=west,circle,inner sep=2pt,draw,fill=red!20] (node1) at (0,0) {\tiny{[1,1]}};
-\node [anchor=west,circle,inner sep=2pt,draw,fill=blue!20] (node2) at ([xshift=3.3em]node1.east) {\tiny{[3,3]}};
-\node [anchor=north,circle,inner sep=2pt,draw,fill=green!20] (node3) at ([xshift=2.5em,yshift=5em]node1.north) {\tiny{[1,3]}};
-\node [anchor=north] (rulelabel) at ([yshift=-0.5em,xshift=2em]node1.south east) {\tiny{规则$r$所对应的超图}};
+\tikzstyle{chartnode}=[rectangle,minimum size=1.3em,draw]
+\node [chartnode,anchor=north west] (cell11) at (0,0) {};
+\node [chartnode,anchor=north west] (cell21) at ([yshift=-0em]cell11.south west) {};
+\node [chartnode,anchor=west] (cell22) at (cell21.east) {};
+\node [chartnode,anchor=north west] (cell31) at ([yshift=-0em]cell21.south west) {};
+\node [chartnode,anchor=west] (cell32) at (cell31.east) {};
+\node [chartnode,anchor=west] (cell33) at (cell32.east) {};
+\node [chartnode,anchor=north west] (cell41) at ([yshift=-0em]cell31.south west) {};
+\node [chartnode,anchor=west] (cell42) at (cell41.east) {};
+\node [chartnode,anchor=west] (cell43) at (cell42.east) {};
+\node [chartnode,anchor=west] (cell44) at (cell43.east) {};
+
+\tikzstyle{chartnode2}=[rectangle,minimum size=1.3em,fill=orange!20]
+\node<3-> [chartnode2,anchor=north west] (cell11) at (0,0) {};
+\node<4-> [chartnode2,anchor=north west] (cell21) at ([yshift=-0em]cell11.south west) {};
+\node<7-> [chartnode2,anchor=west] (cell22) at (cell21.east) {};
+\node<5-> [chartnode2,anchor=north west] (cell31) at ([yshift=-0em]cell21.south west) {};
+\node<8-> [chartnode2,anchor=west] (cell32) at (cell31.east) {};
+\node<10-> [chartnode2,anchor=west] (cell33) at (cell32.east) {};
+\node<6-> [chartnode2,anchor=north west] (cell41) at ([yshift=-0em]cell31.south west) {};
+\node<9-> [chartnode2,anchor=west] (cell42) at (cell41.east) {};
+\node<11-> [chartnode2,anchor=west] (cell43) at (cell42.east) {};
+\node<12-> [chartnode2,anchor=west] (cell44) at (cell43.east) {};
+
+\node [anchor=east] (s1) at (cell11.west) {\scriptsize{猫}};
+\node [anchor=east] (s2) at (cell21.west) {\scriptsize{喜欢}};
+\node [anchor=east] (s3) at (cell31.west) {\scriptsize{吃}};
+\node [anchor=east] (s4) at (cell41.west) {\scriptsize{鱼}};
+\node [anchor=north] (t5) at (cell41.south) {\tiny{$l$=1}};
+\node [anchor=north] (t5) at (cell42.south) {\tiny{$l$=2}};
+\node [anchor=north] (t5) at (cell43.south) {\tiny{$l$=3}};
+\node [anchor=north] (t5) at (cell44.south) {\tiny{$l$=4}};
+
+\node [anchor=north] (chartlabel) at ([yshift=-1em]cell42.south east) {\footnotesize{\textbf{chart}}};
+
+\node [anchor=north west] (w1) at ([yshift=-2.5em,xshift=-2.0em]cell41.south west) {猫};
+\node [anchor=west] (w2) at ([xshift=0.3em]w1.east) {喜欢};
+\node [anchor=west] (w3) at ([xshift=0.3em]w2.east) {吃};
+\node [anchor=west] (w4) at ([xshift=0.3em]w3.east) {鱼};
+\node [anchor=north east] (p0) at ([xshift=0.3em]w1.south west) {\blue{0}};
+\node [anchor=north east] (p1) at ([xshift=0.3em]w2.south west) {\blue{1}};
+\node [anchor=north east] (p2) at ([xshift=0.3em]w3.south west) {\blue{2}};
+\node [anchor=north east] (p3) at ([xshift=0.3em]w4.south west) {\blue{3}};
+\node [anchor=north west] (p4) at ([xshift=-0.4em]w4.south east) {\blue{4}};
+\node [anchor=north] (slabel) at (p2.south) {\scriptsize{\textbf{源语言句子}}};
 
