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new pages of rule extraction

parent 93e5393c
正在显示 包含 371 行增加 和 48 行删除
Section04-Phrasal-and-Syntactic-Models/section04-test.tex
......@@ -146,42 +146,23 @@
\subsection{翻译规则抽取}
%%%------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
%%% 基于树结构的翻译文法 - 树到串/串到树
\begin{frame}{树到串规则抽取 - GHKM方法}
%%% 规则抽取
\begin{frame}{规则抽取}
\begin{itemize}
\item 基于句法的翻译系统的核心有两个部分
\begin{enumerate}
\item \textbf{文法归纳}：从带有句法分析结果的双语数据中自动学习翻译规则
\item \textbf{解码}：使用学习到的翻译规则对新的句子进行翻译
\end{enumerate}
\item<2-> 首先要解决的是如何获取翻译规则，即\alert{规则抽取} - 这里先从GHKM方法开始，它是经典的树到串翻译规则的抽取方法(Galley et al., 2004; 2006)
\item 可信节点本质上定义了规则的边界，规则需要满足
\begin{itemize}
\item 方法的名字是由四位作者的名字首字母构成 :)
\end{itemize}
\item<3-> GHKM方法的输入包括
\begin{itemize}
\item 源语言句子和和它的短语分析树
\item 目标语句子
\item 源语和目标语句子之间的词对齐
\end{itemize}
\item<3-> 注意：
\begin{itemize}
\item 句法树可以由句法分析器自动生成
\item 词对齐可以由词对齐系统(如IBM模型)自动生成
\item 左部树片段的根节点是可信节点
\item 左部树片段的叶子节点是终结符或者可信节点
\end{itemize}
\end{itemize}
\end{frame}
%%%------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
%%% 翻译规则抽取本质上是要完成对树结构的切割
\begin{frame}{树片段}
\begin{itemize}
\item 树到串翻译规则实际上是一个树片段到一个词串的映射。一个合理的树到串翻译规则，不应该违反任何的词对齐信息
\begin{itemize}
\item 显然这种树片段可以有很多
\item 一棵句法树也可以被切割成多个树片段
\end{itemize}
\end{itemize}
\begin{center}
{\footnotesize
\visible<2->{
例如：$\textrm{VP(PP(P(对) NP(NN(回答))) VP}_1) \to \textrm{VP}_1\ \textrm{with the answer}$
}
}
\end{center}
\begin{center}
\begin{tikzpicture}
......@@ -205,12 +186,12 @@
]
]
\node[anchor=north,minimum size=18pt] (tw1) at ([yshift=-6.0em]cw1.south){he};
\node[anchor=west,minimum size=18pt] (tw2) at ([yshift=-0.1em,xshift=1.1em]tw1.east){was};
\node[anchor=west,minimum size=18pt] (tw3) at ([yshift=0.1em,xshift=1.1em]tw2.east){satisfied};
\node[anchor=west,minimum size=18pt] (tw4) at ([xshift=1.1em]tw3.east){with};
\node[anchor=west,minimum size=18pt] (tw5) at ([xshift=1.1em]tw4.east){the};
\node[anchor=west,minimum size=18pt] (tw6) at ([yshift=-0.1em,xshift=1.1em]tw5.east){answer};
\node[anchor=north,minimum size=18pt,align=center] (tw1) at ([yshift=-6.0em]cw1.south){he\\\scriptsize{1}};
\node[anchor=west,minimum size=18pt,align=center] (tw2) at ([yshift=-0.1em,xshift=1.1em]tw1.east){was\\\scriptsize{2}};
\node[anchor=west,minimum size=18pt,align=center] (tw3) at ([yshift=0.1em,xshift=1.1em]tw2.east){satisfied\\\scriptsize{3}};
\node[anchor=west,minimum size=18pt,align=center] (tw4) at ([xshift=1.1em]tw3.east){with\\\scriptsize{4}};
\node[anchor=west,minimum size=18pt,align=center] (tw5) at ([xshift=1.1em]tw4.east){the\\\scriptsize{5}};
\node[anchor=west,minimum size=18pt,align=center] (tw6) at ([yshift=-0.1em,xshift=1.1em]tw5.east){answer\\\scriptsize{6}};
\draw[dashed] (cw1.south) -- ([yshift=-0.4em]tw1.north);
