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@article{brown1990statistical,
  author    = {Peter F. Brown and
               John Cocke and
               Stephen Della Pietra and
               Vincent J. Della Pietra and
               Frederick Jelinek and
               John D. Lafferty and
               Robert L. Mercer and
               Paul S. Roossin},
  title     = {A Statistical Approach to Machine Translation},
  journal   = {Computational Linguistics},
  volume    = {16},
  number    = {2},
  pages     = {79--85},
  year      = {1990},
  //timestamp = {Wed, 13 Feb 2002 09:26:36 +0100},
  //biburl    = {https://dblp.org/rec/journals/coling/BrownCPPJLMR90.bib},
  //bibsource = {dblp computer science bibliography, https://dblp.org}
}
@article{nmtpy2017,
  author    = {Ozan Caglayan and
               Mercedes Garc{\'{\i}}a{-}Mart{\'{\i}}nez and
               Adrien Bardet and
               Walid Aransa and
               Fethi Bougares and
               Lo{\"{\i}}c Barrault},
  title     = {{NMTPY:} {A} Flexible Toolkit for Advanced Neural Machine Translation
               Systems},
  journal   = {Prague Bull. Math. Linguistics},
  volume    = {109},
  pages     = {15--28},
  year      = {2017},
  //url       = {http://ufal.mff.cuni.cz/pbml/109/art-caglayan-et-al.pdf},
  //timestamp = {Thu, 23 May 2019 15:09:51 +0200},
  //biburl    = {https://dblp.org/rec/journals/pbml/CaglayanGBABB17.bib},
  //bibsource = {dblp computer science bibliography, https://dblp.org}
}
@inproceedings{Cer2010Phrasal,
  author    = {Daniel M. Cer and
               Michel Galley and
               Daniel Jurafsky and
               Christopher D. Manning},
  //editor    = {Carolyn Penstein Ros{\'{e}}},
  title     = {Phrasal: {A} Statistical Machine Translation Toolkit for Exploring
               New Model Features},
  booktitle = {Human Language Technologies: Conference of the North American Chapter
               of the Association of Computational Linguistics, Proceedings, June
               2, 2010, Los Angeles, California, {USA} - Demonstration Session},
  pages     = {9--12},
  publisher = {The Association for Computational Linguistics},
  year      = {2010},
  //url       = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N10-2003/},
  //timestamp = {Wed, 18 Sep 2019 12:15:54 +0200},
  //biburl    = {https://dblp.org/rec/conf/naacl/CerGJM10.bib},
  //bibsource = {dblp computer science bibliography, https://dblp.org}
}
@inproceedings{dyer2013a,
  author    = {Chris Dyer and
               Victor Chahuneau and
               Noah A. Smith},
  //editor    = {Lucy Vanderwende and
               Hal Daum{\'{e}} III and
               Katrin Kirchhoff},
  title     = {A Simple, Fast, and Effective Reparameterization of {IBM} Model 2},
  booktitle = {Human Language Technologies: Conference of the North American Chapter
               of the Association of Computational Linguistics, Proceedings, June
               9-14, 2013, Westin Peachtree Plaza Hotel, Atlanta, Georgia, {USA}},
  pages     = {644--648},
  publisher = {The Association for Computational Linguistics},
  year      = {2013},
  //url       = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N13-1073/},
  //timestamp = {Mon, 16 Sep 2019 17:08:53 +0200},
  //biburl    = {https://dblp.org/rec/conf/naacl/DyerCS13.bib},
  //bibsource = {dblp computer science bibliography, https://dblp.org}
}
@inproceedings{dyer2010cdec,
  author    = {Chris Dyer and
               Adam Lopez and
               Juri Ganitkevitch and
               Jonathan Weese and
               Ferhan T{\"{u}}re and
               Phil Blunsom and
               Hendra Setiawan and
               Vladimir Eidelman and
               Philip Resnik},
  title     = {cdec: {A} Decoder, Alignment, and Learning Framework for Finite-State
               and Context-Free Translation Models},
  booktitle = {{ACL} 2010, Proceedings of the 48th Annual Meeting of the Association
               for Computational Linguistics, July 11-16, 2010, Uppsala, Sweden,
               System Demonstrations},
  pages     = {7--12},
  publisher = {The Association for Computer Linguistics},
  year      = {2010},
  //url       = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P10-4002/},
  //timestamp = {Wed, 18 Sep 2019 12:15:54 +0200},
  //biburl    = {https://dblp.org/rec/conf/acl/DyerLGWTBSER10.bib},
  //bibsource = {dblp computer science bibliography, https://dblp.org}
}
@article{goldberg2017neural,
  title={Neural network methods for natural language processing},
  author={Goldberg, Yoav},
  journal={Synthesis Lectures on Human Language Technologies},
  volume={10},
  number={1},
  pages={1--309},
  year={2017},
  publisher={Morgan \& Claypool Publishers}
}
@book{Goodfellow-et-al-2016,
  author    = {Ian J. Goodfellow and
               Yoshua Bengio and
               Aaron C. Courville},
  title     = {Deep Learning},
  series    = {Adaptive computation and machine learning},
  publisher = {{MIT} Press},
  year      = {2016},
  //url       = {http://www.deeplearningbook.org/},
  //isbn      = {978-0-262-03561-3},
  //timestamp = {Sat, 25 Mar 2017 20:16:59 +0100},
  //biburl    = {https://dblp.org/rec/books/daglib/0040158.bib},
  //bibsource = {dblp computer science bibliography, https://dblp.org}
}
@article{hieber2017sockeye,
  author    = {Felix Hieber and
               Tobias Domhan and
               Michael Denkowski and
               David Vilar and
               Artem Sokolov and
               Ann Clifton and
               Matt Post},
  title     = {Sockeye: {A} Toolkit for Neural Machine Translation},
  journal   = {CoRR},
  volume    = {abs/1712.05690},
  year      = {2017},
  //url       = {http://arxiv.org/abs/1712.05690},
  //archivePrefix = {arXiv},
  //eprint    = {1712.05690},
  //timestamp = {Mon, 13 Aug 2018 16:49:03 +0200},
  //biburl    = {https://dblp.org/rec/journals/corr/abs-1712-05690.bib},
  //bibsource = {dblp computer science bibliography, https://dblp.org}
}
@inproceedings{iglesias2009hierarchical,
  author    = {Gonzalo Iglesias and
               Adri{\`{a}} de Gispert and
               Eduardo Rodr{\'{\i}}guez Banga and
               William J. Byrne},
  title     = {Hierarchical Phrase-Based Translation with Weighted Finite State Transducers},
  booktitle = {Human Language Technologies: Conference of the North American Chapter
               of the Association of Computational Linguistics, Proceedings, May
               31 - June 5, 2009, Boulder, Colorado, {USA}},
  pages     = {433--441},
  publisher = {The Association for Computational Linguistics},
  year      = {2009},
  //url       = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N09-1049/},
  //timestamp = {Mon, 16 Sep 2019 17:08:53 +0200},
  //biburl    = {https://dblp.org/rec/conf/naacl/IglesiasGBB09.bib},
  //bibsource = {dblp computer science bibliography, https://dblp.org}
}
@inproceedings{JunczysMarian,
  author    = {Marcin Junczys{-}Dowmunt and
               Roman Grundkiewicz and
               Tomasz Dwojak and
               Hieu Hoang and
               Kenneth Heafield and
               Tom Neckermann and
               Frank Seide and
               Ulrich Germann and
               Alham Fikri Aji and
               Nikolay Bogoychev and
               Andr{\'{e}} F. T. Martins and
               Alexandra Birch},
  //editor    = {Fei Liu and
               Thamar Solorio},
  title     = {Marian: Fast Neural Machine Translation in {C++}},
  booktitle = {Proceedings of {ACL} 2018, Melbourne, Australia, July 15-20, 2018,
               System Demonstrations},
  pages     = {116--121},
  publisher = {Association for Computational Linguistics},
  year      = {2018},
  //url       = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P18-4020/},
  //doi       = {10.18653/v1/P18-4020},
  //timestamp = {Mon, 16 Sep 2019 13:46:41 +0200},
  //biburl    = {https://dblp.org/rec/conf/acl/Junczys-Dowmunt18.bib},
  //bibsource = {dblp computer science bibliography, https://dblp.org}
}
@inproceedings{KleinOpenNMT,
  author    = {Guillaume Klein and
               Yoon Kim and
               Yuntian Deng and
               Jean Senellart and
               Alexander M. Rush},
  //editor    = {Mohit Bansal and
               Heng Ji},
  title     = {OpenNMT: Open-Source Toolkit for Neural Machine Translation},
  booktitle = {Proceedings of the 55th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational
               Linguistics, {ACL} 2017, Vancouver, Canada, July 30 - August 4, System
               Demonstrations},
  pages     = {67--72},
  publisher = {Association for Computational Linguistics},
  year      = {2017},
  //url       = {https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/P17-4012},
  //doi       = {10.18653/v1/P17-4012},
  //timestamp = {Tue, 20 Aug 2019 11:59:01 +0200},
  //biburl    = {https://dblp.org/rec/conf/acl/KleinKDSR17.bib},
  //bibsource = {dblp computer science bibliography, https://dblp.org}
}
@book{koehn2009statistical,
  author    = {Philipp Koehn},
  title     = {Statistical Machine Translation},
  publisher = {Cambridge University Press},
  year      = {2010},
  //url       = {http://www.statmt.org/book/},
  //isbn      = {978-0-521-87415-1},
  //timestamp = {Tue, 25 Jun 2019 09:00:29 +0200},
  //biburl    = {https://dblp.org/rec/books/daglib/0032677.bib},
  //bibsource = {dblp computer science bibliography, https://dblp.org}
}
@article{DBLP:journals/corr/abs-1709-07809,
  author    = {Philipp Koehn},
  title     = {Neural Machine Translation},
  journal   = {CoRR},
  volume    = {abs/1709.07809},
  year      = {2017},
  //url       = {http://arxiv.org/abs/1709.07809},
  //eprint    = {1709.07809},
  //timestamp = {Mon, 13 Aug 2018 16:47:37 +0200},
  //biburl    = {https://dblp.org/rec/journals/corr/abs-1709-07809.bib},
  //bibsource = {dblp computer science bibliography, https://dblp.org}
}
@inproceedings{Koehn2007Moses,
  author    = {Philipp Koehn and
               Hieu Hoang and
               Alexandra Birch and
               Chris Callison{-}Burch and
               Marcello Federico and
               Nicola Bertoldi and
               Brooke Cowan and
               Wade Shen and
               Christine Moran and
               Richard Zens and
               Chris Dyer and
               Ondrej Bojar and
               Alexandra Constantin and
               Evan Herbst},
  //editor    = {John A. Carroll and
               Antal van den Bosch and
               Annie Zaenen},
  title     = {Moses: Open Source Toolkit for Statistical Machine Translation},
  booktitle = {{ACL} 2007, Proceedings of the 45th Annual Meeting of the Association
               for Computational Linguistics, June 23-30, 2007, Prague, Czech Republic},
  publisher = {The Association for Computational Linguistics},
  year      = {2007},
  //url       = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P07-2045/},
  //timestamp = {Mon, 16 Sep 2019 13:46:41 +0200},
  //biburl    = {https://dblp.org/rec/conf/acl/KoehnHBCFBCSMZDBCH07.bib},
  //bibsource = {dblp computer science bibliography, https://dblp.org}
}
@inproceedings{koehn2003statistical,
  author    = {Philipp Koehn and
               Franz Josef Och and
               Daniel Marcu},
  //editor    = {Marti A. Hearst and
               Mari Ostendorf},
  title     = {Statistical Phrase-Based Translation},
  booktitle = {Human Language Technology Conference of the North American Chapter
               of the Association for Computational Linguistics, {HLT-NAACL} 2003,
               Edmonton, Canada, May 27 - June 1, 2003},
  publisher = {The Association for Computational Linguistics},
  year      = {2003},
  //url       = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N03-1017/},
  //timestamp = {Tue, 03 Dec 2019 18:42:59 +0100},
  //biburl    = {https://dblp.org/rec/conf/naacl/KoehnOM03.bib},
  //bibsource = {dblp computer science bibliography, https://dblp.org}
}
@article{DBLP:journals/corr/abs-1805-10387,
  author    = {Oleksii Kuchaiev and
               Boris Ginsburg and
               Igor Gitman and
               Vitaly Lavrukhin and
               Carl Case and
               Paulius Micikevicius},
  title     = {OpenSeq2Seq: extensible toolkit for distributed and mixed precision
               training of sequence-to-sequence models},
  journal   = {CoRR},
  volume    = {abs/1805.10387},
  year      = {2018},
  //url       = {http://arxiv.org/abs/1805.10387},
  //archivePrefix = {arXiv},
  //eprint    = {1805.10387},
  //timestamp = {Mon, 13 Aug 2018 16:47:03 +0200},
  //biburl    = {https://dblp.org/rec/journals/corr/abs-1805-10387.bib},
  //bibsource = {dblp computer science bibliography, https://dblp.org}
}
@inproceedings{Li2010Joshua,
  author    = {Zhifei Li and
               Chris Callison{-}Burch and
               Chris Dyer and
               Sanjeev Khudanpur and
               Lane Schwartz and
               Wren N. G. Thornton and
               Jonathan Weese and
               Omar Zaidan},
  //editor    = {Chris Callison{-}Burch and
               Philipp Koehn and
               Christof Monz and
               Josh Schroeder},
  title     = {Joshua: An Open Source Toolkit for Parsing-Based Machine Translation},
  booktitle = {Proceedings of the Fourth Workshop on Statistical Machine Translation,
               WMT@EACL 2009, Athens, Greece, March 30-31, 2009},
  pages     = {135--139},
  publisher = {Association for Computational Linguistics},
  year      = {2009},
  //url       = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-0424/},
  //timestamp = {Thu, 16 Apr 2020 11:29:01 +0200},
  //biburl    = {https://dblp.org/rec/conf/wmt/LiCDKSTWZ09.bib},
  //bibsource = {dblp computer science bibliography, https://dblp.org}
}