-\draw [-latex] (node1.90) ..controls +(north:3em) and +(south:3em).. (node3.-90);
-\draw [-latex] (node2.90) ..controls +(north:3em) and +(south:3em).. (node3.-90);
+\end{scope}
 
-\node [anchor=west] (rule1) at ([xshift=6em]node3.east) {\footnotesize{VP(AD$_1$ VP(VV(下降)) AS$_2$)}};
-\node [anchor=north west] (rule2) at (rule1.south west) {\footnotesize{$\to$ AS$_2$ AD$_1$ fallen}};
-\node [anchor=south] (rulelabel) at ([yshift=-0.4em]rule1.north) {\tiny{规则$r$}};
+\end{tikzpicture}
+\end{center}
+
+\end{minipage}
+\begin{minipage}[b]{0.55\linewidth}
+
+{\footnotesize
+\visible<3->{
+\begin{tabular}{l l l l}
+\visible<3->{序号} & \visible<3->{跨度} & \visible<3->{标记} & \visible<3->{源语句子片段} \\ \hline
+\visible<3->{1} & \visible<3->{[{\blue 0},{\blue 1}]} & \visible<3->{NN \& NP} & \visible<3->{猫} \\
+\visible<4->{2} & \visible<4->{[{\blue 1},{\blue 2}]} & \visible<4->{VV} & \visible<4->{喜欢} \\
+\visible<5->{3} & \visible<5->{[{\blue 2},{\blue 5}]} & \visible<5->{VV} & \visible<5->{吃} \\
+\visible<6->{4} & \visible<6->{[{\blue 3},{\blue 6}]} & \visible<6->{NN \& NP} & \visible<6->{鱼} \\
+\visible<7->{5} & \visible<7->{[{\blue 0},{\blue 2}]} & \visible<7->{N/A} & \visible<7->{猫 喜欢} \\
+\visible<8->{6} & \visible<8->{[{\blue 1},{\blue 3}]} & \visible<8->{N/A} & \visible<8->{喜欢 吃} \\
+\visible<9->{7} & \visible<9->{[{\blue 2},{\blue 4}]} & \visible<9->{VP} & \visible<9->{吃 鱼} \\
+\visible<10->{8} & \visible<10->{[{\blue 0},{\blue 3}]} & \visible<10->{N/A} & \visible<10->{猫 喜欢 吃} \\
+\visible<11->{9} & \visible<11->{[{\blue 1},{\blue 4}]} & \visible<11->{VP} & \visible<11->{喜欢 吃 鱼} \\
+\visible<12->{10} & \visible<12->{[{\blue 0},{\blue 4}]} & \visible<12->{IP (\alert{root})} & \visible<12->{猫 喜欢 吃 鱼} \\
+\\
+\end{tabular}
+}
+}
+
+\end{minipage}
+}
+
+\end{frame}
+
+%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
+%%% 规则使用 - 基于树的匹配
+\begin{frame}{使用树结构匹配树到串规则}
+
+\begin{itemize}
+\item 对于规则的源语言部分，可以使用树片段的匹配找到可以使用这条规则位置
+    \begin{itemize}
+    \item 匹配的规则会被存入相应的表格单元中
+    \end{itemize}
+\end{itemize}
+
+\vspace{-2em}
+
+\begin{center}
+\begin{tikzpicture}
+
+\begin{scope}
+
+{\scriptsize
+
+\begin{scope}[sibling distance=2pt,level distance=20pt,grow'=up]
+\Tree[.\node(treeroot){IP};
+     [.NP [.NR 阿都拉$_1$ ]]
+        [.\node(tn1){VP};
+            [.\node(tn2){PP};
+                [.\node(tn3){P}; \node(cw1){对$_2$}; ]
+                [.\node(tn4){NP}; \edge[roof]; {自己$_3$ 四$_4$\ 个$_5$\ 多$_6$\ 月$_7$\ 以来$_8$\ 的$_9$\ 施政$_{10}$\ 表现$_{11}$} ]
+            ]
+            [.\node(tn5){VP};
+                [.VV 感到$_{12}$ ]
+                [.NN 满意$_{13}$ ]
+            ]
+        ]
+     ]
+\end{scope}
+
+\visible<2->{
+\node [anchor=west,fill=green!20!white] (rulepart1) at ([yshift=2.0in,xshift=-1.3in]treeroot.east) {VP(PP(P(对) NP$_1$) VP$_2$)};
+\node [anchor=north west] (rulepart2) at (rulepart1.south west) {$\to$ VP$_2$ with NP$_1$};
+}
 