\draw[dashed] (cw2.south) .. controls +(south:1.6) and +(north:0.6) .. ([yshift=-0.4em]tw4.north);
......@@ -219,23 +200,37 @@
\draw[dashed] (cw4.south) .. controls +(south:2.0) and +(north:0.6) .. ([yshift=-0.4em]tw3.north);
\draw[dashed] (cw5.south) .. controls +(south:2.0) and +(north:0.6) .. ([yshift=-0.4em]tw3.north);
\begin{pgfonlayer}{background}
\visible<2->{
\node [rectangle,inner sep=0em,fill=red!20] [fit = (cw2) (cw3) (n5)] (rule1s) {};
\node [rectangle,inner sep=0em,fill=red!20] [fit = (tw4) (tw5) (tw6)] (rule1t) {};
}
\visible<3->{
\node [rectangle,inner sep=0em,fill=blue!20] [fit = (cw5) (n11)] (rule2s) {};
\node [rectangle,inner sep=0em,fill=blue!20] [fit = (tw3)] (rule2t) {};
\node [fill=blue!20] [fit = (n5) (cw2) (cw3) (n8)] (rule1box1) {};
\node [fill=blue!20] [fit = (n4) (n5) (n9)] (rule1box2) {};
\node [fill=blue!20] [fit = (tw4) (tw5) (tw6)] (rule1box3) {};
}
\node [rectangle,fill=orange!20,inner sep=0] [fit = (n11)] (n11box) {};
\node [rectangle,fill=green!20,inner sep=0] [fit = (n4)] (n4box) {};
\node [rectangle,fill=green!20,inner sep=0] [fit = (n1)] (n1box) {};
\node [rectangle,fill=green!20,inner sep=0] [fit = (n2)] (n2box) {};
\node [rectangle,fill=green!20,inner sep=0] [fit = (n3)] (n3box) {};
\node [rectangle,fill=green!20,inner sep=0] [fit = (n5)] (n5box) {};
\node [rectangle,fill=green!20,inner sep=0] [fit = (n6)] (n6box) {};
\node [rectangle,fill=green!20,inner sep=0] [fit = (n7)] (n7box) {};
\node [rectangle,fill=green!20,inner sep=0] [fit = (n8)] (n8box) {};
\node [rectangle,fill=green!20,inner sep=0] [fit = (n9)] (n9box) {};
\node [rectangle,fill=orange!20,inner sep=0] [fit = (n10)] (n10box) {};
\end{pgfonlayer}
\visible<2->{
\node [anchor=south] (rule1label) at ([xshift=1em]rule1s.north west) {\scriptsize{\textbf{\alert{正确的规则}}}};
}
\node [anchor=north west, minimum size=1.2em, fill=green!20] (land1) at ([xshift=1.5em,yshift=-1em]cw5.south east) {};
\node [anchor=west] (land1label) at (land1.east) {\scriptsize{可信}};
\node [anchor=north west, minimum size=1.2em, fill=orange!20] (land2) at ([yshift=-0.3em]land1.south west) {};
\node [anchor=west] (land2label) at (land2.east) {\scriptsize{不可信}};
\visible<3->{
\node [anchor=north west,align=left] (rule2label) at (rule2s.north east) {\scriptsize{\textbf{\color{blue} 错误的规则}}\\\scriptsize{因为``satisfied''会}\\\scriptsize{对齐到规则外，}\\\scriptsize{也就是这条规则}\\\scriptsize{与词对齐不相容}};
\node [draw,thick,red,fill=red!20] [fit = (n9)] (var1) {{\color{black} VP}};
\node [draw,thick,red,fill=red!20] [fit = (tw3)] (var1v2) {{\color{black} \large{VP}}};
\node [anchor=west] (var1label) at ([yshift=0.5em]var1.east) {\tiny{\alert{变量}}};
\node [anchor=south] (var1v2label) at ([xshift=-2em]var1v2.north) {\tiny{\alert{变量}}};
}
\end{scope}
......