@inproceedings{luong2016acl_hybrid,
  author    = {Minh{-}Thang Luong and
               Christopher D. Manning},
  title     = {Achieving Open Vocabulary Neural Machine Translation with Hybrid Word-Character
               Models},
  booktitle = {Proceedings of the 54th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational
               Linguistics, {ACL} 2016, August 7-12, 2016, Berlin, Germany, Volume
               1: Long Papers},
  publisher = {The Association for Computer Linguistics},
  year      = {2016},
  //url       = {https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/p16-1100},
  //doi       = {10.18653/v1/p16-1100},
  //timestamp = {Tue, 28 Jan 2020 10:27:38 +0100},
  //biburl    = {https://dblp.org/rec/conf/acl/LuongM16.bib},
  //bibsource = {dblp computer science bibliography, https://dblp.org}
}
@article{nagao1984framework,
  title={A framework of a mechanical translation between Japanese and English by analogy principle},
  author={Nagao, Makoto},
  journal={Artificial and human intelligence},
  pages={351--354},
  year={1984}
}
@article{och2003systematic,
  author    = {Franz Josef Och and
               Hermann Ney},
  title     = {A Systematic Comparison of Various Statistical Alignment Models},
  journal   = {Computational Linguistics},
  volume    = {29},
  number    = {1},
  pages     = {19--51},
  year      = {2003},
  //url       = {https://doi.org/10.1162/089120103321337421},
  //doi       = {10.1162/089120103321337421},
  //timestamp = {Tue, 21 May 2019 18:03:32 +0200},
  //biburl    = {https://dblp.org/rec/journals/coling/OchN03.bib},
  //bibsource = {dblp computer science bibliography, https://dblp.org}
}
@inproceedings{Ottfairseq,
  author    = {Myle Ott and
               Sergey Edunov and
               Alexei Baevski and
               Angela Fan and
               Sam Gross and
               Nathan Ng and
               David Grangier and
               Michael Auli},
  //editor    = {Waleed Ammar and
               Annie Louis and
               Nasrin Mostafazadeh},
  title     = {fairseq: {A} Fast, Extensible Toolkit for Sequence Modeling},
  booktitle = {Proceedings of the 2019 Conference of the North American Chapter of
               the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies,
               {NAACL-HLT} 2019, Minneapolis, MN, USA, June 2-7, 2019, Demonstrations},
  pages     = {48--53},
  publisher = {Association for Computational Linguistics},
  year      = {2019},
  //url       = {https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/n19-4009},
  //doi       = {10.18653/v1/n19-4009},
  //timestamp = {Tue, 28 Jan 2020 10:30:05 +0100},
  //biburl    = {https://dblp.org/rec/conf/naacl/OttEBFGNGA19.bib},
  //bibsource = {dblp computer science bibliography, https://dblp.org}
}
@inproceedings{papineni2002bleu,
  author    = {Kishore Papineni and
               Salim Roukos and
               Todd Ward and
               Wei{-}Jing Zhu},
  title     = {Bleu: a Method for Automatic Evaluation of Machine Translation},
  booktitle = {Proceedings of the 40th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational
               Linguistics, July 6-12, 2002, Philadelphia, PA, {USA}},
  pages     = {311--318},
  publisher = {{ACL}},
  year      = {2002},
  //url       = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P02-1040/},
  //timestamp = {Tue, 17 Sep 2019 13:40:53 +0200},
  //biburl    = {https://dblp.org/rec/conf/acl/PapineniRWZ02.bib},
  //bibsource = {dblp computer science bibliography, https://dblp.org}
}
@article{al2016theano,
  author    = {Rami Al{-}Rfou and
               Guillaume Alain and
               Amjad Almahairi and
               Christof Angerm{\"{u}}ller and
               Dzmitry Bahdanau and
               Nicolas Ballas and
               Fr{\'{e}}d{\'{e}}ric Bastien and
               Justin Bayer and
               Anatoly Belikov and
               Alexander Belopolsky and
               Yoshua Bengio and
               Arnaud Bergeron and
               James Bergstra and
               Valentin Bisson and
               Josh Bleecher Snyder and
               Nicolas Bouchard and
               Nicolas Boulanger{-}Lewandowski and
               Xavier Bouthillier and
               Alexandre de Br{\'{e}}bisson and
               Olivier Breuleux and
               Pierre Luc Carrier and
               Kyunghyun Cho and
               Jan Chorowski and
               Paul F. Christiano and
               Tim Cooijmans and
               Marc{-}Alexandre C{\^{o}}t{\'{e}} and
               Myriam C{\^{o}}t{\'{e}} and
               Aaron C. Courville and
               Yann N. Dauphin and
               Olivier Delalleau and
               Julien Demouth and
               Guillaume Desjardins and
               Sander Dieleman and
               Laurent Dinh and
               Melanie Ducoffe and
               Vincent Dumoulin and
               Samira Ebrahimi Kahou and
               Dumitru Erhan and
               Ziye Fan and
               Orhan Firat and
               Mathieu Germain and
               Xavier Glorot and
               Ian J. Goodfellow and
               Matthew Graham and
               {\c{C}}aglar G{\"{u}}l{\c{c}}ehre and
               Philippe Hamel and
               Iban Harlouchet and
               Jean{-}Philippe Heng and
               Bal{\'{a}}zs Hidasi and
               Sina Honari and
               Arjun Jain and
               S{\'{e}}bastien Jean and
               Kai Jia and
               Mikhail Korobov and
               Vivek Kulkarni and
               Alex Lamb and
               Pascal Lamblin and
               Eric Larsen and
               C{\'{e}}sar Laurent and
               Sean Lee and
               Simon Lefran{\c{c}}ois and
               Simon Lemieux and
               Nicholas L{\'{e}}onard and
               Zhouhan Lin and
               Jesse A. Livezey and
               Cory Lorenz and
               Jeremiah Lowin and
               Qianli Ma and
               Pierre{-}Antoine Manzagol and
               Olivier Mastropietro and
               Robert McGibbon and
               Roland Memisevic and
               Bart van Merri{\"{e}}nboer and
               Vincent Michalski and
               Mehdi Mirza and
               Alberto Orlandi and
               Christopher Joseph Pal and
               Razvan Pascanu and
               Mohammad Pezeshki and
               Colin Raffel and
               Daniel Renshaw and
               Matthew Rocklin and
               Adriana Romero and
               Markus Roth and
               Peter Sadowski and
               John Salvatier and
               Fran{\c{c}}ois Savard and
               Jan Schl{\"{u}}ter and
               John Schulman and
               Gabriel Schwartz and
               Iulian Vlad Serban and
               Dmitriy Serdyuk and
               Samira Shabanian and
               {\'{E}}tienne Simon and
               Sigurd Spieckermann and
               S. Ramana Subramanyam and
               Jakub Sygnowski and
               J{\'{e}}r{\'{e}}mie Tanguay and
               Gijs van Tulder and
               Joseph P. Turian and
               Sebastian Urban and
               Pascal Vincent and
               Francesco Visin and
               Harm de Vries and
               David Warde{-}Farley and
               Dustin J. Webb and
               Matthew Willson and
               Kelvin Xu and
               Lijun Xue and
               Li Yao and
               Saizheng Zhang and
               Ying Zhang},
  title     = {Theano: {A} Python framework for fast computation of mathematical
               expressions},
  journal   = {CoRR},
  volume    = {abs/1605.02688},
  year      = {2016},
  //url       = {http://arxiv.org/abs/1605.02688},
  //archivePrefix = {arXiv},
  //eprint    = {1605.02688},
  //timestamp = {Fri, 03 Apr 2020 16:54:15 +0200},
  //biburl    = {https://dblp.org/rec/journals/corr/Al-RfouAAa16.bib},
  //bibsource = {dblp computer science bibliography, https://dblp.org}
}
@article{shiwen1993automatic,
  title ={Automatic evaluation of output quality for machine translation systems},
  author ={Shiwen, Yu},
  journal ={Machine Translation},
  volume ={8},
  number ={1-2},
  pages ={117--126},
  year ={1993},
  publisher ={Springer}
}
@INPROCEEDINGS{snover2006study,
    author = {Matthew Snover and Bonnie Dorr and Richard Schwartz and Linnea Micciulla and John Makhoul},
    title = {A Study of Translation Edit Rate with Targeted Human Annotation},
    booktitle = {In Proceedings of the 7th Conference of the Association for Machine Translation in the Americas (AMTA},
    year = {2006},
    pages = {223--231}
}
@inproceedings{Tong2012NiuTrans,
  author    = {Tong Xiao and
               Jingbo Zhu and
               Hao Zhang and
               Qiang Li},
  title     = {NiuTrans: An Open Source Toolkit for Phrase-based and Syntax-based
               Machine Translation},
  booktitle = {The 50th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics,
               Proceedings of the System Demonstrations, July 10, 2012, Jeju Island,
               Korea},
  pages     = {19--24},
  publisher = {The Association for Computer Linguistics},
  year      = {2012},
  //url       = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P12-3004/},
  //timestamp = {Wed, 18 Sep 2019 12:15:54 +0200},
  //biburl    = {https://dblp.org/rec/conf/acl/XiaoZZL12.bib},
  //bibsource = {dblp computer science bibliography, https://dblp.org}
}
@inproceedings{VaswaniTensor2Tensor,
  author    = {Ashish Vaswani and
               Samy Bengio and
               Eugene Brevdo and
               Fran{\c{c}}ois Chollet and
               Aidan N. Gomez and
               Stephan Gouws and
               Llion Jones and
               Lukasz Kaiser and
               Nal Kalchbrenner and
               Niki Parmar and
               Ryan Sepassi and
               Noam Shazeer and
               Jakob Uszkoreit},
  //editor    = {Colin Cherry and
               Graham Neubig},
  title     = {Tensor2Tensor for Neural Machine Translation},
  booktitle = {Proceedings of the 13th Conference of the Association for Machine
               Translation in the Americas, {AMTA} 2018, Boston, MA, USA, March 17-21,
               2018 - Volume 1: Research Papers},
  pages     = {193--199},
  publisher = {Association for Machine Translation in the Americas},
  year      = {2018},
  //url       = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-1819/},
  //timestamp = {Wed, 18 Sep 2019 12:47:55 +0200},
  //biburl    = {https://dblp.org/rec/conf/amta/VaswaniBBCGGJKK18.bib},
  //bibsource = {dblp computer science bibliography, https://dblp.org}
}
@article{vilar2012jane,
  title={Jane: an advanced freely available hierarchical machine translation toolkit},
  author={Vilar, David and Stein, Daniel and Huck, Matthias and Ney, Hermann},
  journal={Machine Translation},
  volume={26},
  number={3},
  pages={197--216},
  year={2012},
  publisher={Springer}
}
@inproceedings{WangCytonMT,
  author    = {Xiaolin Wang and
               Masao Utiyama and
               Eiichiro Sumita},
  //editor    = {Eduardo Blanco and
               Wei Lu},
  title     = {CytonMT: an Efficient Neural Machine Translation Open-source Toolkit
               Implemented in {C++}},
  booktitle = {Proceedings of the 2018 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural
               Language Processing, {EMNLP} 2018: System Demonstrations, Brussels,
               Belgium, October 31 - November 4, 2018},
  pages     = {133--138},
  publisher = {Association for Computational Linguistics},
  year      = {2018},
  //url       = {https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/d18-2023},
  //doi       = {10.18653/v1/d18-2023},
  //timestamp = {Tue, 28 Jan 2020 10:28:36 +0100},
  //biburl    = {https://dblp.org/rec/conf/emnlp/WangUS18.bib},
  //bibsource = {dblp computer science bibliography, https://dblp.org}
}
@article{ZhangTHUMT,
  author    = {Jiacheng Zhang and
               Yanzhuo Ding and
               Shiqi Shen and
               Yong Cheng and
               Maosong Sun and
               Huan{-}Bo Luan and
               Yang Liu},
  title     = {{THUMT:} An Open Source Toolkit for Neural Machine Translation},
  journal   = {CoRR},
  volume    = {abs/1706.06415},
  year      = {2017},
  //url       = {http://arxiv.org/abs/1706.06415},
  //archivePrefix = {arXiv},
  //eprint    = {1706.06415},
  //timestamp = {Mon, 13 Aug 2018 16:48:53 +0200},
  //biburl    = {https://dblp.org/rec/journals/corr/ZhangDSCSLL17.bib},
  //bibsource = {dblp computer science bibliography, https://dblp.org}
}
@inproceedings{zollmann2007the,
  author    = {Andreas Zollmann and
               Ashish Venugopal and
               Matthias Paulik and
               Stephan Vogel},
  //editor    = {Chris Callison{-}Burch and
               Philipp Koehn and
               Cameron S. Fordyce and
               Christof Monz},
  title     = {The Syntax Augmented {MT} {(SAMT)} System at the Shared Task for the
               2007 {ACL} Workshop on Statistical Machine Translation},
  booktitle = {Proceedings of the Second Workshop on Statistical Machine Translation,
               WMT@ACL 2007, Prague, Czech Republic, June 23, 2007},
  pages     = {216--219},
  publisher = {Association for Computational Linguistics},
  year      = {2007},
  //url       = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W07-0731/},
  //timestamp = {Fri, 13 Sep 2019 13:08:46 +0200},
  //biburl    = {https://dblp.org/rec/conf/wmt/ZollmannVPV07.bib},
  //bibsource = {dblp computer science bibliography, https://dblp.org}
}
@inproceedings{zoph2016simple,
  author    = {Barret Zoph and
               Ashish Vaswani and
               Jonathan May and
               Kevin Knight},
  //editor    = {Kevin Knight and
               Ani Nenkova and
               Owen Rambow},
  title     = {Simple, Fast Noise-Contrastive Estimation for Large {RNN} Vocabularies},
  booktitle = {{NAACL} {HLT} 2016, The 2016 Conference of the North American Chapter
               of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies,
               San Diego California, USA, June 12-17, 2016},
  pages     = {1217--1222},
  publisher = {The Association for Computational Linguistics},
  year      = {2016},
  //url       = {https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/n16-1145},
  //doi       = {10.18653/v1/n16-1145},
  //timestamp = {Tue, 28 Jan 2020 10:30:00 +0100},
  //biburl    = {https://dblp.org/rec/conf/naacl/ZophVMK16.bib},
  //bibsource = {dblp computer science bibliography, https://dblp.org}
}
@book{周志华2016机器学习,
  title ={机器学习},
  author ={周志华},
  year ={2016},
  publisher ={清华大学出版社}
}
@book{宗成庆2013统计自然语言处理,
  title ={统计自然语言处理},
  author ={宗成庆},
  year ={2013},
  publisher ={清华大学出版社}
}
@article{赵军峰2019深化改革,
  title ={深化改革 探讨创新 推进发展——全国翻译专业学位研究生教育2019年会综述},
  author ={赵军峰,姚恺璇},
  journal ={中国翻译},
  year ={2019},
}
@book{邱锡鹏2020神经网络与深度学习,
  title ={神经网络与深度学习},
  author ={邱锡鹏},
  year ={2020},
  note ={\url{https://nndl.github.io/}}
}
%%%%% chapter 1------------------------------------------------------
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%


%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%%%%% chapter 2------------------------------------------------------
@book{aho1972theory,
  author    = {Alfred V. Aho and
               Jeffrey D. Ullman},
  title     = {The theory of parsing, translation, and compiling. 2: Compiling},
  publisher = {Prentice-Hall},
  year      = {1973},
  //url       = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/310805948},
  //isbn      = {0139145648},
  //timestamp = {Wed, 26 Apr 2017 17:48:52 +0200},
  //biburl    = {https://dblp.org/rec/books/lib/AhoU73.bib},
  //bibsource = {dblp computer science bibliography, https://dblp.org}
}
@article{bengio2003neural,
  title ={A neural probabilistic language model},
  author ={Bengio, Yoshua and Ducharme, R{\'e}jean and Vincent, Pascal and Jauvin, Christian},
  journal ={Journal of machine learning research},
  volume ={3},
  number ={Feb},
  pages ={1137--1155},
  year ={2003}
}
@inproceedings{chen2014fast,
  author    = {Danqi Chen and
               Christopher D. Manning},
  //editor    = {Alessandro Moschitti and
               Bo Pang and
               Walter Daelemans},
  title     = {A Fast and Accurate Dependency Parser using Neural Networks},
  booktitle = {Proceedings of the 2014 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural
               Language Processing, {EMNLP} 2014, October 25-29, 2014, Doha, Qatar,
               {A} meeting of SIGDAT, a Special Interest Group of the {ACL}},
  pages     = {740--750},
  publisher = {{ACL}},
  year      = {2014},
  //url       = {https://doi.org/10.3115/v1/d14-1082},
  //doi       = {10.3115/v1/d14-1082},
  //timestamp = {Tue, 28 Jan 2020 10:28:44 +0100},
  //biburl    = {https://dblp.org/rec/conf/emnlp/ChenM14.bib},
  //bibsource = {dblp computer science bibliography, https://dblp.org}
}

@article{chen1999empirical,
  author    = {Stanley F. Chen and
               Joshua Goodman},
  title     = {An empirical study of smoothing techniques for language modeling},
  journal   = {Computer Speech \& Language},
  volume    = {13},
  number    = {4},
  pages     = {359--393},
  year      = {1999},
  //url       = {https://doi.org/10.1006/csla.1999.0128},
  //doi       = {10.1006/csla.1999.0128},
  //timestamp = {Thu, 20 Feb 2020 11:32:39 +0100},
  //biburl    = {https://dblp.org/rec/journals/csl/ChenG99.bib},
  //bibsource = {dblp computer science bibliography, https://dblp.org}
}
@article{chomsky2002syntactic,
    title ={Chomsky, Noam: Syntactic Structures},
    author ={Mounin, Georges},
    journal ={Babel},
    volume ={7},
    number ={1},
    pages ={35--35},
    year ={1961}
}
@article{gale1995good,
  author    = {William A. Gale and
               Geoffrey Sampson},
  title     = {Good-Turing Frequency Estimation Without Tears},
  journal   = {Journal of Quantitative Linguistics},
  volume    = {2},
  number    = {3},
  pages     = {217--237},
  year      = {1995},
  //url       = {https://doi.org/10.1080/09296179508590051},
  //doi       = {10.1080/09296179508590051},
  //timestamp = {Sat, 20 May 2017 00:22:46 +0200},
  //biburl    = {https://dblp.org/rec/journals/jql/GaleS95.bib},
  //bibsource = {dblp computer science bibliography, https://dblp.org}
}
@article{good1953population,
  title ={The population frequencies of species and the estimation of population parameters},
  author ={Good, Irving J},
  journal ={Biometrika},
  volume ={40},
  number ={3-4},
  pages ={237--264},
  year ={1953},
  publisher ={Oxford University Press}
}
@inproceedings{heafield-2011-kenlm,
  author    = {Kenneth Heafield},
  //editor    = {Chris Callison{-}Burch and
               Philipp Koehn and
               Christof Monz and
               Omar Zaidan},
  title     = {KenLM: Faster and Smaller Language Model Queries},
  booktitle = {Proceedings of the Sixth Workshop on Statistical Machine Translation,
               WMT@EMNLP 2011, Edinburgh, Scotland, UK, July 30-31, 2011},
  pages     = {187--197},
  publisher = {Association for Computational Linguistics},
  year      = {2011},
  //url       = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W11-2123/},
  //timestamp = {Fri, 13 Sep 2019 13:08:46 +0200},
  //biburl    = {https://dblp.org/rec/conf/wmt/Heafield11.bib},
  //bibsource = {dblp computer science bibliography, https://dblp.org}
}