 \begin{pgfonlayer}{background}
 \visible<2->{
-\node [anchor=north west,fill=green!20,inner sep=2pt,minimum height=1.5em,minimum width=1.3em] (nodebox1) at ([xshift=0.2em]rule1.north west) {};
-\node [anchor=north west,fill=red!20,inner sep=2pt,minimum height=1.5em,minimum width=1.8em] (nodebox2) at ([xshift=0.2em]nodebox1.north east) {};
-\node [anchor=north east,fill=blue!20,inner sep=2pt,minimum height=1.5em,minimum width=1.6em] (nodebox1) at ([xshift=-0.6em]rule1.north east) {};
+\node[rectangle,draw,inner sep=2pt] [fit = (rulepart1) (rulepart2)] (rulemark) {};
 }
 \end{pgfonlayer}
 
-\tikzstyle{chartnode}=[rectangle,minimum size=1.3em,draw]
-\node [chartnode,anchor=north west] (cell11) at ([yshift=-2em]rule2.south west) {};
-\node [chartnode,anchor=north west] (cell21) at ([yshift=-0em]cell11.south west) {};
-\node [chartnode,anchor=west] (cell22) at (cell21.east) {};
-\node [chartnode,anchor=north west] (cell31) at ([yshift=-0em]cell21.south west) {};
-\node [chartnode,anchor=west] (cell32) at (cell31.east) {};
-\node [chartnode,anchor=west] (cell33) at (cell32.east) {};
-\node [anchor=north] (chartlabel) at (cell32.south) {\scriptsize{chart}};
+\visible<2->{
+\node [anchor=south west] at (rulemark.north west) {\tiny{\textbf{树到串翻译规则}}};
+}
+
+}
+
+\begin{scope}[xshift=1.5in,yshift=1.6in]
+\visible<3->{
+\node[anchor=center, minimum size=10pt,draw] (cell1and1) at (0,0) {};
+\node[anchor=center, minimum size=10pt,draw] (cell2and1) at ([xshift=10pt]cell1and1.center) {};
+\node[anchor=center, minimum size=10pt,draw] (cell3and1) at ([xshift=10pt]cell2and1.center) {};
+\node[anchor=center, minimum size=10pt] (cell4and1) at ([xshift=15pt]cell3and1.center) {\tiny{$\dots$}};
+\node[anchor=center, minimum size=10pt,draw] (cellnand1) at ([xshift=13pt]cell4and1.center) {};
+
+\node[anchor=center, minimum size=10pt,draw] (cell1and2) at ([yshift=10pt]cell1and1.center) {};
+\node[anchor=center, minimum size=10pt,draw] (cell2and2) at ([xshift=10pt]cell1and2.center) {};
+
+\node[anchor=center, minimum size=10pt,draw] (cell1and3) at ([yshift=10pt]cell1and2.center) {};
+\node[anchor=center, minimum size=10pt] (cell1and4) at ([yshift=20pt]cell1and3.center) {\tiny{$\vdots$}};
+
+\node[anchor=center, minimum size=10pt] (cell2and3) at ([yshift=20pt]cell2and2.center) {\tiny{$\vdots$}};
+\node[anchor=center, minimum size=10pt] (cell3and2) at ([yshift=20pt]cell3and1.center) {\tiny{$\vdots$}};
+\node[anchor=center, minimum size=10pt,draw] (cell4andn) at ([yshift=20pt,xshift=10pt]cell3and1.center) {};
+
+%\node[anchor=center, minimum size=10pt] (cell4and2) at ([yshift=20pt]cell4and1.center) {\tiny{$\ddots$}};
+
+\node[anchor=center, minimum size=10pt,draw] (cell1andn) at ([yshift=10pt]cell1and4.center) {};
+\node[anchor=center, minimum size=10pt,draw] (cell2andn) at ([xshift=10pt,yshift=-10pt]cell1andn.center) {};
+%\node[anchor=center, minimum size=10pt,draw] (cell3andn) at ([xshift=10pt,yshift=-10pt]cell2andn.center) {};
+
+\node[anchor=west] (chartlabel) at ([xshift=-0em,yshift=-0.8em]cell1and1.south east) {\scriptsize{Chart}};
+}
+\end{scope}
 