Section04-Phrasal-and-Syntactic-Models/section04.tex
......@@ -2817,6 +2817,334 @@ $\textrm{VP(VV(提高) NN}_1) \to \textrm{increases\ NN}_1$ \\
\end{frame}
%%%------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
%%% Span的定义
\begin{frame}{Span}
\begin{itemize}
\item 为了描述每个树节点对齐到目标语的情况，定义概念
\end{itemize}
\begin{beamerboxesrounded}[upper=uppercolblue,lower=lowercolblue,shadow=true]{定义 - Span}
{\small
源语树节点$n$的Span是它所对应到到目标语的第一个单词和最后一个单词所构成的索引范围
}
\end{beamerboxesrounded}
\begin{center}
\begin{tikzpicture}
{\footnotesize
\begin{scope}[sibling distance=25pt, level distance=20pt]
\Tree[.\node(n1){IP};
[.\node(n2){NP}; [.\node(n3){PN}; \node(cw1){他}; ]]
[.\node(n4){VP};
[.\node(n5){PP};
[.\node(n6){P}; \node(cw2){对}; ]
[.\node(n7){NP};
[.\node(n8){NN}; \node(cw3){回答}; ]
]
]
[.\node(n9){VP};
[.\node(n10){VV}; \node(cw4){表示}; ]
[.\node(n11){NN}; \node(cw5){满意}; ]
]
]
]
\node[anchor=north,minimum size=18pt,align=center] (tw1) at ([yshift=-6.0em]cw1.south){he\\\scriptsize{1}};
\node[anchor=west,minimum size=18pt,align=center] (tw2) at ([yshift=-0.1em,xshift=1.1em]tw1.east){was\\\scriptsize{2}};
\node[anchor=west,minimum size=18pt,align=center] (tw3) at ([yshift=0.1em,xshift=1.1em]tw2.east){satisfied\\\scriptsize{3}};
\node[anchor=west,minimum size=18pt,align=center] (tw4) at ([xshift=1.1em]tw3.east){with\\\scriptsize{4}};
\node[anchor=west,minimum size=18pt,align=center] (tw5) at ([xshift=1.1em]tw4.east){the\\\scriptsize{5}};
\node[anchor=west,minimum size=18pt,align=center] (tw6) at ([yshift=-0.1em,xshift=1.1em]tw5.east){answer\\\scriptsize{6}};
\draw[dashed] (cw1.south) -- ([yshift=-0.4em]tw1.north);
\draw[dashed] (cw2.south) .. controls +(south:1.6) and +(north:0.6) .. ([yshift=-0.4em]tw4.north);
\draw[dashed] (cw3.south) -- ([yshift=-0.4em]tw5.north);
\draw[dashed] (cw3.south) -- ([yshift=-0.4em]tw6.north);
\draw[dashed] (cw4.south) .. controls +(south:2.0) and +(north:0.6) .. ([yshift=-0.4em]tw3.north);
\draw[dashed] (cw5.south) .. controls +(south:2.0) and +(north:0.6) .. ([yshift=-0.4em]tw3.north);
\visible<2->{
\node [anchor=south west,align=left,fill=orange!20,drop shadow] (label1) at ([xshift=0.5em]n11.north east) {\scriptsize{span=\{3\}}\\\scriptsize{{\color{orange!20} c-span=\{1,3-6\}}}};
}
\visible<3->{
\node [anchor=south west,align=left,fill=green!20,drop shadow] (label1) at ([xshift=0.5em,yshift=-0.5em]n4.north east) {\scriptsize{span=\{3-6\}}\\\scriptsize{{\color{green!20} c-span=\{1\}}}};
}
\begin{pgfonlayer}{background}
\visible<2->{
\node [rectangle,fill=orange!20,inner sep=0] [fit = (n11)] (n11box) {};
}
\visible<3->{
\node [rectangle,fill=green!20,inner sep=0] [fit = (n4)] (n4box) {};
}
\end{pgfonlayer}
\end{scope}
}
\end{tikzpicture}
\end{center}
\end{frame}
%%%------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
%%% Complement Span的定义
\begin{frame}{Complement Span}
\begin{itemize}
\item 进一步，引入Complement Span的概念
\end{itemize}
\vspace{-0.2em}
\begin{beamerboxesrounded}[upper=uppercolblue,lower=lowercolblue,shadow=true]{定义 - Complement Span}
{\small
源语树节点$n$的Complement Span是除了它的祖先和子孙阶段外的其它节点Span的并集
}
\end{beamerboxesrounded}
\begin{center}
\begin{tikzpicture}
{\footnotesize
\begin{scope}[sibling distance=25pt, level distance=20pt]
\Tree[.\node(n1){IP};