@proceedings{huang2008advanced,
    title = {Coling 2008: Advanced Dynamic Programming in Computational Linguistics: Theory, Algorithms and 	    Applications - Tutorial notes},
    //editor = {Huang, Liang},
    year = {2008},
    address = {Manchester, UK},
    publisher = {Coling 2008 Organizing Committee},
    //url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C08-5000},
}

@article{huang2015bidirectional,
  author    = {Zhiheng Huang and
               Wei Xu and
               Kai Yu},
  title     = {Bidirectional {LSTM-CRF} Models for Sequence Tagging},
  journal   = {CoRR},
  volume    = {abs/1508.01991},
  year      = {2015},
  //url       = {http://arxiv.org/abs/1508.01991},
  //archivePrefix = {arXiv},
  //eprint    = {1508.01991},
  //timestamp = {Mon, 13 Aug 2018 16:46:46 +0200},
  //biburl    = {https://dblp.org/rec/journals/corr/HuangXY15.bib},
  //bibsource = {dblp computer science bibliography, https://dblp.org}
}
@inproceedings{kneser1995improved,
  author    = {Reinhard Kneser and
               Hermann Ney},
  title     = {Improved backing-off for M-gram language modeling},
  booktitle = {1995 International Conference on Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing,
               {ICASSP} '95, Detroit, Michigan, USA, May 08-12, 1995},
  pages     = {181--184},
  publisher = {{IEEE} Computer Society},
  year      = {1995},
  //url       = {https://doi.org/10.1109/ICASSP.1995.479394},
  //doi       = {10.1109/ICASSP.1995.479394},
  //timestamp = {Wed, 16 Oct 2019 14:14:52 +0200},
  //biburl    = {https://dblp.org/rec/conf/icassp/KneserN95.bib},
  //bibsource = {dblp computer science bibliography, https://dblp.org}
}
@book{kolmogorov2018foundations,
  title ={Foundations of the theory of probability: Second English Edition},
  author ={Kolmogorov, Andre Nikolaevich and Bharucha-Reid, Albert T},
  year ={2018},
  publisher ={Courier Dover Publications}
}
@inproceedings{lafferty2001conditional,
  author    = {John D. Lafferty and
               Andrew McCallum and
               Fernando C. N. Pereira},
  //editor    = {Carla E. Brodley and
               Andrea Pohoreckyj Danyluk},
  title     = {Conditional Random Fields: Probabilistic Models for Segmenting and
               Labeling Sequence Data},
  booktitle = {Proceedings of the Eighteenth International Conference on Machine
               Learning {(ICML} 2001), Williams College, Williamstown, MA, USA, June
               28 - July 1, 2001},
  pages     = {282--289},
  publisher = {Morgan Kaufmann},
  year      = {2001},
  //timestamp = {Wed, 27 Nov 2002 10:53:35 +0100},
  //biburl    = {https://dblp.org/rec/conf/icml/LaffertyMP01.bib},
  //bibsource = {dblp computer science bibliography, https://dblp.org}
}
@inproceedings{ma2016end,
  author    = {Xuezhe Ma and
               Eduard H. Hovy},
  title     = {End-to-end Sequence Labeling via Bi-directional LSTM-CNNs-CRF},
  booktitle = {Proceedings of the 54th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational
               Linguistics, {ACL} 2016, August 7-12, 2016, Berlin, Germany, Volume
               1: Long Papers},
  publisher = {The Association for Computer Linguistics},
  year      = {2016},
  //url       = {https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/p16-1101},
  //doi       = {10.18653/v1/p16-1101},
  //timestamp = {Tue, 28 Jan 2020 10:27:49 +0100},
  //biburl    = {https://dblp.org/rec/conf/acl/MaH16.bib},
  //bibsource = {dblp computer science bibliography, https://dblp.org}
}
@inproceedings{mikolov2010recurrent,
  author    = {Tomas Mikolov and
               Martin Karafi{\'{a}}t and
               Luk{\'{a}}s Burget and
               Jan Cernock{\'{y}} and
               Sanjeev Khudanpur},
  //editor    = {Takao Kobayashi and
               Keikichi Hirose and
               Satoshi Nakamura},
  title     = {Recurrent neural network based language model},
  booktitle = {{INTERSPEECH} 2010, 11th Annual Conference of the International Speech
               Communication Association, Makuhari, Chiba, Japan, September 26-30,
               2010},
  pages     = {1045--1048},
  publisher = {{ISCA}},
  year      = {2010},
  //url       = {http://www.isca-speech.org/archive/interspeech\_2010/i10\_1045.html},
  //timestamp = {Thu, 24 Aug 2017 11:26:53 +0200},
  //biburl    = {https://dblp.org/rec/conf/interspeech/MikolovKBCK10.bib},
  //bibsource = {dblp computer science bibliography, https://dblp.org}
}
@inproceedings{ng2002discriminative,
  title ={On discriminative vs. generative classifiers: A comparison of logistic regression and naive bayes},
  author ={Ng, Andrew Y and Jordan, Michael I},
  booktitle ={Advances in neural information processing systems},
  pages ={841--848},
  year ={2002}
}
@book{parsing2009speech,
  author    = {Dan Jurafsky and
               James H. Martin},
  title     = {Speech and language processing: an introduction to natural language
               processing, computational linguistics, and speech recognition, 2nd
               Edition},
  series    = {Prentice Hall series in artificial intelligence},
  publisher = {Prentice Hall, Pearson Education International},
  year      = {2009},
  //url       = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/315913020},
  //isbn      = {9780135041963},
  //timestamp = {Wed, 03 May 2017 18:39:06 +0200},
  //biburl    = {https://dblp.org/rec/books/lib/JurafskyM09.bib},
  //bibsource = {dblp computer science bibliography, https://dblp.org}
}

@article{resnick1992adventures,
    author = {Barbour, A. and Resnick, Sidney},
    year = {1993},
    month = {12},
    pages = {1474},
    title = {Adventures in Stochastic Processes.},
    volume = {88},
    journal = {Journal of the American Statistical Association},
    //doi = {10.2307/2291307}
}

@article{shannon1948mathematical,
  title ={A mathematical theory of communication},
  author ={Shannon, Claude E},
  journal ={Bell system technical journal},
  volume ={27},
  number ={3},
  pages ={379--423},
  year ={1948},
  publisher ={Wiley Online Library}
}
@inproceedings{stolcke2002srilm,
  author    = {Andreas Stolcke},
  //editor    = {John H. L. Hansen and
               Bryan L. Pellom},
  title     = {{SRILM} - an extensible language modeling toolkit},
  booktitle = {7th International Conference on Spoken Language Processing, {ICSLP2002}
               - {INTERSPEECH} 2002, Denver, Colorado, USA, September 16-20, 2002},
  publisher = {{ISCA}},
  year      = {2002},
  //url       = {http://www.isca-speech.org/archive/icslp\_2002/i02\_0901.html},
  //timestamp = {Mon, 21 Mar 2011 15:38:48 +0100},
  //biburl    = {https://dblp.org/rec/conf/interspeech/Stolcke02.bib},
  //bibsource = {dblp computer science bibliography, https://dblp.org}
}
@inproceedings{wang-etal-2018-niutrans,
    title = "The {N}iu{T}rans Machine Translation System for {WMT}18",
    author = "Wang, Qiang  and
      Li, Bei  and
      Liu, Jiqiang  and
      Jiang, Bojian  and
      Zhang, Zheyang  and
      Li, Yinqiao  and
      Lin, Ye  and
      Xiao, Tong  and
      Zhu, Jingbo",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third Conference on Machine Translation: Shared Task Papers",
    month = oct,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Belgium, Brussels",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    //url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-6430",
    //doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-6430",
    pages = "528--534"
}
@article{zhu2015long,
  author    = {Xiaodan Zhu and
               Parinaz Sobhani and
               Hongyu Guo},
  title     = {Long Short-Term Memory Over Tree Structures},
  journal   = {CoRR},
  volume    = {abs/1503.04881},
  year      = {2015},
  //url       = {http://arxiv.org/abs/1503.04881},
  //archivePrefix = {arXiv},
  //eprint    = {1503.04881},
  //timestamp = {Mon, 13 Aug 2018 16:48:15 +0200},
  //biburl    = {https://dblp.org/rec/journals/corr/ZhuSG15.bib},
  //bibsource = {dblp computer science bibliography, https://dblp.org}
}
@book{liuke-markov-2004,
  title ={实用马尔可夫决策过程},
  author ={刘克},
  year ={2004},
  publisher ={清华大学出版社}
}
@book{mao-prob-book-2011,
  title ={概率论与数理统计教程: 第二版},
  author ={魏宗舒},
  year ={2011},
  publisher ={北京: 高等教育出版社}
}
%%%%% chapter 2------------------------------------------------------
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%%%%% chapter 3------------------------------------------------------
@inproceedings{ittycheriah2005maximum,
  author    = {Abraham Ittycheriah and
               Salim Roukos},
  title     = {A Maximum Entropy Word Aligner for Arabic-English Machine Translation},
  booktitle = {{HLT/EMNLP} 2005, Human Language Technology Conference and Conference
               on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing, Proceedings of
               the Conference, 6-8 October 2005, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada},
  pages     = {89--96},
  publisher = {The Association for Computational Linguistics},
  year      = {2005},
  //url       = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H05-1012/},
  //timestamp = {Mon, 16 Sep 2019 17:08:53 +0200},
  //biburl    = {https://dblp.org/rec/conf/naacl/IttycheriahR05.bib},
  //bibsource = {dblp computer science bibliography, https://dblp.org}
}
@book{manning1999foundations,
  title ={Foundations of statistical natural language processing},
  author ={Manning, Christopher D and Manning, Christopher D and Sch{\"u}tze, Hinrich},
  year ={1999},
  publisher ={MIT press}
}
@article{och2004alignment,
  author    = {Franz Josef Och and
               Hermann Ney},
  title     = {The Alignment Template Approach to Statistical Machine Translation},
  journal   = {Computational Linguistics},
  volume    = {30},
  number    = {4},
  pages     = {417--449},
  year      = {2004},
  //url       = {https://doi.org/10.1162/0891201042544884},
  //doi       = {10.1162/0891201042544884},
  //timestamp = {Sun, 02 Jun 2019 20:56:04 +0200},
  //biburl    = {https://dblp.org/rec/journals/coling/OchN04.bib},
  //bibsource = {dblp computer science bibliography, https://dblp.org}
}
@article{shannon1949communication,
  title ={Communication theory of secrecy systems},
  author ={Shannon, Claude E},
  journal ={Bell system technical journal},
  volume ={28},
  number ={4},
  pages ={656--715},
  year ={1949},
  publisher ={Wiley Online Library}
}
@inproceedings{vogel1996hmm,
  author    = {Stephan Vogel and
               Hermann Ney and
               Christoph Tillmann},
  title     = {HMM-Based Word Alignment in Statistical Translation},
  booktitle = {16th International Conference on Computational Linguistics, Proceedings
               of the Conference, {COLING} 1996, Center for Sprogteknologi, Copenhagen,
               Denmark, August 5-9, 1996},
  pages     = {836--841},
  year      = {1996},
  //url       = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C96-2141/},
  //timestamp = {Mon, 16 Sep 2019 17:08:53 +0200},
  //biburl    = {https://dblp.org/rec/conf/coling/VogelNT96.bib},
  //bibsource = {dblp computer science bibliography, https://dblp.org}
}
%%%%% chapter 3------------------------------------------------------
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%


%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%%%%% chapter 4------------------------------------------------------
@inproceedings{Blunsom2009A,
  author    = {Phil Blunsom and
               Trevor Cohn and
               Chris Dyer and
               Miles Osborne},
  //editor    = {Keh{-}Yih Su and
               Jian Su and
               Janyce Wiebe},
  title     = {A Gibbs Sampler for Phrasal Synchronous Grammar Induction},
  booktitle = {{ACL} 2009, Proceedings of the 47th Annual Meeting of the Association
               for Computational Linguistics and the 4th International Joint Conference
               on Natural Language Processing of the AFNLP, 2-7 August 2009, Singapore},
  pages     = {782--790},
  publisher = {The Association for Computer Linguistics},
  year      = {2009},
  //url       = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P09-1088/},
  //timestamp = {Fri, 13 Sep 2019 13:00:42 +0200},
  //biburl    = {https://dblp.org/rec/conf/acl/BlunsomCDO09.bib},
  //bibsource = {dblp computer science bibliography, https://dblp.org}
}
@inproceedings{Blunsom2008A,
  author    = {Phil Blunsom and
               Trevor Cohn and
               Miles Osborne},
  //editor    = {Kathleen R. McKeown and
               Johanna D. Moore and
               Simone Teufel and
               James Allan and
               Sadaoki Furui},
  title     = {A Discriminative Latent Variable Model for Statistical Machine Translation},
  booktitle = {{ACL} 2008, Proceedings of the 46th Annual Meeting of the Association
               for Computational Linguistics, June 15-20, 2008, Columbus, Ohio, {USA}},
  pages     = {200--208},
  publisher = {The Association for Computer Linguistics},
  year      = {2008},
  //url       = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P08-1024/},
  //timestamp = {Fri, 13 Sep 2019 13:00:42 +0200},
  //biburl    = {https://dblp.org/rec/conf/acl/BlunsomCO08.bib},
  //bibsource = {dblp computer science bibliography, https://dblp.org}
}
@article{Peter1993The,
  author    = {Peter F. Brown and
               Stephen Della Pietra and
               Vincent J. Della Pietra and
               Robert L. Mercer},
  title     = {The Mathematics of Statistical Machine Translation: Parameter Estimation},
  journal   = {Computational Linguistics},
  volume    = {19},
  number    = {2},
  pages     = {263--311},
  year      = {1993},
  //timestamp = {Tue, 23 Aug 2011 13:28:33 +0200},
  //biburl    = {https://dblp.org/rec/journals/coling/BrownPPM94.bib},
  //bibsource = {dblp computer science bibliography, https://dblp.org}
}
@article{Casacuberta2004Machine,
  author    = {Francisco Casacuberta and
               Enrique Vidal},
  title     = {Machine Translation with Inferred Stochastic Finite-State Transducers},
  journal   = {Computational Linguistics},
  volume    = {30},
  number    = {2},
  pages     = {205--225},
  year      = {2004},
  //url       = {https://doi.org/10.1162/089120104323093294},
  //doi       = {10.1162/089120104323093294},
  //timestamp = {Tue, 21 May 2019 18:03:32 +0200},
  //biburl    = {https://dblp.org/rec/journals/coling/CasacubertaV04.bib},
  //bibsource = {dblp computer science bibliography, https://dblp.org}
}
@inproceedings{charniak2001immediate,
  author    = {Eugene Charniak},
  title     = {Immediate-Head Parsing for Language Models},
  booktitle = {Association for Computational Linguistic, 39th Annual Meeting and
               10th Conference of the European Chapter, Proceedings of the Conference,
               July 9-11, 2001, Toulouse, France},
  pages     = {116--123},
  publisher = {Morgan Kaufmann Publishers},
  year      = {2001},
  //url       = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P01-1017/},
  //timestamp = {Fri, 13 Sep 2019 13:00:43 +0200},
  //biburl    = {https://dblp.org/rec/conf/acl/Charniak01.bib},
  //bibsource = {dblp computer science bibliography, https://dblp.org}
}
@inproceedings{chiang2005a,
  author    = {David Chiang},
  //editor    = {Kevin Knight and
               Hwee Tou Ng and
               Kemal Oflazer},
  title     = {A Hierarchical Phrase-Based Model for Statistical Machine Translation},
  booktitle = {{ACL} 2005, 43rd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational
               Linguistics, Proceedings of the Conference, 25-30 June 2005, University
               of Michigan, {USA}},
  pages     = {263--270},
  publisher = {The Association for Computer Linguistics},
  year      = {2005},
  //url       = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P05-1033/},
  //timestamp = {Mon, 19 Aug 2019 18:09:27 +0200},
  //biburl    = {https://dblp.org/rec/conf/acl/Chiang05.bib},
  //bibsource = {dblp computer science bibliography, https://dblp.org}
}
@article{chiang2007hierarchical,
    title={Hierarchical Phrase-Based Translation},
    author ={Chiang, David},
    journal ={Computational Linguistics},
    volume ={33},
    number ={2},
    pages ={201--228},
    year ={2007}
}
@inproceedings{chiang2010learning,
  author    = {David Chiang},
  //editor    = {Jan Hajic and
               Sandra Carberry and
               Stephen Clark},
  title     = {Learning to Translate with Source and Target Syntax},
  booktitle = {{ACL} 2010, Proceedings of the 48th Annual Meeting of the Association
               for Computational Linguistics, July 11-16, 2010, Uppsala, Sweden},
  pages     = {1443--1452},
  publisher = {The Association for Computer Linguistics},
  year      = {2010},
  //url       = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P10-1146/},
  //timestamp = {Fri, 13 Sep 2019 13:00:42 +0200},
  //biburl    = {https://dblp.org/rec/conf/acl/Chiang10.bib},
  //bibsource = {dblp computer science bibliography, https://dblp.org}
}
@article{Chiang2012Hope,
  author    = {David Chiang},
  title     = {Hope and Fear for Discriminative Training of Statistical Translation
               Models},
  journal   = {Journal of Machine Learning Research},
  volume    = {13},
  pages     = {1159--1187},
  year      = {2012},
  //url       = {http://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=2343684},
  //timestamp = {Wed, 10 Jul 2019 15:28:01 +0200},
  //biburl    = {https://dblp.org/rec/journals/jmlr/Chiang12.bib},
  //bibsource = {dblp computer science bibliography, https://dblp.org}
}
@inproceedings{Chiang200911,
  author    = {David Chiang and
               Kevin Knight and
               Wei Wang},
  title     = {11,001 New Features for Statistical Machine Translation},
  booktitle = {Human Language Technologies: Conference of the North American Chapter
               of the Association of Computational Linguistics, Proceedings, May
               31 - June 5, 2009, Boulder, Colorado, {USA}},
  pages     = {218--226},
  publisher = {The Association for Computational Linguistics},
  year      = {2009},
  //url       = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N09-1025/},
  //timestamp = {Mon, 16 Sep 2019 17:08:53 +0200},
  //biburl    = {https://dblp.org/rec/conf/naacl/ChiangKW09.bib},
  //bibsource = {dblp computer science bibliography, https://dblp.org}
}
@inproceedings{chiang2008online,
  author    = {David Chiang and
               Yuval Marton and
               Philip Resnik},
  title     = {Online Large-Margin Training of Syntactic and Structural Translation
               Features},
  booktitle = {2008 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing,
               {EMNLP} 2008, Proceedings of the Conference, 25-27 October 2008, Honolulu,
               Hawaii, USA, {A} meeting of SIGDAT, a Special Interest Group of the
               {ACL}},
  pages     = {224--233},
  publisher = {{ACL}},
  year      = {2008},
  //url       = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D08-1024/},
  //timestamp = {Fri, 13 Sep 2019 13:08:45 +0200},
  //biburl    = {https://dblp.org/rec/conf/emnlp/ChiangMR08.bib},
  //bibsource = {dblp computer science bibliography, https://dblp.org}
}
@book{cocke1969programming,
  title ={Programming Languages and Their Compilers: Preliminary Notes},
  author ={Cocke, J. and Schwartz, J.T.},
  lccn ={76374279},
  //url ={https://books.google.com.hk/books?id=ybM-AAAAIAAJ},
  year ={1970},
  publisher ={Courant Institute of Mathematical Sciences, New York University}
}
@inproceedings{Cohn2009A,
  author    = {Trevor Cohn and
               Phil Blunsom},
  title     = {A Bayesian Model of Syntax-Directed Tree to String Grammar Induction},
  booktitle = {Proceedings of the 2009 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural
               Language Processing, {EMNLP} 2009, 6-7 August 2009, Singapore, {A}
               meeting of SIGDAT, a Special Interest Group of the {ACL}},
  pages     = {352--361},
  publisher = {{ACL}},
  year      = {2009},
  //url       = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D09-1037/},
  //timestamp = {Fri, 13 Sep 2019 13:08:45 +0200},
  //biburl    = {https://dblp.org/rec/conf/emnlp/CohnB09.bib},
  //bibsource = {dblp computer science bibliography, https://dblp.org}
}