 \visible<3->{
-\node [chartnode,anchor=north west,fill=red!20] (cell11) at ([yshift=-2em]rule2.south west) {};
-\node [chartnode,anchor=north west,fill=blue!20] (cell31) at ([yshift=-0em]cell21.south west) {};
-\node [chartnode,anchor=west,fill=green!20] (cell33) at (cell32.east) {};
-
-\draw [<-,dotted,thick] ([xshift=0.1em]node3.60) ..controls +(60:0.5) and +(120:0.5).. (rule1.north west);
-\draw [->,dotted] ([xshift=0.1em]node3.-60)..controls +(-60:3em) and +(north:7em).. (cell33.center);
-\draw [->,dotted] ([xshift=0.1em]node2.0)..controls +(east:2em) and +(west:3em).. (cell31.center);
-\draw [->,dotted] ([xshift=0.1em]node1.60)..controls +(60:1.5em) and +(120:2em)..  (cell11.center);
+\path [draw,thick,blue,->,dashed] (rulemark.north east) .. controls +(60:2.0) and +(north east:1.5)  ..  ([yshift=0.05em,xshift=0.05em]cell4andn.north east) node[pos=0.25, below,yshift=-0.2em] (spanlabel) {};
 }
 
-\visible<4->{
-\node [anchor=north west,fill=green!20,drop shadow,align=left] (cellbox) at ([yshift=4em,xshift=1em]cell33.north east) {\scriptsize{表单元表示覆盖单词1-3的跨度}\\\scriptsize{保存跨度[1,3]上的所有节点}\\\scriptsize{VP [1,3]}\\\scriptsize{NP [1,3]}\\\scriptsize{...}};
-\draw [->] ([xshift=-0.2em,yshift=-0.2em]cell33.north east)..controls +(north:2.5em) and +(west:1em)..  ([yshift=2em]cellbox.west);
+
+\begin{pgfonlayer}{background}
+\visible<2->{
+\path [fill=green!20] (tn1.south west) -- ([yshift=0.2em]tn2.south west) -- ([yshift=0.2em,xshift=-0.30em]tn3.south west) -- (cw1.north west) -- (cw1.north east) -- ([xshift=0.30em]tn3.north east) -- (tn4.north east) -- (tn4.south east) -- ([xshift=0.5em]tn2.north east) -- (tn5.north east)-- ([yshift=0.2em]tn5.south east) -- (tn1.south east) -- (tn1.south west);
+}
+\end{pgfonlayer}
+
+\visible<2->{
+\path [draw,thick,blue,<->] ([xshift=-2em]rulepart1.south east) .. controls +(south:1.7) and +(north:1.3) ..  ([xshift=0em,yshift=0.10em]cw1.north) node[pos=0.5, below,xshift=0.3in] {\scriptsize{树片段的匹配}};
 }
 