[.\node(n2){NP}; [.\node(n3){PN}; \node(cw1){他}; ]]
[.\node(n4){VP};
[.\node(n5){PP};
[.\node(n6){P}; \node(cw2){对}; ]
[.\node(n7){NP};
[.\node(n8){NN}; \node(cw3){回答}; ]
]
]
[.\node(n9){VP};
[.\node(n10){VV}; \node(cw4){表示}; ]
[.\node(n11){NN}; \node(cw5){满意}; ]
]
]
]
\node[anchor=north,minimum size=18pt,align=center] (tw1) at ([yshift=-6.0em]cw1.south){he\\\scriptsize{1}};
\node[anchor=west,minimum size=18pt,align=center] (tw2) at ([yshift=-0.1em,xshift=1.1em]tw1.east){was\\\scriptsize{2}};
\node[anchor=west,minimum size=18pt,align=center] (tw3) at ([yshift=0.1em,xshift=1.1em]tw2.east){satisfied\\\scriptsize{3}};
\node[anchor=west,minimum size=18pt,align=center] (tw4) at ([xshift=1.1em]tw3.east){with\\\scriptsize{4}};
\node[anchor=west,minimum size=18pt,align=center] (tw5) at ([xshift=1.1em]tw4.east){the\\\scriptsize{5}};
\node[anchor=west,minimum size=18pt,align=center] (tw6) at ([yshift=-0.1em,xshift=1.1em]tw5.east){answer\\\scriptsize{6}};
\draw[dashed] (cw1.south) -- ([yshift=-0.4em]tw1.north);
\draw[dashed] (cw2.south) .. controls +(south:1.6) and +(north:0.6) .. ([yshift=-0.4em]tw4.north);
\draw[dashed] (cw3.south) -- ([yshift=-0.4em]tw5.north);
\draw[dashed] (cw3.south) -- ([yshift=-0.4em]tw6.north);
\draw[dashed] (cw4.south) .. controls +(south:2.0) and +(north:0.6) .. ([yshift=-0.4em]tw3.north);
\draw[dashed] (cw5.south) .. controls +(south:2.0) and +(north:0.6) .. ([yshift=-0.4em]tw3.north);
\node [anchor=south west,align=left,fill=orange!20,drop shadow] (label1) at ([xshift=0.5em]n11.north east) {\scriptsize{span=\{3\}}\\\scriptsize{c-span=\{1,3-6\}}};
\node [anchor=south west,align=left,fill=green!20,drop shadow] (label1) at ([xshift=0.5em,yshift=-0.5em]n4.north east) {\scriptsize{span=\{3-6\}}\\\scriptsize{c-span=\{1\}}};
\begin{pgfonlayer}{background}
\node [rectangle,fill=orange!20,inner sep=0] [fit = (n11)] (n11box) {};
\node [rectangle,fill=green!20,inner sep=0] [fit = (n4)] (n4box) {};
\end{pgfonlayer}
\end{scope}
}
\end{tikzpicture}
\end{center}
\end{frame}
%%%------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
%%% Admissible Node的定义
\begin{frame}{可信节点}
\begin{itemize}
\item 基于Span和Complment Span，可以定义可信节点)
\end{itemize}
\vspace{-0.3em}
\begin{beamerboxesrounded}[upper=uppercolblue,lower=lowercolblue,shadow=true]{定义 - 可信节点(Admissible Node)}
{\small
对于源语树节点$n$，如果他的Span和Complement Span不相交，节点$n$就是一个可信节点，否则是一个不可信节点
}
\end{beamerboxesrounded}
\begin{center}
\begin{tikzpicture}
{\footnotesize
\begin{scope}[sibling distance=25pt, level distance=20pt]
\Tree[.\node(n1){IP};
[.\node(n2){NP}; [.\node(n3){PN}; \node(cw1){他}; ]]
[.\node(n4){VP};
[.\node(n5){PP};
[.\node(n6){P}; \node(cw2){对}; ]
[.\node(n7){NP};
[.\node(n8){NN}; \node(cw3){回答}; ]
]
]
[.\node(n9){VP};
[.\node(n10){VV}; \node(cw4){表示}; ]
[.\node(n11){NN}; \node(cw5){满意}; ]
]
]
]
\node[anchor=north,minimum size=18pt,align=center] (tw1) at ([yshift=-6.0em]cw1.south){he\\\scriptsize{1}};
\node[anchor=west,minimum size=18pt,align=center] (tw2) at ([yshift=-0.1em,xshift=1.1em]tw1.east){was\\\scriptsize{2}};
\node[anchor=west,minimum size=18pt,align=center] (tw3) at ([yshift=0.1em,xshift=1.1em]tw2.east){satisfied\\\scriptsize{3}};