@article{crammer2003ultraconservative,
  author    = {Koby Crammer and
               Yoram Singer},
  title     = {Ultraconservative Online Algorithms for Multiclass Problems},
  journal   = {Journal of Machine Learning Research},
  volume    = {3},
  pages     = {951--991},
  year      = {2003},
  //url       = {http://jmlr.org/papers/v3/crammer03a.html},
  //timestamp = {Wed, 10 Jul 2019 15:28:37 +0200},
  //biburl    = {https://dblp.org/rec/journals/jmlr/CrammerS03.bib},
  //bibsource = {dblp computer science bibliography, https://dblp.org}
}

@inproceedings{dreyer2015apro,
  author    = {Markus Dreyer and
               Yuanzhe Dong},
  //editor    = {Rada Mihalcea and
               Joyce Yue Chai and
               Anoop Sarkar},
  title     = {{APRO:} All-Pairs Ranking Optimization for {MT} Tuning},
  booktitle = {{NAACL} {HLT} 2015, The 2015 Conference of the North American Chapter
               of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies,
               Denver, Colorado, USA, May 31 - June 5, 2015},
  pages     = {1018--1023},
  publisher = {The Association for Computational Linguistics},
  year      = {2015},
  //url       = {https://doi.org/10.3115/v1/n15-1106},
  //doi       = {10.3115/v1/n15-1106},
  //timestamp = {Tue, 28 Jan 2020 10:30:03 +0100},
  //biburl    = {https://dblp.org/rec/conf/naacl/DreyerD15.bib},
  //bibsource = {dblp computer science bibliography, https://dblp.org}
}
@inproceedings{eisner2002parameter,
  author    = {Jason Eisner},
  title     = {Parameter Estimation for Probabilistic Finite-State Transducers},
  booktitle = {Proceedings of the 40th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational
               Linguistics, July 6-12, 2002, Philadelphia, PA, {USA}},
  pages     = {1--8},
  publisher = {{ACL}},
  year      = {2002},
  //url       = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P02-1001/},
  //timestamp = {Tue, 17 Sep 2019 13:40:53 +0200},
  //biburl    = {https://dblp.org/rec/conf/acl/Eisner02.bib},
  //bibsource = {dblp computer science bibliography, https://dblp.org}
}