 \end{scope}
-}
 
 \end{tikzpicture}
 \end{center}

Section04-Phrasal-and-Syntactic-Models/section04.tex

@@ -4609,6 +4609,205 @@ NP-BAR(NN$_1$ NP-BAR$_2$) $\to$ NN$_1$ NP-BAR$_2$
 
 \end{frame}
 
+%%%------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+%%%  基于树的解码方法 - chart-based decoding
+\begin{frame}{基于树的解码 - 基于chart的方法}
+\begin{itemize}
+\item 基于chart这种结构，可以很容易的构建解码所用的超图。常用的方法是自底向上解码：
+    \begin{itemize}
+    \item 从源语言句法树的叶子节点开始，自下而上访问树的节点
+    \item 对于每个跨度，如果对应一个树节点，则匹配相应的规则
+    \item 从树的根节点可以得到翻译推导，最终选择最优推导所对应的译文输出
+    \end{itemize}
+\end{itemize}
+
+\visible<2->{
+\begin{minipage}[b]{0.42\linewidth}
+\begin{center}
+\begin{tikzpicture}
+
+\begin{scope}
+\tikzstyle{chartnode}=[rectangle,minimum size=1.3em,draw]
+\node [chartnode,anchor=north west] (cell11) at (0,0) {};
+\node [chartnode,anchor=north west] (cell21) at ([yshift=-0em]cell11.south west) {};
+\node [chartnode,anchor=west] (cell22) at (cell21.east) {};
+\node [chartnode,anchor=north west] (cell31) at ([yshift=-0em]cell21.south west) {};
+\node [chartnode,anchor=west] (cell32) at (cell31.east) {};
+\node [chartnode,anchor=west] (cell33) at (cell32.east) {};
+\node [chartnode,anchor=north west] (cell41) at ([yshift=-0em]cell31.south west) {};
+\node [chartnode,anchor=west] (cell42) at (cell41.east) {};
+\node [chartnode,anchor=west] (cell43) at (cell42.east) {};
+\node [chartnode,anchor=west] (cell44) at (cell43.east) {};
+
+\tikzstyle{chartnode2}=[rectangle,minimum size=1.3em,fill=orange!20]
+\node<3-> [chartnode2,anchor=north west] (cell11) at (0,0) {};
+\node<4-> [chartnode2,anchor=north west] (cell21) at ([yshift=-0em]cell11.south west) {};
+\node<7-> [chartnode2,anchor=west] (cell22) at (cell21.east) {};
+\node<5-> [chartnode2,anchor=north west] (cell31) at ([yshift=-0em]cell21.south west) {};
+\node<8-> [chartnode2,anchor=west] (cell32) at (cell31.east) {};
+\node<10-> [chartnode2,anchor=west] (cell33) at (cell32.east) {};
+\node<6-> [chartnode2,anchor=north west] (cell41) at ([yshift=-0em]cell31.south west) {};
+\node<9-> [chartnode2,anchor=west] (cell42) at (cell41.east) {};
+\node<11-> [chartnode2,anchor=west] (cell43) at (cell42.east) {};
+\node<12-> [chartnode2,anchor=west] (cell44) at (cell43.east) {};
+
+\node [anchor=east] (s1) at (cell11.west) {\scriptsize{猫}};
+\node [anchor=east] (s2) at (cell21.west) {\scriptsize{喜欢}};
+\node [anchor=east] (s3) at (cell31.west) {\scriptsize{吃}};
+\node [anchor=east] (s4) at (cell41.west) {\scriptsize{鱼}};
+\node [anchor=north] (t5) at (cell41.south) {\tiny{$l$=1}};
+\node [anchor=north] (t5) at (cell42.south) {\tiny{$l$=2}};
+\node [anchor=north] (t5) at (cell43.south) {\tiny{$l$=3}};
+\node [anchor=north] (t5) at (cell44.south) {\tiny{$l$=4}};
+
+\node [anchor=north] (chartlabel) at ([yshift=-1em]cell42.south east) {\footnotesize{\textbf{chart}}};
+
+\node [anchor=north west] (w1) at ([yshift=-2.5em,xshift=-2.0em]cell41.south west) {猫};
+\node [anchor=west] (w2) at ([xshift=0.3em]w1.east) {喜欢};
+\node [anchor=west] (w3) at ([xshift=0.3em]w2.east) {吃};