\node[anchor=west,minimum size=18pt,align=center] (tw4) at ([xshift=1.1em]tw3.east){with\\\scriptsize{4}};
\node[anchor=west,minimum size=18pt,align=center] (tw5) at ([xshift=1.1em]tw4.east){the\\\scriptsize{5}};
\node[anchor=west,minimum size=18pt,align=center] (tw6) at ([yshift=-0.1em,xshift=1.1em]tw5.east){answer\\\scriptsize{6}};
\draw[dashed] (cw1.south) -- ([yshift=-0.4em]tw1.north);
\draw[dashed] (cw2.south) .. controls +(south:1.6) and +(north:0.6) .. ([yshift=-0.4em]tw4.north);
\draw[dashed] (cw3.south) -- ([yshift=-0.4em]tw5.north);
\draw[dashed] (cw3.south) -- ([yshift=-0.4em]tw6.north);
\draw[dashed] (cw4.south) .. controls +(south:2.0) and +(north:0.6) .. ([yshift=-0.4em]tw3.north);
\draw[dashed] (cw5.south) .. controls +(south:2.0) and +(north:0.6) .. ([yshift=-0.4em]tw3.north);
\node [anchor=south west,align=left,fill=orange!20,drop shadow] (label1) at ([xshift=0.5em]n11.north east) {\scriptsize{span=\{3\}}\\\scriptsize{c-span=\{1,3-6\}}};
\node [anchor=south west,align=left,fill=green!20,drop shadow] (label2) at ([xshift=0.5em,yshift=-0.5em]n4.north east) {\scriptsize{span=\{3-6\}}\\\scriptsize{c-span=\{1\}}};
\begin{pgfonlayer}{background}
\node [rectangle,fill=orange!20,inner sep=0] [fit = (n11)] (n11box) {};
\node [rectangle,fill=green!20,inner sep=0] [fit = (n4)] (n4box) {};
\visible<3->{
\node [rectangle,fill=green!20,inner sep=0] [fit = (n1)] (n1box) {};
\node [rectangle,fill=green!20,inner sep=0] [fit = (n2)] (n2box) {};
\node [rectangle,fill=green!20,inner sep=0] [fit = (n3)] (n3box) {};
\node [rectangle,fill=green!20,inner sep=0] [fit = (n5)] (n5box) {};
\node [rectangle,fill=green!20,inner sep=0] [fit = (n6)] (n6box) {};
\node [rectangle,fill=green!20,inner sep=0] [fit = (n7)] (n7box) {};
\node [rectangle,fill=green!20,inner sep=0] [fit = (n8)] (n8box) {};
\node [rectangle,fill=green!20,inner sep=0] [fit = (n9)] (n9box) {};
\node [rectangle,fill=orange!20,inner sep=0] [fit = (n10)] (n10box) {};
}
\end{pgfonlayer}
\visible<2->{
\node [anchor=north] (n11boxlabel) at (label1.south) {\tiny{\textbf{\alert{不可信}}}};
\node [anchor=north] (n4boxlabel) at (label2.south) {\tiny{\textbf{\alert{可信}}}};
}
\visible<3->{
\node [anchor=north west, minimum size=1.2em, fill=green!20] (land1) at ([xshift=1.5em,yshift=-1em]cw5.south east) {};
\node [anchor=west] (land1label) at (land1.east) {\scriptsize{可信}};
\node [anchor=north west, minimum size=1.2em, fill=orange!20] (land2) at ([yshift=-0.3em]land1.south west) {};
\node [anchor=west] (land2label) at (land2.east) {\scriptsize{不可信}};
}
\end{scope}
}
\end{tikzpicture}
\end{center}
\end{frame}
%%%------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
%%% 规则抽取
\begin{frame}{规则抽取}
\begin{itemize}
\item 可信节点本质上定义了规则的边界，规则需要满足
\begin{itemize}
\item 左部树片段的根节点是可信节点
\item 左部树片段的叶子节点是终结符或者可信节点
\end{itemize}
\end{itemize}
\begin{center}
{\footnotesize
\visible<2->{
例如：$\textrm{VP(PP(P(对) NP(NN(回答))) VP}_1) \to \textrm{VP}_1\ \textrm{with the answer}$
}
}
\end{center}
\begin{center}
\begin{tikzpicture}
{\footnotesize
\begin{scope}[sibling distance=25pt, level distance=20pt]
\Tree[.\node(n1){IP};
[.\node(n2){NP}; [.\node(n3){PN}; \node(cw1){他}; ]]
[.\node(n4){VP};
[.\node(n5){PP};
[.\node(n6){P}; \node(cw2){对}; ]
[.\node(n7){NP};
[.\node(n8){NN}; \node(cw3){回答}; ]
]