@inproceedings{eisner2003learning,
  author    = {Jason Eisner},
  //editor    = {Kotaro Funakoshi and
               Sandra K{\"{u}}bler and
               Jahna Otterbacher},
  title     = {Learning Non-Isomorphic Tree Mappings for Machine Translation},
  booktitle = {{ACL} 2003, 41st Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational
               Linguistics, Companion Volume to the Proceedings, 7-12 July 2003,
               Sapporo Convention Center, Sapporo, Japan},
  pages     = {205--208},
  publisher = {The Association for Computer Linguistics},
  year      = {2003},
  //url       = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P03-2041/},
  //timestamp = {Fri, 13 Sep 2019 13:00:43 +0200},
  //biburl    = {https://dblp.org/rec/conf/acl/Eisner03.bib},
  //bibsource = {dblp computer science bibliography, https://dblp.org}
}
@inproceedings{galley2006scalable,
  author    = {Michel Galley and
               Jonathan Graehl and
               Kevin Knight and
               Daniel Marcu and
               Steve DeNeefe and
               Wei Wang and
               Ignacio Thayer},
  //editor    = {Nicoletta Calzolari and
               Claire Cardie and
               Pierre Isabelle},
  title     = {Scalable Inference and Training of Context-Rich Syntactic Translation
               Models},
  booktitle = {{ACL} 2006, 21st International Conference on Computational Linguistics
               and 44th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics,
               Proceedings of the Conference, Sydney, Australia, 17-21 July 2006},
  publisher = {The Association for Computer Linguistics},
  year      = {2006},
  //url       = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P06-1121/},
  //timestamp = {Fri, 13 Sep 2019 13:00:43 +0200},
  //biburl    = {https://dblp.org/rec/conf/acl/GalleyGKMDWT06.bib},
  //bibsource = {dblp computer science bibliography, https://dblp.org}
}
@inproceedings{galley2004s,
  title ={What’s in a translation rule?},
  author ={Galley, Michel and Hopkins, Mark and Knight, Kevin and Marcu, Daniel},
  booktitle ={Proceedings of the Human Language Technology Conference of the North American Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: HLT-NAACL 2004},
  pages ={273--280},
  year ={2004}
}
@inproceedings{gildea2003loosely,
  author    = {Daniel Gildea},
  //editor    = {Erhard W. Hinrichs and
               Dan Roth},
  title     = {Loosely Tree-Based Alignment for Machine Translation},
  booktitle = {Proceedings of the 41st Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational
               Linguistics, 7-12 July 2003, Sapporo Convention Center, Sapporo, Japan},
  pages     = {80--87},
  publisher = {{ACL}},
  year      = {2003\\},
  //url       = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P03-1011/},
  //timestamp = {Mon, 19 Aug 2019 18:09:53 +0200},
  //biburl    = {https://dblp.org/rec/conf/acl/Gildea03.bib},
  //bibsource = {dblp computer science bibliography, https://dblp.org}
}
@article{de2010hierarchical,
  author    = {Adri{\`{a}} de Gispert and
               Gonzalo Iglesias and
               Graeme W. Blackwood and
               Eduardo Rodr{\'{\i}}guez Banga and
               William Byrne},
  title     = {Hierarchical Phrase-Based Translation with Weighted Finite-State Transducers
               and Shallow-\emph{n} Grammars},
  journal   = {Computational Linguistics},
  volume    = {36},
  number    = {3},
  pages     = {505--533},
  year      = {2010},
  //url       = {https://doi.org/10.1162/coli\_a\_00006},
  //doi       = {10.1162/coli\_a\_00006},
  //timestamp = {Tue, 21 May 2019 18:03:32 +0200},
  //biburl    = {https://dblp.org/rec/journals/coling/GispertIBBB10.bib},
  //bibsource = {dblp computer science bibliography, https://dblp.org}
}
@article{goodman1999semiring,
  author    = {Joshua Goodman},
  title     = {Semiring Parsing},
  journal   = {Computational Linguistics},
  volume    = {25},
  number    = {4},
  pages     = {573--605},
  year      = {1999},
  //timestamp = {Thu, 03 Jan 2002 12:16:56 +0100},  
  //biburl    = {https://dblp.org/rec/journals/coling/Goodman99.bib},
  //bibsource = {dblp computer science bibliography, https://dblp.org}
}
@inproceedings{Gros2008MSD,
author ={Gros, Jerneja {\v{Z}}ganec},
//editor={Simos,Theodore E.  and Psihoyios,George },
title ={MSD Recombination Method in Statistical Machine Translation},
booktitle ={INTERNATIONAL ELECTRONIC CONFERENCE ON COMPUTER SCIENCE
     28 June - 8 July 2007
     and 
     20 November - 10 December 2007},
series ={AIP Conference Proceedings},
volume ={1060},
pages ={186--189},
publisher ={American Institute of Physics},
year ={2008},
//url={https://aip.scitation.org/doi/abs/10.1063/1.3037049},
//doi = {10.1063/1.3037049},
//bibsource={AIP Publishing, https://aip.scitation.org/},
}
@inproceedings{He2008Indirect,
  author    = {Xiaodong He and
               Mei Yang and
               Jianfeng Gao and
               Patrick Nguyen and
               Robert Moore},
  title     = {Indirect-HMM-based Hypothesis Alignment for Combining Outputs from
               Machine Translation Systems},
  booktitle = {2008 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing,
               {EMNLP} 2008, Proceedings of the Conference, 25-27 October 2008, Honolulu,
               Hawaii, USA, {A} meeting of SIGDAT, a Special Interest Group of the
               {ACL}},
  pages     = {98--107},
  publisher = {{ACL}},
  year      = {2008},
  //url       = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D08-1011/},
  //timestamp = {Fri, 13 Sep 2019 13:08:45 +0200},
  //biburl    = {https://dblp.org/rec/conf/emnlp/HeYGNM08.bib},
  //bibsource = {dblp computer science bibliography, https://dblp.org}
}
@inproceedings{Hopkins2011Tuning,
  author    = {Mark Hopkins and
               Jonathan May},
  title     = {Tuning as Ranking},
  booktitle = {Proceedings of the 2011 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural
               Language Processing, {EMNLP} 2011, 27-31 July 2011, John McIntyre
               Conference Centre, Edinburgh, UK, {A} meeting of SIGDAT, a Special
               Interest Group of the {ACL}},
  pages     = {1352--1362},
  publisher = {{ACL}},
  year      = {2011},
  //url       = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D11-1125/},
  //timestamp = {Fri, 13 Sep 2019 13:08:45 +0200},
  //biburl    = {https://dblp.org/rec/conf/emnlp/HopkinsM11.bib},
  //bibsource = {dblp computer science bibliography, https://dblp.org}
}
@inproceedings{huang2005better,
  author    = {Liang Huang and
               David Chiang},
  //editor    = {Harry Bunt and
               Robert Malouf and
               Alon Lavie},
  title     = {Better k-best Parsing},
  booktitle = {Proceedings of the Ninth International Workshop on Parsing Technology,
               {IWPT} 2005, Vancouver, Canada, October 9-10, 2005},
  pages     = {53--64},
  publisher = {Association for Computational Linguistics},
  year      = {2005},
  //url       = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W05-1506/},
  //timestamp = {Mon, 16 Sep 2019 17:08:53 +0200},
  //biburl    = {https://dblp.org/rec/conf/iwpt/HuangC05.bib},
  //bibsource = {dblp computer science bibliography, https://dblp.org}
}
@inproceedings{huang2006statistical,
  title ={Statistical syntax-directed translation with extended domain of locality},
  author ={Huang, Liang and Knight, Kevin and Joshi, Aravind},
  booktitle ={Proceedings of AMTA},
  pages ={66--73},
  year ={2006},
  organization ={Cambridge, MA}
}
@article{kasami1966efficient,
  author ={Kasami, Tadao},
  title ={An efficient recognition and syntax-analysis algorithm for context-free languages},
  journal ={Coordinated Science Laboratory Report no. R-257},
  year ={1966},
  //url ={ http://hdl.handle.net/2142/74304},
}
@inproceedings{ilprints729,
  author    = {Dan Klein and
               Christopher D. Manning},
  title     = {Parsing and Hypergraphs},
  booktitle = {Proceedings of the Seventh International Workshop on Parsing Technologies
               (IWPT-2001), 17-19 October 2001, Beijing, China},
  publisher = {Tsinghua University Press},
  year      = {2001},
  //timestamp = {Thu, 15 Jan 2004 13:16:48 +0100},
  //biburl    = {https://dblp.org/rec/conf/iwpt/KleinM01.bib},
  //bibsource = {dblp computer science bibliography, https://dblp.org}
}
@article{knight1999decoding,
  author    = {Kevin Knight},
  title     = {Decoding Complexity in Word-Replacement Translation Models},
  journal   = {Computational Linguistics},
  volume    = {25},
  number    = {4},
  pages     = {607--615},
  year      = {1999},
  //timestamp = {Thu, 03 Jan 2002 12:16:56 +0100},
  //biburl    = {https://dblp.org/rec/journals/coling/Knight99.bib},
  //bibsource = {dblp computer science bibliography, https://dblp.org}
}
@inproceedings{koehn2007factored,
  author    = {Philipp Koehn and
               Hieu Hoang},
  //editor    = {Jason Eisner},
  title     = {Factored Translation Models},
  booktitle = {EMNLP-CoNLL 2007, Proceedings of the 2007 Joint Conference on Empirical
               Methods in Natural Language Processing and Computational Natural Language
               Learning, June 28-30, 2007, Prague, Czech Republic},
  pages     = {868--876},
  publisher = {{ACL}},
  year      = {2007},
  //url       = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D07-1091/},
  //timestamp = {Fri, 13 Sep 2019 13:08:45 +0200},
  //biburl    = {https://dblp.org/rec/conf/emnlp/KoehnH07.bib},
  //bibsource = {dblp computer science bibliography, https://dblp.org}
}
@inproceedings{koehn2000estimating,
  author    = {Philipp Koehn and
               Kevin Knight},
  //editor    = {Henry A. Kautz and
               Bruce W. Porter},
  title     = {Estimating Word Translation Probabilities from Unrelated Monolingual
               Corpora Using the {EM} Algorithm},
  booktitle = {Proceedings of the Seventeenth National Conference on Artificial Intelligence
               and Twelfth Conference on on Innovative Applications of Artificial
               Intelligence, July 30 - August 3, 2000, Austin, Texas, {USA}},
  pages     = {711--715},
  publisher = {{AAAI} Press / The {MIT} Press},
  year      = {2000},
  //url       = {http://www.aaai.org/Library/AAAI/2000/aaai00-109.php},
  //timestamp = {Tue, 11 Dec 2012 12:57:21 +0100},
  //biburl    = {https://dblp.org/rec/conf/aaai/KoehnK00.bib},
  //bibsource = {dblp computer science bibliography, https://dblp.org}
}
@inproceedings{koehn2002learning,
    author = {Kevin Knight},
    title = {Learning a translation lexicon from monolingual corpora},
    booktitle = {In Proceedings of ACL Workshop on Unsupervised Lexical Acquisition},
    year = {2002},
    pages = {9--16}
}
@inproceedings{Li2009Incremental,
  author    = {Chi{-}Ho Li and
               Xiaodong He and
               Yupeng Liu and
               Ning Xi},
  //editor    = {Keh{-}Yih Su and
               Jian Su and
               Janyce Wiebe},
  title     = {Incremental {HMM} Alignment for {MT} System Combination},
  booktitle = {{ACL} 2009, Proceedings of the 47th Annual Meeting of the Association
               for Computational Linguistics and the 4th International Joint Conference
               on Natural Language Processing of the AFNLP, 2-7 August 2009, Singapore},
  pages     = {949--957},
  publisher = {The Association for Computer Linguistics},
  year      = {2009},
  //url       = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P09-1107/},
  //timestamp = {Fri, 13 Sep 2019 13:00:43 +0200},
  //biburl    = {https://dblp.org/rec/conf/acl/LiHLX09.bib},
  //bibsource = {dblp computer science bibliography, https://dblp.org}
}
@inproceedings{li-etal-2014-neural,
  author    = {Peng Li and
               Yang Liu and
               Maosong Sun and
               Tatsuya Izuha and
               Dakun Zhang},
  //editor    = {Jan Hajic and
               Junichi Tsujii},
  title     = {A Neural Reordering Model for Phrase-based Translation},
  booktitle = {{COLING} 2014, 25th International Conference on Computational Linguistics,
               Proceedings of the Conference: Technical Papers, August 23-29, 2014,
               Dublin, Ireland},
  pages     = {1897--1907},
  publisher = {{ACL}},
  year      = {2014},
  //url       = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C14-1179/},
  //timestamp = {Wed, 22 Jan 2020 14:30:11 +0100},
  //biburl    = {https://dblp.org/rec/conf/coling/Li0SIZ14.bib},
  //bibsource = {dblp computer science bibliography, https://dblp.org}
}
@inproceedings{li2009first-,
  author    = {Zhifei Li and
               Jason Eisner},
  title     = {First- and Second-Order Expectation Semirings with Applications to
               Minimum-Risk Training on Translation Forests},
  booktitle = {Proceedings of the 2009 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural
               Language Processing, {EMNLP} 2009, 6-7 August 2009, Singapore, {A}
               meeting of SIGDAT, a Special Interest Group of the {ACL}},
  pages     = {40--51},
  publisher = {{ACL}},
  year      = {2009},
  //url       = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D09-1005/},
  //timestamp = {Thu, 16 Apr 2020 11:29:00 +0200},
  //biburl    = {https://dblp.org/rec/conf/emnlp/LiE09.bib},
  //bibsource = {dblp computer science bibliography, https://dblp.org}
}
@inproceedings{liu2006tree,
  author    = {Yang Liu and
               Qun Liu and
               Shouxun Lin},
  //editor    = {Nicoletta Calzolari and
               Claire Cardie and
               Pierre Isabelle},
  title     = {Tree-to-String Alignment Template for Statistical Machine Translation},
  booktitle = {{ACL} 2006, 21st International Conference on Computational Linguistics
               and 44th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics,
               Proceedings of the Conference, Sydney, Australia, 17-21 July 2006},
  publisher = {The Association for Computer Linguistics},
  year      = {2006},
  //url       = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P06-1077/},
  //timestamp = {Fri, 13 Sep 2019 13:00:43 +0200},
  //biburl    = {https://dblp.org/rec/conf/acl/LiuLL06.bib},
  //bibsource = {dblp computer science bibliography, https://dblp.org}
}
@inproceedings{liu2009improving,
  author    = {Yang Liu and
               Yajuan L{\"{u}} and
               Qun Liu},
  //editor    = {Keh{-}Yih Su and
               Jian Su and
               Janyce Wiebe},
  title     = {Improving Tree-to-Tree Translation with Packed Forests},
  booktitle = {{ACL} 2009, Proceedings of the 47th Annual Meeting of the Association
               for Computational Linguistics and the 4th International Joint Conference
               on Natural Language Processing of the AFNLP, 2-7 August 2009, Singapore},
  pages     = {558--566},
  publisher = {The Association for Computer Linguistics},
  year      = {2009},
  //url       = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P09-1063/},
  //timestamp = {Fri, 13 Sep 2019 13:00:43 +0200},
  //biburl    = {https://dblp.org/rec/conf/acl/LiuLL09.bib},
  //bibsource = {dblp computer science bibliography, https://dblp.org}
}
@inproceedings{liu2009weighted,
  author    = {Yang Liu and
               Tian Xia and
               Xinyan Xiao and
               Qun Liu},
  title     = {Weighted Alignment Matrices for Statistical Machine Translation},
  booktitle = {Proceedings of the 2009 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural
               Language Processing, {EMNLP} 2009, 6-7 August 2009, Singapore, {A}
               meeting of SIGDAT, a Special Interest Group of the {ACL}},
  pages     = {1017--1026},
  publisher = {{ACL}},
  year      = {2009},
  //url       = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D09-1106/},
  //timestamp = {Fri, 13 Sep 2019 13:08:45 +0200},
  //biburl    = {https://dblp.org/rec/conf/emnlp/LiuXXL09.bib},
  //bibsource = {dblp computer science bibliography, https://dblp.org}
}
@inproceedings{marcu2006spmt:,
  author    = {Daniel Marcu and
               Wei Wang and
               Abdessamad Echihabi and
               Kevin Knight},
  //editor    = {Dan Jurafsky and
               {\'{E}}ric Gaussier},
  title     = {{SPMT:} Statistical Machine Translation with Syntactified Target Language
               Phrases},
  booktitle = {{EMNLP} 2006, Proceedings of the 2006 Conference on Empirical Methods
               in Natural Language Processing, 22-23 July 2006, Sydney, Australia},
  pages     = {44--52},
  publisher = {{ACL}},
  year      = {2006},
  //url       = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W06-1606/},
  //timestamp = {Fri, 13 Sep 2019 13:08:45 +0200},
  //biburl    = {https://dblp.org/rec/conf/emnlp/MarcuWEK06.bib},
  //bibsource = {dblp computer science bibliography, https://dblp.org}
}
@inproceedings{mi2008forest,
  title ={Forest-based translation},
  author ={Mi, Haitao and Huang, Liang and Liu, Qun},
  booktitle ={Proceedings of ACL-08: HLT},
  pages ={192--199},
  year ={2008}
}
@inproceedings{Mu2009Collaborative,
  author    = {Mu Li and
               Nan Duan and
               Dongdong Zhang and
               Chi{-}Ho Li and
               Ming Zhou},
  //editor    = {Keh{-}Yih Su and
               Jian Su and
               Janyce Wiebe},
  title     = {Collaborative Decoding: Partial Hypothesis Re-ranking Using Translation
               Consensus between Decoders},
  booktitle = {{ACL} 2009, Proceedings of the 47th Annual Meeting of the Association
               for Computational Linguistics and the 4th International Joint Conference
               on Natural Language Processing of the AFNLP, 2-7 August 2009, Singapore},
  pages     = {585--592},
  publisher = {The Association for Computer Linguistics},
  year      = {2009},
  //url       = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P09-1066/},
  //timestamp = {Fri, 13 Sep 2019 13:00:42 +0200},
  //biburl    = {https://dblp.org/rec/conf/acl/LiDZLZ09.bib},
  //bibsource = {dblp computer science bibliography, https://dblp.org}
}
@article{ney1994structuring,
  author    = {Hermann Ney and
               Ute Essen and
               Reinhard Kneser},
  title     = {On structuring probabilistic dependences in stochastic language modelling},
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  //bibsource = {dblp computer science bibliography, https://dblp.org}
}
@inproceedings{och2003minimum,
  author    = {Franz Josef Och},
  //editor    = {Erhard W. Hinrichs and
               Dan Roth},
  title     = {Minimum Error Rate Training in Statistical Machine Translation},
  booktitle = {Proceedings of the 41st Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational
               Linguistics, 7-12 July 2003, Sapporo Convention Center, Sapporo, Japan},
  pages     = {160--167},
  publisher = {{ACL}},
  year      = {2003},
  //url       = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P03-1021/},
  //timestamp = {Mon, 19 Aug 2019 18:09:53 +0200},
  //biburl    = {https://dblp.org/rec/conf/acl/Och03.bib},
  //bibsource = {dblp computer science bibliography, https://dblp.org}
}
@inproceedings{och2004smorgasbord,
  author    = {Franz Josef Och and
               Daniel Gildea and
               Sanjeev Khudanpur and
               Anoop Sarkar and
               Kenji Yamada and
               Alexander M. Fraser and
               Shankar Kumar and
               Libin Shen and
               David Smith and
               Katherine Eng and
               Viren Jain and
               Zhen Jin and
               Dragomir R. Radev},
  //editor    = {Julia Hirschberg and
               Susan T. Dumais and
               Daniel Marcu and
               Salim Roukos},
  title     = {A Smorgasbord of Features for Statistical Machine Translation},
  booktitle = {Human Language Technology Conference of the North American Chapter
               of the Association for Computational Linguistics, {HLT-NAACL} 2004,
               Boston, Massachusetts, USA, May 2-7, 2004},
  pages     = {161--168},
  publisher = {The Association for Computational Linguistics},
  year      = {2004},
  //url       = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N04-1021/},
  //timestamp = {Thu, 09 Apr 2020 17:14:41 +0200},
  //biburl    = {https://dblp.org/rec/conf/naacl/OchGKSYFKSSEJJR04.bib},
  //bibsource = {dblp computer science bibliography, https://dblp.org}
}
@article{OchA,
  author    = {Franz Josef Och and
               Hermann Ney},
  title     = {A Systematic Comparison of Various Statistical Alignment Models},
  journal   = {Computational Linguistics},
  volume    = {29},
  number    = {1},
  pages     = {19--51},
  year      = {2003},
  //url       = {https://doi.org/10.1162/089120103321337421},
  //doi       = {10.1162/089120103321337421},
  //timestamp = {Tue, 21 May 2019 18:03:32 +0200},
  //biburl    = {https://dblp.org/rec/journals/coling/OchN03.bib},
  //bibsource = {dblp computer science bibliography, https://dblp.org}
}
@article{powell1964an,
  author    = {M. J. D. Powell},
  title     = {An efficient method for finding the minimum of a function of several
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  journal   = {The Computer Journal},
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}
@inproceedings{rosti2007combining,
  author    = {Antti{-}Veikko I. Rosti and
               Necip Fazil Ayan and
               Bing Xiang and
               Spyridon Matsoukas and
               Richard M. Schwartz and
               Bonnie J. Dorr},
  //editor    = {Candace L. Sidner and
               Tanja Schultz and
               Matthew Stone and
               ChengXiang Zhai},
  title     = {Combining Outputs from Multiple Machine Translation Systems},
  booktitle = {Human Language Technology Conference of the North American Chapter
               of the Association of Computational Linguistics, Proceedings, April
               22-27, 2007, Rochester, New York, {USA}},
  pages     = {228--235},
  publisher = {The Association for Computational Linguistics},
  year      = {2007},
  //url       = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N07-1029/},
  //timestamp = {Mon, 16 Sep 2019 17:08:53 +0200},
  //biburl    = {https://dblp.org/rec/conf/naacl/RostiAXMSD07.bib},
  //bibsource = {dblp computer science bibliography, https://dblp.org}
}
@inproceedings{shen2008a,
  author    = {Libin Shen and
               Jinxi Xu and
               Ralph M. Weischedel},
  //editor    = {Kathleen R. McKeown and
               Johanna D. Moore and
               Simone Teufel and
               James Allan and
               Sadaoki Furui},
  title     = {A New String-to-Dependency Machine Translation Algorithm with a Target
               Dependency Language Model},
  booktitle = {{ACL} 2008, Proceedings of the 46th Annual Meeting of the Association
               for Computational Linguistics, June 15-20, 2008, Columbus, Ohio, {USA}},
  pages     = {577--585},
  publisher = {The Association for Computer Linguistics},
  year      = {2008},
  //url       = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P08-1066/},
  //timestamp = {Fri, 13 Sep 2019 13:00:42 +0200},
  //biburl    = {https://dblp.org/rec/conf/acl/ShenXW08.bib},
  //bibsource = {dblp computer science bibliography, https://dblp.org}
}
@inproceedings{smith2006minimum,
  author    = {David A. Smith and
               Jason Eisner},
  //editor    = {Nicoletta Calzolari and
               Claire Cardie and
               Pierre Isabelle},
  title     = {Minimum Risk Annealing for Training Log-Linear Models},
  booktitle = {{ACL} 2006, 21st International Conference on Computational Linguistics
               and 44th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics,
               Proceedings of the Conference, Sydney, Australia, 17-21 July 2006},
  publisher = {The Association for Computer Linguistics},
  year      = {2006},
  //url       = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P06-2101/},
  //timestamp = {Fri, 13 Sep 2019 13:00:42 +0200},
  //biburl    = {https://dblp.org/rec/conf/acl/SmithE06a.bib},
  //bibsource = {dblp computer science bibliography, https://dblp.org}
}
@inproceedings{sun2010discriminative,
  author    = {Jun Sun and
               Min Zhang and
               Chew Lim Tan},
  //editor    = {Chu{-}Ren Huang and
               Dan Jurafsky},
  title     = {Discriminative Induction of Sub-Tree Alignment using Limited Labeled
               Data},
  booktitle = {{COLING} 2010, 23rd International Conference on Computational Linguistics,
               Proceedings of the Conference, 23-27 August 2010, Beijing, China},
  pages     = {1047--1055},
  publisher = {Tsinghua University Press},
  year      = {2010},
  //url       = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C10-1118/},
  //timestamp = {Mon, 16 Sep 2019 17:08:53 +0200},
  //biburl    = {https://dblp.org/rec/conf/coling/SunZT10.bib},
  //bibsource = {dblp computer science bibliography, https://dblp.org}
}
@inproceedings{sun2010exploring,
  author    = {Jun Sun and
               Min Zhang and
               Chew Lim Tan},
  //editor    = {Jan Hajic and
               Sandra Carberry and
               Stephen Clark},
  title     = {Exploring Syntactic Structural Features for Sub-Tree Alignment Using
               Bilingual Tree Kernels},
  booktitle = {{ACL} 2010, Proceedings of the 48th Annual Meeting of the Association
               for Computational Linguistics, July 11-16, 2010, Uppsala, Sweden},
  pages     = {306--315},
  publisher = {The Association for Computer Linguistics},
  year      = {2010},
  //url       = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P10-1032/},
  //timestamp = {Fri, 13 Sep 2019 13:00:43 +0200},
  //biburl    = {https://dblp.org/rec/conf/acl/SunZT10.bib},
  //bibsource = {dblp computer science bibliography, https://dblp.org}
}
@inproceedings{taskar2005a,
  author    = {Benjamin Taskar and
               Simon Lacoste{-}Julien and
               Dan Klein},
  title     = {A Discriminative Matching Approach to Word Alignment},
  booktitle = {{HLT/EMNLP} 2005, Human Language Technology Conference and Conference
               on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing, Proceedings of
               the Conference, 6-8 October 2005, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada},
  pages     = {73--80},
  publisher = {The Association for Computational Linguistics},
  year      = {2005},
  //url       = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H05-1010/},
  //timestamp = {Mon, 16 Sep 2019 17:08:53 +0200},
  //biburl    = {https://dblp.org/rec/conf/naacl/TaskarLK05.bib},
  //bibsource = {dblp computer science bibliography, https://dblp.org}
}
@article{tinsley2007robust,
  author ={Tinsley, John and Zhechev, Ventsislav and Hearne, Mary and Way, Andy},
  title ={Robust language pair-independent sub-tree alignment},
  journal ={Machine Translation Summit XI},
  pages ={467–474},
  year ={2007},
  //url ={http://doras.dcu.ie/15230/},
}
@inproceedings{Tong2009Better,
  author    = {Tong Xiao and
               Mu Li and
               Dongdong Zhang and
               Jingbo Zhu and
               Ming Zhou},
  title     = {Better Synchronous Binarization for Machine Translation},
  booktitle = {Proceedings of the 2009 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural
               Language Processing, {EMNLP} 2009, 6-7 August 2009, Singapore, {A}
               meeting of SIGDAT, a Special Interest Group of the {ACL}},
  pages     = {362--370},
  publisher = {{ACL}},
  year      = {2009},
  //url       = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D09-1038/},
  //timestamp = {Fri, 13 Sep 2019 13:08:45 +0200},
  //biburl    = {https://dblp.org/rec/conf/emnlp/XiaoLZZZ09.bib},
  //bibsource = {dblp computer science bibliography, https://dblp.org}
}
@inproceedings{Tong2016Syntactic,
  author    = {Tong Xiao and
               Jingbo Zhu and
               Chunliang Zhang and
               Tongran Liu},
  //editor    = {Dale Schuurmans and
               Michael P. Wellman},
  title     = {Syntactic Skeleton-Based Translation},
  booktitle = {Proceedings of the Thirtieth {AAAI} Conference on Artificial Intelligence,
               February 12-17, 2016, Phoenix, Arizona, {USA}},
  pages     = {2856--2862},
  publisher = {{AAAI} Press},
  year      = {2016},
  //url       = {http://www.aaai.org/ocs/index.php/AAAI/AAAI16/paper/view/11933},
  //timestamp = {Wed, 05 Apr 2017 12:53:50 +0200},
  //biburl    = {https://dblp.org/rec/conf/aaai/XiaoZZL16.bib},
  //bibsource = {dblp computer science bibliography, https://dblp.org}
}
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  author    = {Taro Watanabe and
               Jun Suzuki and
               Hajime Tsukada and
               Hideki Isozaki},
  //editor    = {Jason Eisner},
  title     = {Online Large-Margin Training for Statistical Machine Translation},
  booktitle = {EMNLP-CoNLL 2007, Proceedings of the 2007 Joint Conference on Empirical
               Methods in Natural Language Processing and Computational Natural Language
               Learning, June 28-30, 2007, Prague, Czech Republic},
  pages     = {764--773},
  publisher = {{ACL}},
  year      = {2007},
  //url       = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D07-1080/},
  //timestamp = {Fri, 13 Sep 2019 13:08:45 +0200},
  //biburl    = {https://dblp.org/rec/conf/emnlp/WatanabeSTI07.bib},
  //bibsource = {dblp computer science bibliography, https://dblp.org}
}
@article{wu1997stochastic,
  author    = {Dekai Wu},
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}