+\node [anchor=west] (w4) at ([xshift=0.3em]w3.east) {鱼};
+\node [anchor=north east] (p0) at ([xshift=0.3em]w1.south west) {\blue{0}};
+\node [anchor=north east] (p1) at ([xshift=0.3em]w2.south west) {\blue{1}};
+\node [anchor=north east] (p2) at ([xshift=0.3em]w3.south west) {\blue{2}};
+\node [anchor=north east] (p3) at ([xshift=0.3em]w4.south west) {\blue{3}};
+\node [anchor=north west] (p4) at ([xshift=-0.4em]w4.south east) {\blue{4}};
+\node [anchor=north] (slabel) at (p2.south) {\scriptsize{\textbf{源语言句子}}};
+
+\end{scope}
+
+\end{tikzpicture}
+\end{center}
+
+\end{minipage}
+\begin{minipage}[b]{0.55\linewidth}
+
+{\footnotesize
+\visible<3->{
+\begin{tabular}{l l l l}
+\visible<3->{序号} & \visible<3->{跨度} & \visible<3->{标记} & \visible<3->{源语句子片段} \\ \hline
+\visible<3->{1} & \visible<3->{[{\blue 0},{\blue 1}]} & \visible<3->{NN \& NP} & \visible<3->{猫} \\
+\visible<4->{2} & \visible<4->{[{\blue 1},{\blue 2}]} & \visible<4->{VV} & \visible<4->{喜欢} \\
+\visible<5->{3} & \visible<5->{[{\blue 2},{\blue 5}]} & \visible<5->{VV} & \visible<5->{吃} \\
+\visible<6->{4} & \visible<6->{[{\blue 3},{\blue 6}]} & \visible<6->{NN \& NP} & \visible<6->{鱼} \\
+\visible<7->{5} & \visible<7->{[{\blue 0},{\blue 2}]} & \visible<7->{N/A} & \visible<7->{猫 喜欢} \\
+\visible<8->{6} & \visible<8->{[{\blue 1},{\blue 3}]} & \visible<8->{N/A} & \visible<8->{喜欢 吃} \\
+\visible<9->{7} & \visible<9->{[{\blue 2},{\blue 4}]} & \visible<9->{VP} & \visible<9->{吃 鱼} \\
+\visible<10->{8} & \visible<10->{[{\blue 0},{\blue 3}]} & \visible<10->{N/A} & \visible<10->{猫 喜欢 吃} \\
+\visible<11->{9} & \visible<11->{[{\blue 1},{\blue 4}]} & \visible<11->{VP} & \visible<11->{喜欢 吃 鱼} \\
+\visible<12->{10} & \visible<12->{[{\blue 0},{\blue 4}]} & \visible<12->{IP (\alert{root})} & \visible<12->{猫 喜欢 吃 鱼} \\
+\\
+\end{tabular}
+}
+}
+
+\end{minipage}
+}
+
+\end{frame}
+
+%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
+%%% 规则使用 - 基于树的匹配
+\begin{frame}{使用树结构匹配树到串规则}
+
+\begin{itemize}
+\item 对于规则的源语言部分，可以使用树片段的匹配找到可以使用这条规则位置
+    \begin{itemize}
+    \item 匹配的规则会被存入相应的表格单元中
+    \end{itemize}
+\end{itemize}
+
+\vspace{-2em}
+
+\begin{center}
+\begin{tikzpicture}
+
+\begin{scope}
+
+{\scriptsize
+
+\begin{scope}[sibling distance=2pt,level distance=20pt,grow'=up]
+\Tree[.\node(treeroot){IP};
+     [.NP [.NR 阿都拉$_1$ ]]
+        [.\node(tn1){VP};
+            [.\node(tn2){PP};
+                [.\node(tn3){P}; \node(cw1){对$_2$}; ]
+                [.\node(tn4){NP}; \edge[roof]; {自己$_3$ 四$_4$\ 个$_5$\ 多$_6$\ 月$_7$\ 以来$_8$\ 的$_9$\ 施政$_{10}$\ 表现$_{11}$} ]
+            ]
+            [.\node(tn5){VP};
+                [.VV 感到$_{12}$ ]
+                [.NN 满意$_{13}$ ]
+            ]
+        ]
+     ]
+\end{scope}
+
+\visible<2->{
+\node [anchor=west,fill=green!20!white] (rulepart1) at ([yshift=2.0in,xshift=-1.3in]treeroot.east) {VP(PP(P(对) NP$_1$) VP$_2$)};
+\node [anchor=north west] (rulepart2) at (rulepart1.south west) {$\to$ VP$_2$ with NP$_1$};
+}
+
+\begin{pgfonlayer}{background}
+\visible<2->{