]
[.\node(n9){VP};
[.\node(n10){VV}; \node(cw4){表示}; ]
[.\node(n11){NN}; \node(cw5){满意}; ]
]
]
]
\node[anchor=north,minimum size=18pt,align=center] (tw1) at ([yshift=-6.0em]cw1.south){he\\\scriptsize{1}};
\node[anchor=west,minimum size=18pt,align=center] (tw2) at ([yshift=-0.1em,xshift=1.1em]tw1.east){was\\\scriptsize{2}};
\node[anchor=west,minimum size=18pt,align=center] (tw3) at ([yshift=0.1em,xshift=1.1em]tw2.east){satisfied\\\scriptsize{3}};
\node[anchor=west,minimum size=18pt,align=center] (tw4) at ([xshift=1.1em]tw3.east){with\\\scriptsize{4}};
\node[anchor=west,minimum size=18pt,align=center] (tw5) at ([xshift=1.1em]tw4.east){the\\\scriptsize{5}};
\node[anchor=west,minimum size=18pt,align=center] (tw6) at ([yshift=-0.1em,xshift=1.1em]tw5.east){answer\\\scriptsize{6}};
\draw[dashed] (cw1.south) -- ([yshift=-0.4em]tw1.north);
\draw[dashed] (cw2.south) .. controls +(south:1.6) and +(north:0.6) .. ([yshift=-0.4em]tw4.north);
\draw[dashed] (cw3.south) -- ([yshift=-0.4em]tw5.north);
\draw[dashed] (cw3.south) -- ([yshift=-0.4em]tw6.north);
\draw[dashed] (cw4.south) .. controls +(south:2.0) and +(north:0.6) .. ([yshift=-0.4em]tw3.north);
\draw[dashed] (cw5.south) .. controls +(south:2.0) and +(north:0.6) .. ([yshift=-0.4em]tw3.north);
\begin{pgfonlayer}{background}
\visible<2->{
\node [fill=blue!20] [fit = (n5) (cw2) (cw3) (n8)] (rule1box1) {};
\node [fill=blue!20] [fit = (n4) (n5) (n9)] (rule1box2) {};
\node [fill=blue!20] [fit = (tw4) (tw5) (tw6)] (rule1box3) {};
}
\node [rectangle,fill=orange!20,inner sep=0] [fit = (n11)] (n11box) {};
\node [rectangle,fill=green!20,inner sep=0] [fit = (n4)] (n4box) {};
\node [rectangle,fill=green!20,inner sep=0] [fit = (n1)] (n1box) {};
\node [rectangle,fill=green!20,inner sep=0] [fit = (n2)] (n2box) {};
\node [rectangle,fill=green!20,inner sep=0] [fit = (n3)] (n3box) {};
\node [rectangle,fill=green!20,inner sep=0] [fit = (n5)] (n5box) {};
\node [rectangle,fill=green!20,inner sep=0] [fit = (n6)] (n6box) {};
\node [rectangle,fill=green!20,inner sep=0] [fit = (n7)] (n7box) {};
\node [rectangle,fill=green!20,inner sep=0] [fit = (n8)] (n8box) {};
\node [rectangle,fill=green!20,inner sep=0] [fit = (n9)] (n9box) {};
\node [rectangle,fill=orange!20,inner sep=0] [fit = (n10)] (n10box) {};
\end{pgfonlayer}
\node [anchor=north west, minimum size=1.2em, fill=green!20] (land1) at ([xshift=1.5em,yshift=-1em]cw5.south east) {};
\node [anchor=west] (land1label) at (land1.east) {\scriptsize{可信}};
\node [anchor=north west, minimum size=1.2em, fill=orange!20] (land2) at ([yshift=-0.3em]land1.south west) {};
\node [anchor=west] (land2label) at (land2.east) {\scriptsize{不可信}};
\visible<3->{
\node [draw,thick,red,fill=red!20] [fit = (n9)] (var1) {{\color{black} VP}};
\node [draw,thick,red,fill=red!20] [fit = (tw3)] (var1v2) {{\color{black} \large{VP}}};
\node [anchor=west] (var1label) at ([yshift=0.5em]var1.east) {\tiny{\alert{变量}}};
\node [anchor=south] (var1v2label) at ([xshift=-2em]var1v2.north) {\tiny{\alert{变量}}};
}
\end{scope}
}
\end{tikzpicture}
\end{center}
\end{frame}
%%%------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
%%% 基于树结构的翻译文法 - 树到树
\begin{frame}{树到树规则抽取}
% 我的博士论文
......
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