@article{XiaoA,
  author    = {Tong Xiao and
               Derek F. Wong and
               Jingbo Zhu},
  title     = {A Loss-Augmented Approach to Training Syntactic Machine Translation
               Systems},
  journal   = {IEEE Transactions on Audio, Speech, and Language Processing},
  volume    = {24},
  number    = {11},
  pages     = {2069--2083},
  year      = {2016},
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  //biburl    = {https://dblp.org/rec/journals/taslp/XiaoWZ16.bib},
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}
@article{xiao2013unsupervised,
  title ={Unsupervised sub-tree alignment for tree-to-tree translation},
  author ={Xiao, Tong and Zhu, Jingbo},
  journal ={Journal of Artificial Intelligence Research},
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  pages ={733--782},
  year ={2013}
}
@article{xiao2013bagging,
  title ={Bagging and boosting statistical machine translation systems},
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  journal ={Artificial Intelligence},
  volume ={195},
  pages ={496--527},
  year ={2013},
  publisher ={Elsevier}
}
@inproceedings{xiao2010empirical,
  author    = {Tong Xiao and
               Jingbo Zhu and
               Hao Zhang and
               Muhua Zhu},
  //editor    = {Chu{-}Ren Huang and
               Dan Jurafsky},
  title     = {An Empirical Study of Translation Rule Extraction with Multiple Parsers},
  booktitle = {{COLING} 2010, 23rd International Conference on Computational Linguistics,
               Posters Volume, 23-27 August 2010, Beijing, China},
  pages     = {1345--1353},
  publisher = {Chinese Information Processing Society of China},
  year      = {2010},
  //url       = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C10-2154/},
  //timestamp = {Wed, 18 Sep 2019 12:15:53 +0200},
  //biburl    = {https://dblp.org/rec/conf/coling/XiaoZZZ10.bib},
  //bibsource = {dblp computer science bibliography, https://dblp.org}
}
@article{xiao2011language,
  title ={Language Modeling for Syntax-Based Machine Translation Using Tree Substitution Grammars: A Case Study on Chinese-English Translation},
  author ={Xiao, Tong and Zhu, Jingbo and Zhu, Muhua},
  journal ={ACM Transactions on Asian Language Information Processing (TALIP)},
  volume ={10},
  number ={4},
  pages ={1--29},
  year ={2011},
  publisher ={ACM New York, NY, USA}
}
@inproceedings{xiong2006maximum,
  author    = {Deyi Xiong and
               Qun Liu and
               Shouxun Lin},
  //editor    = {Nicoletta Calzolari and
               Claire Cardie and
               Pierre Isabelle},
  title     = {Maximum Entropy Based Phrase Reordering Model for Statistical Machine
               Translation},
  booktitle = {{ACL} 2006, 21st International Conference on Computational Linguistics
               and 44th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics,
               Proceedings of the Conference, Sydney, Australia, 17-21 July 2006},
  publisher = {The Association for Computer Linguistics},
  year      = {2006},
  //url       = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P06-1066/},
  //timestamp = {Fri, 13 Sep 2019 13:00:42 +0200},
  //biburl    = {https://dblp.org/rec/conf/acl/XiongLL06.bib},
  //bibsource = {dblp computer science bibliography, https://dblp.org}
}
@inproceedings{Yang2009Lattice,
  author    = {Yang Feng and
               Yang Liu and
               Haitao Mi and
               Qun Liu and
               Yajuan L{\"{u}}},
  title     = {Lattice-based System Combination for Statistical Machine Translation},
  booktitle = {Proceedings of the 2009 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural
               Language Processing, {EMNLP} 2009, 6-7 August 2009, Singapore, {A}
               meeting of SIGDAT, a Special Interest Group of the {ACL}},
  pages     = {1105--1113},
  publisher = {{ACL}},
  year      = {2009},
  //url       = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D09-1115/},
  //timestamp = {Fri, 29 Nov 2019 14:00:46 +0100},
  //biburl    = {https://dblp.org/rec/conf/emnlp/FengLMLL09.bib},
  //bibsource = {dblp computer science bibliography, https://dblp.org}
}
@inproceedings{Yang2009Joint,
  author    = {Yang Liu and
               Haitao Mi and
               Yang Feng and
               Qun Liu},
  //editor    = {Keh{-}Yih Su and
               Jian Su and
               Janyce Wiebe},
  title     = {Joint Decoding with Multiple Translation Models},
  booktitle = {{ACL} 2009, Proceedings of the 47th Annual Meeting of the Association
               for Computational Linguistics and the 4th International Joint Conference
               on Natural Language Processing of the AFNLP, 2-7 August 2009, Singapore},
  pages     = {576--584},
  publisher = {The Association for Computer Linguistics},
  year      = {2009},
  //url       = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P09-1065/},
  //timestamp = {Fri, 29 Nov 2019 14:00:46 +0100},
  //biburl    = {https://dblp.org/rec/conf/acl/LiuMFL09.bib},
  //bibsource = {dblp computer science bibliography, https://dblp.org}
}
@article{younger1967recognition,
  author    = {Daniel H. Younger},
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  biburl    = {https://dblp.org/rec/journals/iandc/Younger67.bib},
  bibsource = {dblp computer science bibliography, https://dblp.org}
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@inproceedings{zhang2006synchronous,
  author    = {Hao Zhang and
               Liang Huang and
               Daniel Gildea and
               Kevin Knight},
  //editor    = {Robert C. Moore and
               Jeff A. Bilmes and
               Jennifer Chu{-}Carroll and
               Mark Sanderson},
  title     = {Synchronous Binarization for Machine Translation},
  booktitle = {Human Language Technology Conference of the North American Chapter
               of the Association of Computational Linguistics, Proceedings, June
               4-9, 2006, New York, New York, {USA}},
  publisher = {The Association for Computational Linguistics},
  year      = {2006},
  //url       = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N06-1033/},
  //timestamp = {Mon, 16 Sep 2019 17:08:53 +0200},
  //biburl    = {https://dblp.org/rec/conf/naacl/ZhangHGK06.bib},
  //bibsource = {dblp computer science bibliography, https://dblp.org}
}

@inproceedings{zhang2008tree,
  author    = {Min Zhang and
               Hongfei Jiang and
               AiTi Aw and
               Haizhou Li and
               Chew Lim Tan and
               Sheng Li},
  //editor    = {Kathleen R. McKeown and
               Johanna D. Moore and
               Simone Teufel and
               James Allan and
               Sadaoki Furui},
  title     = {A Tree Sequence Alignment-based Tree-to-Tree Translation Model},
  booktitle = {{ACL} 2008, Proceedings of the 46th Annual Meeting of the Association
               for Computational Linguistics, June 15-20, 2008, Columbus, Ohio, {USA}},
  pages     = {559--567},
  publisher = {The Association for Computer Linguistics},
  year      = {2008},
  //url       = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P08-1064/},
  //timestamp = {Fri, 13 Sep 2019 13:00:42 +0200},
  //biburl    = {https://dblp.org/rec/conf/acl/ZhangJALTL08.bib},
  //bibsource = {dblp computer science bibliography, https://dblp.org}
}

@inproceedings{zhu2011improving,
  author    = {Jingbo Zhu and
               Tong Xiao},
  title     = {Improving Decoding Generalization for Tree-to-String Translation},
  booktitle = {The 49th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics:
               Human Language Technologies, Proceedings of the Conference, 19-24
               June, 2011, Portland, Oregon, {USA} - Short Papers},
  pages     = {418--423},
  publisher = {The Association for Computer Linguistics},
  year      = {2011},
  //url       = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P11-2073/},
  //timestamp = {Wed, 18 Sep 2019 12:15:54 +0200},
  //biburl    = {https://dblp.org/rec/conf/acl/ZhuX11.bib},
  //bibsource = {dblp computer science bibliography, https://dblp.org}
}

%%%%% chapter 4------------------------------------------------------
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%

%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%%%%% chapter 5------------------------------------------------------------
@inproceedings{arthur2016incorporating,
  author    = {Philip Arthur and
               Graham Neubig and
               Satoshi Nakamura},
  //editor    = {Jian Su and
               Xavier Carreras and
               Kevin Duh},
  title     = {Incorporating Discrete Translation Lexicons into Neural Machine Translation},
  booktitle = {Proceedings of the 2016 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural
               Language Processing, {EMNLP} 2016, Austin, Texas, USA, November 1-4,
               2016},
  pages     = {1557--1567},
  publisher = {The Association for Computational Linguistics},
  year      = {2016},
  //url       = {https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/d16-1162},
  //doi       = {10.18653/v1/d16-1162},
  //timestamp = {Tue, 28 Jan 2020 10:28:31 +0100},
  //biburl    = {https://dblp.org/rec/conf/emnlp/ArthurNN16.bib},
  //bibsource = {dblp computer science bibliography, https://dblp.org}
}
@article{baydin2017automatic,
  title ={Automatic differentiation in machine learning: a survey},
  author ={Baydin, At{\i}l{\i}m G{\"u}nes and Pearlmutter, Barak A and Radul, Alexey Andreyevich and Siskind, Jeffrey Mark},
  journal ={The Journal of Machine Learning Research},
  volume ={18},
  number ={1},
  pages ={5595--5637},
  year ={2017},
  publisher ={JMLR. org}
}
@INPROCEEDINGS{charniak2003syntax,
    author = {Eugene Charniak and Kevin Knight and Kenji Yamada},
    title = {Syntax-based Language Models for Statistical Machine Translation},
    booktitle = {In MT Summit IX. Intl. Assoc. for Machine Translation},
    year = {2003}
}
@article{collobert2011natural,
  author    = {Ronan Collobert and
               Jason Weston and
               L{\'{e}}on Bottou and
               Michael Karlen and
               Koray Kavukcuoglu and
               Pavel P. Kuksa},
  title     = {Natural Language Processing (Almost) from Scratch},
  journal   = {Journal of Machine Learning Research},
  volume    = {12},
  pages     = {2493--2537},
  year      = {2011},
  //url       = {http://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=2078186},
  //timestamp = {Wed, 10 Jul 2019 15:28:44 +0200},
  //biburl    = {https://dblp.org/rec/journals/jmlr/CollobertWBKKK11.bib},
  //bibsource = {dblp computer science bibliography, https://dblp.org}
}
@article{devlin2018bert,
  author    = {Jacob Devlin and
               Ming{-}Wei Chang and
               Kenton Lee and
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}
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  author    = {Riccardo Guidotti and
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               Salvatore Ruggieri and
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               Fosca Giannotti and
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  author    = {Sergey Ioffe and
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  //editor    = {Francis R. Bach and
               David M. Blei},
  title     = {Batch Normalization: Accelerating Deep Network Training by Reducing
               Internal Covariate Shift},
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               {ICML} 2015, Lille, France, 6-11 July 2015},
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  publisher = {JMLR.org},
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  //bibsource = {dblp computer science bibliography, https://dblp.org}
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  author    = {Diederik P. Kingma and
               Jimmy Ba},
  //editor    = {Yoshua Bengio and
               Yann LeCun},
  title     = {Adam: {A} Method for Stochastic Optimization},
  booktitle = {3rd International Conference on Learning Representations, {ICLR} 2015,
               San Diego, CA, USA, May 7-9, 2015, Conference Track Proceedings},
  year      = {2015},
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}
@inproceedings{koh2017understanding,
  author    = {Pang Wei Koh and
               Percy Liang},
  //editor    = {Doina Precup and
               Yee Whye Teh},
  title     = {Understanding Black-box Predictions via Influence Functions},
  booktitle = {Proceedings of the 34th International Conference on Machine Learning,
               {ICML} 2017, Sydney, NSW, Australia, 6-11 August 2017},
  series    = {Proceedings of Machine Learning Research},
  volume    = {70},
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  publisher = {{PMLR}},
  year      = {2017},
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}
@inproceedings{lample2019cross,
  author    = {Alexis Conneau and
               Guillaume Lample},
  //editor    = {Hanna M. Wallach and
               Hugo Larochelle and
               Alina Beygelzimer and
               Florence d'Alch{\'{e}}{-}Buc and
               Emily B. Fox and
               Roman Garnett},
  title     = {Cross-lingual Language Model Pretraining},
  booktitle = {Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems 32: Annual Conference
               on Neural Information Processing Systems 2019, NeurIPS 2019, 8-14
               December 2019, Vancouver, BC, Canada},
  pages     = {7057--7067},
  year      = {2019},
  //url       = {http://papers.nips.cc/paper/8928-cross-lingual-language-model-pretraining},
  //timestamp = {Fri, 06 Mar 2020 16:59:27 +0100},
  //biburl    = {https://dblp.org/rec/conf/nips/ConneauL19.bib},
  //bibsource = {dblp computer science bibliography, https://dblp.org}
}
@article{lan2019albert,
  author    = {Zhenzhong Lan and
               Mingda Chen and
               Sebastian Goodman and
               Kevin Gimpel and
               Piyush Sharma and
               Radu Soricut},
  title     = {{ALBERT:} {A} Lite {BERT} for Self-supervised Learning of Language
               Representations},
  journal   = {CoRR},
  volume    = {abs/1909.11942},
  year      = {2019},
  //url       = {http://arxiv.org/abs/1909.11942},
  //archivePrefix = {arXiv},
  //eprint    = {1909.11942},
  //timestamp = {Fri, 27 Sep 2019 13:04:21 +0200},
  //biburl    = {https://dblp.org/rec/journals/corr/abs-1909-11942.bib},
  //bibsource = {dblp computer science bibliography, https://dblp.org}
}
@inproceedings{mccann2017learned,
  author    = {Bryan McCann and
               James Bradbury and
               Caiming Xiong and
               Richard Socher},
  //editor    = {Isabelle Guyon and
               Ulrike von Luxburg and
               Samy Bengio and
               Hanna M. Wallach and
               Rob Fergus and
               S. V. N. Vishwanathan and
               Roman Garnett},
  title     = {Learned in Translation: Contextualized Word Vectors},
  booktitle = {Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems 30: Annual Conference
               on Neural Information Processing Systems 2017, 4-9 December 2017,
               Long Beach, CA, {USA}},
  pages     = {6294--6305},
  year      = {2017},
  //url       = {http://papers.nips.cc/paper/7209-learned-in-translation-contextualized-word-vectors},
  //timestamp = {Fri, 06 Mar 2020 16:57:53 +0100},
  //biburl    = {https://dblp.org/rec/conf/nips/McCannBXS17.bib},
  //bibsource = {dblp computer science bibliography, https://dblp.org}
}
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  author    = {Tomas Mikolov and
               Kai Chen and
               Greg Corrado and
               Jeffrey Dean},
  //editor    = {Yoshua Bengio and
               Yann LeCun},
  title     = {Efficient Estimation of Word Representations in Vector Space},
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               Scottsdale, Arizona, USA, May 2-4, 2013, Workshop Track Proceedings},
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}
@inproceedings{mikolov2013distributed,
  author    = {Tomas Mikolov and
               Ilya Sutskever and
               Kai Chen and
               Gregory S. Corrado and
               Jeffrey Dean},
  //editor    = {Christopher J. C. Burges and
               L{\'{e}}on Bottou and
               Zoubin Ghahramani and
               Kilian Q. Weinberger},
  title     = {Distributed Representations of Words and Phrases and their Compositionality},
  booktitle = {Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems 26: 27th Annual
               Conference on Neural Information Processing Systems 2013. Proceedings
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  pages     = {3111--3119},
  year      = {2013},
  //url       = {http://papers.nips.cc/paper/5021-distributed-representations-of-words-and-phrases-and-their-compositionality},
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  //biburl    = {https://dblp.org/rec/conf/nips/MikolovSCCD13.bib},
  //bibsource = {dblp computer science bibliography, https://dblp.org}
}
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  author    = {Jeffrey Pennington and
               Richard Socher and
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  //editor    = {Alessandro Moschitti and
               Bo Pang and
               Walter Daelemans},
  title     = {Glove: Global Vectors for Word Representation},
  booktitle = {Proceedings of the 2014 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural
               Language Processing, {EMNLP} 2014, October 25-29, 2014, Doha, Qatar,
               {A} meeting of SIGDAT, a Special Interest Group of the {ACL}},
  pages     = {1532--1543},
  publisher = {{ACL}},
  year      = {2014},
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@inproceedings{perozzi2014deepwalk,
  author    = {Bryan Perozzi and
               Rami Al{-}Rfou and
               Steven Skiena},
  //editor    = {Sofus A. Macskassy and
               Claudia Perlich and
               Jure Leskovec and
               Wei Wang and
               Rayid Ghani},
  title     = {DeepWalk: online learning of social representations},
  booktitle = {The 20th {ACM} {SIGKDD} International Conference on Knowledge Discovery
               and Data Mining, {KDD} '14, New York, NY, {USA} - August 24 - 27,
               2014},
  pages     = {701--710},
  publisher = {{ACM}},
  year      = {2014},
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  //timestamp = {Sun, 02 Jun 2019 21:11:52 +0200},
  //biburl    = {https://dblp.org/rec/conf/kdd/PerozziAS14.bib},
  //bibsource = {dblp computer science bibliography, https://dblp.org}
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@inproceedings{peters2018deep,
  author    = {Matthew E. Peters and
               Mark Neumann and
               Mohit Iyyer and
               Matt Gardner and
               Christopher Clark and
               Kenton Lee and
               Luke Zettlemoyer},
  //editor    = {Marilyn A. Walker and
               Heng Ji and
               Amanda Stent},
  title     = {Deep Contextualized Word Representations},
  booktitle = {Proceedings of the 2018 Conference of the North American Chapter of
               the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies,
               {NAACL-HLT} 2018, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA, June 1-6, 2018, Volume
               1 (Long Papers)},
  pages     = {2227--2237},
  publisher = {Association for Computational Linguistics},
  year      = {2018},
  //url       = {https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/n18-1202},
  //doi       = {10.18653/v1/n18-1202},
  //timestamp = {Tue, 28 Jan 2020 10:30:02 +0100},
  //biburl    = {https://dblp.org/rec/conf/naacl/PetersNIGCLZ18.bib},
  //bibsource = {dblp computer science bibliography, https://dblp.org}
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@inproceedings{plank2013embedding,
  author    = {Barbara Plank and
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               Linguistics, {ACL} 2013, 4-9 August 2013, Sofia, Bulgaria, Volume
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  publisher = {The Association for Computer Linguistics},
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  author    = {Kaitao Song and
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               Ruslan Salakhutdinov},
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  author    = {Zhilin Yang and
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  //editor    = {Hanna M. Wallach and
               Hugo Larochelle and
               Alina Beygelzimer and
               Florence d'Alch{\'{e}}{-}Buc and
               Emily B. Fox and
               Roman Garnett},
  title     = {XLNet: Generalized Autoregressive Pretraining for Language Understanding},
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               on Neural Information Processing Systems 2019, NeurIPS 2019, 8-14
               December 2019, Vancouver, BC, Canada},
  pages     = {5754--5764},
  year      = {2019},
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%%%%% chapter 5------------------------------------------------------------
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%