+\node[rectangle,draw,inner sep=2pt] [fit = (rulepart1) (rulepart2)] (rulemark) {};
+}
+\end{pgfonlayer}
+
+\visible<2->{
+\node [anchor=south west] at (rulemark.north west) {\tiny{\textbf{树到串翻译规则}}};
+}
+
+}
+
+\begin{scope}[xshift=1.5in,yshift=1.6in]
+\visible<3->{
+\node[anchor=center, minimum size=10pt,draw] (cell1and1) at (0,0) {};
+\node[anchor=center, minimum size=10pt,draw] (cell2and1) at ([xshift=10pt]cell1and1.center) {};
+\node[anchor=center, minimum size=10pt,draw] (cell3and1) at ([xshift=10pt]cell2and1.center) {};
+\node[anchor=center, minimum size=10pt] (cell4and1) at ([xshift=15pt]cell3and1.center) {\tiny{$\dots$}};
+\node[anchor=center, minimum size=10pt,draw] (cellnand1) at ([xshift=13pt]cell4and1.center) {};
+
+\node[anchor=center, minimum size=10pt,draw] (cell1and2) at ([yshift=10pt]cell1and1.center) {};
+\node[anchor=center, minimum size=10pt,draw] (cell2and2) at ([xshift=10pt]cell1and2.center) {};
+
+\node[anchor=center, minimum size=10pt,draw] (cell1and3) at ([yshift=10pt]cell1and2.center) {};
+\node[anchor=center, minimum size=10pt] (cell1and4) at ([yshift=20pt]cell1and3.center) {\tiny{$\vdots$}};
+
+\node[anchor=center, minimum size=10pt] (cell2and3) at ([yshift=20pt]cell2and2.center) {\tiny{$\vdots$}};
+\node[anchor=center, minimum size=10pt] (cell3and2) at ([yshift=20pt]cell3and1.center) {\tiny{$\vdots$}};
+\node[anchor=center, minimum size=10pt,draw] (cell4andn) at ([yshift=20pt,xshift=10pt]cell3and1.center) {};
+
+%\node[anchor=center, minimum size=10pt] (cell4and2) at ([yshift=20pt]cell4and1.center) {\tiny{$\ddots$}};
+
+\node[anchor=center, minimum size=10pt,draw] (cell1andn) at ([yshift=10pt]cell1and4.center) {};
+\node[anchor=center, minimum size=10pt,draw] (cell2andn) at ([xshift=10pt,yshift=-10pt]cell1andn.center) {};
+%\node[anchor=center, minimum size=10pt,draw] (cell3andn) at ([xshift=10pt,yshift=-10pt]cell2andn.center) {};
+
+\node[anchor=west] (chartlabel) at ([xshift=-0em,yshift=-0.8em]cell1and1.south east) {\scriptsize{Chart}};
+}
+\end{scope}
+
+\visible<3->{
+\path [draw,thick,blue,->,dashed] (rulemark.north east) .. controls +(60:2.0) and +(north east:1.5)  ..  ([yshift=0.05em,xshift=0.05em]cell4andn.north east) node[pos=0.25, below,yshift=-0.2em] (spanlabel) {};
+}
+
+
+\begin{pgfonlayer}{background}
+\visible<2->{
+\path [fill=green!20] (tn1.south west) -- ([yshift=0.2em]tn2.south west) -- ([yshift=0.2em,xshift=-0.30em]tn3.south west) -- (cw1.north west) -- (cw1.north east) -- ([xshift=0.30em]tn3.north east) -- (tn4.north east) -- (tn4.south east) -- ([xshift=0.5em]tn2.north east) -- (tn5.north east)-- ([yshift=0.2em]tn5.south east) -- (tn1.south east) -- (tn1.south west);
+}
+\end{pgfonlayer}
+
+\visible<2->{
+\path [draw,thick,blue,<->] ([xshift=-2em]rulepart1.south east) .. controls +(south:1.7) and +(north:1.3) ..  ([xshift=0em,yshift=0.10em]cw1.north) node[pos=0.5, below,xshift=0.3in] {\scriptsize{树片段的匹配}};
+}
+
+\end{scope}
+
+\end{tikzpicture}
+\end{center}
+
+\end{frame}
+
 
 %%%------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 %%%  基于串的解码