%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%%%%% chapter 6----------------------------------------------------------------
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  //biburl    = {https://dblp.org/rec/conf/emnlp/BentivogliBCF16.bib},
  //bibsource = {dblp computer science bibliography, https://dblp.org}
}
@article{DBLP:journals/corr/abs-1906-00532,
  author    = {Aishwarya Bhandare and
               Vamsi Sripathi and
               Deepthi Karkada and
               Vivek Menon and
               Sun Choi and
               Kushal Datta and
               Vikram Saletore},
  title     = {Efficient 8-Bit Quantization of Transformer Neural Machine Language
               Translation Model},
  journal   = {CoRR},
  volume    = {abs/1906.00532},
  year      = {2019},
  //url       = {http://arxiv.org/abs/1906.00532},
  //archivePrefix = {arXiv},
  //eprint    = {1906.00532},
  //timestamp = {Thu, 13 Jun 2019 13:36:00 +0200},
  //biburl    = {https://dblp.org/rec/journals/corr/abs-1906-00532.bib},
  //bibsource = {dblp computer science bibliography, https://dblp.org}
}
@inproceedings{Chen2018TheBO,
  author    = {Mia Xu Chen and
               Orhan Firat and
               Ankur Bapna and
               Melvin Johnson and
               Wolfgang Macherey and
               George F. Foster and
               Llion Jones and
               Mike Schuster and
               Noam Shazeer and
               Niki Parmar and
               Ashish Vaswani and
               Jakob Uszkoreit and
               Lukasz Kaiser and
               Zhifeng Chen and
               Yonghui Wu and
               Macduff Hughes},
  //editor    = {Iryna Gurevych and
               Yusuke Miyao},
  title     = {The Best of Both Worlds: Combining Recent Advances in Neural Machine
               Translation},
  booktitle = {Proceedings of the 56th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational
               Linguistics, {ACL} 2018, Melbourne, Australia, July 15-20, 2018, Volume
               1: Long Papers},
  pages     = {76--86},
  publisher = {Association for Computational Linguistics},
  year      = {2018},
  //url       = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P18-1008/},
  //doi       = {10.18653/v1/P18-1008},
  //timestamp = {Fri, 20 Mar 2020 09:13:27 +0100},
  //biburl    = {https://dblp.org/rec/conf/acl/FosterVUMKFJSWB18.bib},
  //bibsource = {dblp computer science bibliography, https://dblp.org}
}
@inproceedings{DBLP:journals/corr/ChenLCL17,
  author    = {Yun Chen and
               Yang Liu and
               Yong Cheng and
               Victor O. K. Li},
  //editor    = {Regina Barzilay and
               Min{-}Yen Kan},
  title     = {A Teacher-Student Framework for Zero-Resource Neural Machine Translation},
  booktitle = {Proceedings of the 55th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational
               Linguistics, {ACL} 2017, Vancouver, Canada, July 30 - August 4, Volume
               1: Long Papers},
  pages     = {1925--1935},
  publisher = {Association for Computational Linguistics},
  year      = {2017},
  //url       = {https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/P17-1176},
  //doi       = {10.18653/v1/P17-1176},
  //timestamp = {Tue, 20 Aug 2019 11:59:05 +0200},
  //biburl    = {https://dblp.org/rec/conf/acl/ChenLCL17.bib},
  //bibsource = {dblp computer science bibliography, https://dblp.org}
}
@inproceedings{Cho2014Learning,
  author    = {Kyunghyun Cho and
               Bart van Merrienboer and
               {\c{C}}aglar G{\"{u}}l{\c{c}}ehre and
               Dzmitry Bahdanau and
               Fethi Bougares and
               Holger Schwenk and
               Yoshua Bengio},
  //editor    = {Alessandro Moschitti and
               Bo Pang and
               Walter Daelemans},
  title     = {Learning Phrase Representations using {RNN} Encoder-Decoder for Statistical
               Machine Translation},
  booktitle = {Proceedings of the 2014 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural
               Language Processing, {EMNLP} 2014, October 25-29, 2014, Doha, Qatar,
               {A} meeting of SIGDAT, a Special Interest Group of the {ACL}},
  pages     = {1724--1734},
  publisher = {{ACL}},
  year      = {2014},
  //url       = {https://doi.org/10.3115/v1/d14-1179},
  //doi       = {10.3115/v1/d14-1179},
  //timestamp = {Tue, 28 Jan 2020 10:28:17 +0100},
  //biburl    = {https://dblp.org/rec/conf/emnlp/ChoMGBBSB14.bib},
  //bibsource = {dblp computer science bibliography, https://dblp.org}
}
@article{DBLP:journals/corr/CourbariauxB16,
  author    = {Matthieu Courbariaux and
               Yoshua Bengio},
  title     = {BinaryNet: Training Deep Neural Networks with Weights and Activations
               Constrained to +1 or -1},
  journal   = {CoRR},
  volume    = {abs/1602.02830},
  year      = {2016},
  //url       = {http://arxiv.org/abs/1602.02830},
  //archivePrefix = {arXiv},
  //eprint    = {1602.02830},
  //timestamp = {Mon, 13 Aug 2018 16:46:57 +0200},
  //biburl    = {https://dblp.org/rec/journals/corr/CourbariauxB16.bib},
  //bibsource = {dblp computer science bibliography, https://dblp.org}
}
@article{Dai2019TransformerXLAL,
  author    = {Zihang Dai and
               Zhilin Yang and
               Yiming Yang and
               Jaime G. Carbonell and
               Quoc V. Le and
               Ruslan Salakhutdinov},
  title     = {Transformer-XL: Attentive Language Models Beyond a Fixed-Length Context},
  journal   = {CoRR},
  volume    = {abs/1901.02860},
  year      = {2019},
  //url       = {http://arxiv.org/abs/1901.02860},
  //archivePrefix = {arXiv},
  //eprint    = {1901.02860},
  //timestamp = {Fri, 01 Feb 2019 13:39:59 +0100},
  //biburl    = {https://dblp.org/rec/journals/corr/abs-1901-02860.bib},
  //bibsource = {dblp computer science bibliography, https://dblp.org}
}
@inproceedings{pmlr-v9-glorot10a,
  author    = {Xavier Glorot and
               Yoshua Bengio},
  //editor    = {Yee Whye Teh and
               D. Mike Titterington},
  title     = {Understanding the difficulty of training deep feedforward neural networks},
  booktitle = {Proceedings of the Thirteenth International Conference on Artificial
               Intelligence and Statistics, {AISTATS} 2010, Chia Laguna Resort, Sardinia,
               Italy, May 13-15, 2010},
  series    = {{JMLR} Proceedings},
  volume    = {9},
  pages     = {249--256},
  publisher = {JMLR.org},
  year      = {2010},
  //url       = {http://proceedings.mlr.press/v9/glorot10a.html},
  //timestamp = {Wed, 29 May 2019 08:41:47 +0200},
  //biburl    = {https://dblp.org/rec/journals/jmlr/GlorotB10.bib},
  //bibsource = {dblp computer science bibliography, https://dblp.org}
}
@inproceedings{DBLP:journals/corr/abs-1809-01854,
  author    = {Jetic Gu and
               Hassan S. Shavarani and
               Anoop Sarkar},
  //editor    = {Ellen Riloff and
               David Chiang and
               Julia Hockenmaier and
               Jun'ichi Tsujii},
  title     = {Top-down Tree Structured Decoding with Syntactic Connections for Neural Machine Translation and Parsing},
  booktitle = {Proceedings of the 2018 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural
               Language Processing, Brussels, Belgium, October 31 - November 4, 2018},
  pages     = {401--413},
  publisher = {Association for Computational Linguistics},
  year      = {2018},
  //url       = {https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/d18-1037},
  //doi       = {10.18653/v1/d18-1037},
  //timestamp = {Tue, 28 Jan 2020 10:28:48 +0100},
  //biburl    = {https://dblp.org/rec/conf/emnlp/GuSS18.bib},
  //bibsource = {dblp computer science bibliography, https://dblp.org}
}
@inproceedings{Gu2017NonAutoregressiveNM,
  author    = {Jiatao Gu and
               James Bradbury and
               Caiming Xiong and
               Victor O. K. Li and
               Richard Socher},
  title     = {Non-Autoregressive Neural Machine Translation},
  booktitle = {6th International Conference on Learning Representations, {ICLR} 2018,
               Vancouver, BC, Canada, April 30 - May 3, 2018, Conference Track Proceedings},
  publisher = {OpenReview.net},
  year      = {2018},
  //url       = {https://openreview.net/forum?id=B1l8BtlCb},
  //timestamp = {Thu, 25 Jul 2019 14:25:57 +0200},
  //biburl    = {https://dblp.org/rec/conf/iclr/Gu0XLS18.bib},
  //bibsource = {dblp computer science bibliography, https://dblp.org}
}

@article{Hassan2018AchievingHP,
  author    = {Hany Hassan and
               Anthony Aue and
               Chang Chen and
               Vishal Chowdhary and
               Jonathan Clark and
               Christian Federmann and
               Xuedong Huang and
               Marcin Junczys{-}Dowmunt and
               William Lewis and
               Mu Li and
               Shujie Liu and
               Tie{-}Yan Liu and
               Renqian Luo and
               Arul Menezes and
               Tao Qin and
               Frank Seide and
               Xu Tan and
               Fei Tian and
               Lijun Wu and
               Shuangzhi Wu and
               Yingce Xia and
               Dongdong Zhang and
               Zhirui Zhang and
               Ming Zhou},
  title     = {Achieving Human Parity on Automatic Chinese to English News Translation},
  journal   = {CoRR},
  volume    = {abs/1803.05567},
  year      = {2018},
  //url       = {http://arxiv.org/abs/1803.05567},
  //archivePrefix = {arXiv},
  //eprint    = {1803.05567},
  //timestamp = {Mon, 13 Aug 2018 16:47:23 +0200},
  //biburl    = {https://dblp.org/rec/journals/corr/abs-1803-05567.bib},
  //bibsource = {dblp computer science bibliography, https://dblp.org}
}
@inproceedings{DBLP:journals/corr/GehringAGYD17,
  author    = {Jonas Gehring and
               Michael Auli and
               David Grangier and
               Denis Yarats and
               Yann N. Dauphin},
  //editor    = {Doina Precup and
               Yee Whye Teh},
  title     = {Convolutional Sequence to Sequence Learning},
  booktitle = {Proceedings of the 34th International Conference on Machine Learning,
               {ICML} 2017, Sydney, NSW, Australia, 6-11 August 2017},
  series    = {Proceedings of Machine Learning Research},
  volume    = {70},
  pages     = {1243--1252},
  publisher = {{PMLR}},
  year      = {2017},
  //url       = {http://proceedings.mlr.press/v70/gehring17a.html},
  //timestamp = {Wed, 29 May 2019 08:41:45 +0200},
  //biburl    = {https://dblp.org/rec/conf/icml/GehringAGYD17.bib},
  //bibsource = {dblp computer science bibliography, https://dblp.org}
}
@inproceedings{devlin-etal-2014-fast,
  author    = {Jacob Devlin and
               Rabih Zbib and
               Zhongqiang Huang and
               Thomas Lamar and
               Richard M. Schwartz and
               John Makhoul},
  title     = {Fast and Robust Neural Network Joint Models for Statistical Machine
               Translation},
  booktitle = {Proceedings of the 52nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational
               Linguistics, {ACL} 2014, June 22-27, 2014, Baltimore, MD, USA, Volume
               1: Long Papers},
  pages     = {1370--1380},
  publisher = {The Association for Computer Linguistics},
  year      = {2014},
  //url       = {https://doi.org/10.3115/v1/p14-1129},
  //doi       = {10.3115/v1/p14-1129},
  //timestamp = {Tue, 28 Jan 2020 10:27:56 +0100},
  //biburl    = {https://dblp.org/rec/conf/acl/DevlinZHLSM14.bib},
  //bibsource = {dblp computer science bibliography, https://dblp.org}
}
@article{Hinton2015Distilling,
  author    = {Geoffrey E. Hinton and
               Oriol Vinyals and
               Jeffrey Dean},
  title     = {Distilling the Knowledge in a Neural Network},
  journal   = {CoRR},
  volume    = {abs/1503.02531},
  year      = {2015},
  //url       = {http://arxiv.org/abs/1503.02531},
  //archivePrefix = {arXiv},
  //eprint    = {1503.02531},
  //timestamp = {Mon, 13 Aug 2018 16:48:36 +0200},
  //biburl    = {https://dblp.org/rec/journals/corr/HintonVD15.bib},
  //bibsource = {dblp computer science bibliography, https://dblp.org}
}
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  title = {Long Short-term Memory},
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}

@article{HochreiterThe,
  author    = {Sepp Hochreiter},
  title     = {The Vanishing Gradient Problem During Learning Recurrent Neural Nets
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               Systems},
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  //doi       = {10.1142/S0218488598000094},
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  //biburl    = {https://dblp.org/rec/journals/ijufks/Hochreiter98.bib},
  //bibsource = {dblp computer science bibliography, https://dblp.org}
}
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  author    = {Nal Kalchbrenner and
               Phil Blunsom},
  title     = {Recurrent Continuous Translation Models},
  booktitle = {Proceedings of the 2013 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural
               Language Processing, {EMNLP} 2013, 18-21 October 2013, Grand Hyatt
               Seattle, Seattle, Washington, USA, {A} meeting of SIGDAT, a Special
               Interest Group of the {ACL}},
  pages     = {1700--1709},
  publisher = {{ACL}},
  year      = {2013},
  //url       = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D13-1176/},
  //timestamp = {Fri, 13 Sep 2019 13:08:45 +0200},
  //biburl    = {https://dblp.org/rec/conf/emnlp/KalchbrennerB13.bib},
  //bibsource = {dblp computer science bibliography, https://dblp.org}
}
@article{Lei2017TrainingRA,
  author    = {Tao Lei and
               Yu Zhang and
               Yoav Artzi},
  title     = {Training RNNs as Fast as CNNs},
  journal   = {CoRR},
  volume    = {abs/1709.02755},
  year      = {2017},
  //url       = {http://arxiv.org/abs/1709.02755},
  //archivePrefix = {arXiv},
  //eprint    = {1709.02755},
  //timestamp = {Mon, 13 Aug 2018 16:46:29 +0200},
  //biburl    = {https://dblp.org/rec/journals/corr/abs-1709-02755.bib},
  //bibsource = {dblp computer science bibliography, https://dblp.org}
}
@inproceedings{li-etal-2019-word,
  author    = {Xintong Li and
               Guanlin Li and
               Lemao Liu and
               Max Meng and
               Shuming Shi},
  //editor    = {Anna Korhonen and
               David R. Traum and
               Llu{\'{\i}}s M{\`{a}}rquez},
  title     = {On the Word Alignment from Neural Machine Translation},
  booktitle = {Proceedings of the 57th Conference of the Association for Computational
               Linguistics, {ACL} 2019, Florence, Italy, July 28- August 2, 2019,
               Volume 1: Long Papers},
  pages     = {1293--1303},
  publisher = {Association for Computational Linguistics},
  year      = {2019},
  //url       = {https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/p19-1124},
  //doi       = {10.18653/v1/p19-1124},
  //timestamp = {Tue, 28 Jan 2020 10:27:51 +0100},
  //biburl    = {https://dblp.org/rec/conf/acl/LiLLMS19.bib},
  //bibsource = {dblp computer science bibliography, https://dblp.org}
}
@article{Li2020NeuralMT,
  author    = {Yanyang Li and
               Qiang Wang and
               Tong Xiao and
               Tongran Liu and
               Jingbo Zhu},
  title     = {Neural Machine Translation with Joint Representation},
  journal   = {CoRR},
  volume    = {abs/2002.06546},
  year      = {2020},
  //url       = {https://arxiv.org/abs/2002.06546},
  //archivePrefix = {arXiv},
  //eprint    = {2002.06546},
  //timestamp = {Mon, 02 Mar 2020 16:46:06 +0100},
  //biburl    = {https://dblp.org/rec/journals/corr/abs-2002-06546.bib},
  //bibsource = {dblp computer science bibliography, https://dblp.org}
}
@inproceedings{li-etal-2018-simple,
  author    = {Yanyang Li and
               Tong Xiao and
               Yinqiao Li and
               Qiang Wang and
               Changming Xu and
               Jingbo Zhu},
  //editor    = {Iryna Gurevych and
               Yusuke Miyao},
  title     = {A Simple and Effective Approach to Coverage-Aware Neural Machine Translation},
  booktitle = {Proceedings of the 56th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational
               Linguistics, {ACL} 2018, Melbourne, Australia, July 15-20, 2018, Volume
               2: Short Papers},
  pages     = {292--297},
  publisher = {Association for Computational Linguistics},
  year      = {2018},
  //url       = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P18-2047/},
  //doi       = {10.18653/v1/P18-2047},
  //timestamp = {Mon, 16 Sep 2019 13:46:41 +0200},
  //biburl    = {https://dblp.org/rec/conf/acl/LiXLWXZ18.bib},
  //bibsource = {dblp computer science bibliography, https://dblp.org}
}
@inproceedings{DBLP:journals/corr/LinFSYXZB17,
  author    = {Zhouhan Lin and
               Minwei Feng and
               C{\'{\i}}cero Nogueira dos Santos and
               Mo Yu and
               Bing Xiang and
               Bowen Zhou and
               Yoshua Bengio},
  title     = {A Structured Self-Attentive Sentence Embedding},
  booktitle = {5th International Conference on Learning Representations, {ICLR} 2017,
               Toulon, France, April 24-26, 2017, Conference Track Proceedings},
  publisher = {OpenReview.net},
  year      = {2017},
  //url       = {https://openreview.net/forum?id=BJC\_jUqxe},
  //timestamp = {Thu, 25 Jul 2019 14:25:44 +0200},
  //biburl    = {https://dblp.org/rec/conf/iclr/LinFSYXZB17.bib},
  //bibsource = {dblp computer science bibliography, https://dblp.org}
}
@inproceedings{Liu_2019_CVPR,
  author    = {Shikun Liu and
               Edward Johns and
               Andrew J. Davison},
  title     = {End-To-End Multi-Task Learning With Attention},
  booktitle = {{IEEE} Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, {CVPR}
               2019, Long Beach, CA, USA, June 16-20, 2019},
  pages     = {1871--1880},
  publisher = {Computer Vision Foundation / {IEEE}},
  year      = {2019},
  //url       = {http://openaccess.thecvf.com/content\_CVPR\_2019/html/Liu\_End-To-End\_Multi-Task\_Learning\_With\_Attention\_CVPR\_2019\_paper.html},
  //doi       = {10.1109/CVPR.2019.00197},
  //timestamp = {Mon, 20 Jan 2020 15:36:04 +0100},
  //biburl    = {https://dblp.org/rec/conf/cvpr/LiuJD19.bib},
  //bibsource = {dblp computer science bibliography, https://dblp.org}
}
@inproceedings{DBLP:journals/corr/LuongPM15,
  author    = {Thang Luong and
               Hieu Pham and
               Christopher D. Manning},
  //editor    = {Llu{\'{\i}}s M{\`{a}}rquez and
               Chris Callison{-}Burch and
               Jian Su and
               Daniele Pighin and
               Yuval Marton},
  title     = {Effective Approaches to Attention-based Neural Machine Translation},
  booktitle = {Proceedings of the 2015 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural
               Language Processing, {EMNLP} 2015, Lisbon, Portugal, September 17-21,
               2015},
  pages     = {1412--1421},
  publisher = {The Association for Computational Linguistics},
  year      = {2015},
  //url       = {https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/d15-1166},
  //doi       = {10.18653/v1/d15-1166},
  //timestamp = {Tue, 28 Jan 2020 10:28:39 +0100},
  //biburl    = {https://dblp.org/rec/conf/emnlp/LuongPM15.bib},
  //bibsource = {dblp computer science bibliography, https://dblp.org}
}
@inproceedings{MoradiInterrogating,
  author    = {Pooya Moradi and
               Nishant Kambhatla and
               Anoop Sarkar},
  //editor    = {Alexandra Birch and
               Andrew M. Finch and
               Hiroaki Hayashi and
               Ioannis Konstas and
               Thang Luong and
               Graham Neubig and
               Yusuke Oda and
               Katsuhito Sudoh},
  title     = {Interrogating the Explanatory Power of Attention in Neural Machine
               Translation},
  booktitle = {Proceedings of the 3rd Workshop on Neural Generation and Translation@EMNLP-IJCNLP
               2019, Hong Kong, November 4, 2019},
  pages     = {221--230},
  publisher = {Association for Computational Linguistics},
  year      = {2019},
  //url       = {https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/D19-5624},
  //doi       = {10.18653/v1/D19-5624},
  //timestamp = {Tue, 24 Mar 2020 15:04:09 +0100},
  //biburl    = {https://dblp.org/rec/conf/emnlp/MoradiKS19.bib},
  //bibsource = {dblp computer science bibliography, https://dblp.org}
}
@inproceedings{DBLP:journals/corr/PaulusXS17,
  author    = {Romain Paulus and
               Caiming Xiong and
               Richard Socher},
  title     = {A Deep Reinforced Model for Abstractive Summarization},
  booktitle = {6th International Conference on Learning Representations, {ICLR} 2018,
               Vancouver, BC, Canada, April 30 - May 3, 2018, Conference Track Proceedings},
  publisher = {OpenReview.net},
  year      = {2018},
  //url       = {https://openreview.net/forum?id=HkAClQgA-},
  //timestamp = {Thu, 25 Jul 2019 14:25:58 +0200},
  //biburl    = {https://dblp.org/rec/conf/iclr/PaulusXS18.bib},
  //bibsource = {dblp computer science bibliography, https://dblp.org}
}
@inproceedings{DBLP:journals/corr/RushCW15,
  author    = {Alexander M. Rush and
               Sumit Chopra and
               Jason Weston},
  //editor    = {Llu{\'{\i}}s M{\`{a}}rquez and
               Chris Callison{-}Burch and
               Jian Su and
               Daniele Pighin and
               Yuval Marton},
  title     = {A Neural Attention Model for Abstractive Sentence Summarization},
  booktitle = {Proceedings of the 2015 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural
               Language Processing, {EMNLP} 2015, Lisbon, Portugal, September 17-21,
               2015},
  pages     = {379--389},
  publisher = {The Association for Computational Linguistics},
  year      = {2015},
  //url       = {https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/d15-1044},
  //doi       = {10.18653/v1/d15-1044},
  //timestamp = {Tue, 28 Jan 2020 10:28:41 +0100},
  //biburl    = {https://dblp.org/rec/conf/emnlp/RushCW15.bib},
  //bibsource = {dblp computer science bibliography, https://dblp.org}
}
@inproceedings{Schwenk_continuousspace,
  author    = {Holger Schwenk},
  //editor    = {Martin Kay and
               Christian Boitet},
  title     = {Continuous Space Translation Models for Phrase-Based Statistical Machine
               Translation},
  booktitle = {{COLING} 2012, 24th International Conference on Computational Linguistics,
               Proceedings of the Conference: Posters, 8-15 December 2012, Mumbai,
               India},
  pages     = {1071--1080},
  publisher = {Indian Institute of Technology Bombay},
  year      = {2012},
  //url       = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C12-2104/},
  //timestamp = {Wed, 18 Sep 2019 12:15:53 +0200},
  //biburl    = {https://dblp.org/rec/conf/coling/Schwenk12.bib},
  //bibsource = {dblp computer science bibliography, https://dblp.org}
}
@inproceedings{DBLP:journals/corr/SeeLM16,
  author    = {Abigail See and
               Minh{-}Thang Luong and
               Christopher D. Manning},
  //editor    = {Yoav Goldberg and
               Stefan Riezler},
  title     = {Compression of Neural Machine Translation Models via Pruning},
  booktitle = {Proceedings of the 20th {SIGNLL} Conference on Computational Natural
               Language Learning, CoNLL 2016, Berlin, Germany, August 11-12, 2016},
  pages     = {291--301},
  publisher = {{ACL}},
  year      = {2016},
  //url       = {https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/k16-1029},
  //doi       = {10.18653/v1/k16-1029},
  //timestamp = {Tue, 28 Jan 2020 10:29:27 +0100},
  //biburl    = {https://dblp.org/rec/conf/conll/SeeLM16.bib},
  //bibsource = {dblp computer science bibliography, https://dblp.org}
}
@inproceedings{DBLP:journals/corr/SennrichFCBHHJL17,
  author    = {Rico Sennrich and
               Orhan Firat and
               Kyunghyun Cho and
               Alexandra Birch and
               Barry Haddow and
               Julian Hitschler and
               Marcin Junczys{-}Dowmunt and
               Samuel L{\"{a}}ubli and
               Antonio Valerio Miceli Barone and
               Jozef Mokry and
               Maria Nadejde},
  //editor    = {Andre Martins and
               Anselmo Pe{\~{n}}as},
  title     = {Nematus: a Toolkit for Neural Machine Translation},
  booktitle = {Proceedings of the 15th Conference of the European Chapter of the
               Association for Computational Linguistics, {EACL} 2017, Valencia,
               Spain, April 3-7, 2017, Software Demonstrations},
  pages     = {65--68},
  publisher = {Association for Computational Linguistics},
  year      = {2017},
  //url       = {https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/e17-3017},
  //doi       = {10.18653/v1/e17-3017},
  //timestamp = {Tue, 28 Jan 2020 10:31:12 +0100},
  //biburl    = {https://dblp.org/rec/conf/eacl/SennrichFCBHHJL17.bib},
  //bibsource = {dblp computer science bibliography, https://dblp.org}
}
@inproceedings{Shaw2018SelfAttentionWR,
  author    = {Peter Shaw and
               Jakob Uszkoreit and
               Ashish Vaswani},
  //editor    = {Marilyn A. Walker and
               Heng Ji and
               Amanda Stent},
  title     = {Self-Attention with Relative Position Representations},
  booktitle = {Proceedings of the 2018 Conference of the North American Chapter of
               the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies,
               NAACL-HLT, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA, June 1-6, 2018, Volume 2 (Short
               Papers)},
  pages     = {464--468},
  publisher = {Association for Computational Linguistics},
  year      = {2018},
  //url       = {https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/n18-2074},
  //doi       = {10.18653/v1/n18-2074},
  //timestamp = {Tue, 28 Jan 2020 10:30:17 +0100},
  //biburl    = {https://dblp.org/rec/conf/naacl/ShawUV18.bib},
  //bibsource = {dblp computer science bibliography, https://dblp.org}
}
@article{JMLR:v15:srivastava14a,
  author  = {Nitish Srivastava and Geoffrey Hinton and Alex Krizhevsky and Ilya Sutskever and Ruslan Salakhutdinov},
  title   = {Dropout: A Simple Way to Prevent Neural Networks from Overfitting},
  journal = {Journal of Machine Learning Research},
  year    = {2014},
  volume  = {15},
  pages   = {1929-1958},
  //url     = {http://jmlr.org/papers/v15/srivastava14a.html}
}
@article{StahlbergNeural,
  author    = {Felix Stahlberg},
  title     = {Neural Machine Translation: {A} Review},
  journal   = {CoRR},
  volume    = {abs/1912.02047},
  year      = {2019},
  //url       = {http://arxiv.org/abs/1912.02047},
  //archivePrefix = {arXiv},
  //eprint    = {1912.02047},
  //timestamp = {Thu, 02 Jan 2020 18:08:18 +0100},
  //biburl    = {https://dblp.org/rec/journals/corr/abs-1912-02047.bib},
  //bibsource = {dblp computer science bibliography, https://dblp.org}
}
@inproceedings{Sun2019PatientKD,
  author    = {Siqi Sun and
               Yu Cheng and
               Zhe Gan and
               Jingjing Liu},
  //editor    = {Kentaro Inui and
               Jing Jiang and
               Vincent Ng and
               Xiaojun Wan},
  title     = {Patient Knowledge Distillation for {BERT} Model Compression},
  booktitle = {Proceedings of the 2019 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural
               Language Processing and the 9th International Joint Conference on
               Natural Language Processing, {EMNLP-IJCNLP} 2019, Hong Kong, China,
               November 3-7, 2019},
  pages     = {4322--4331},
  publisher = {Association for Computational Linguistics},
  year      = {2019},
  //url       = {https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/D19-1441},
  //doi       = {10.18653/v1/D19-1441},
  //timestamp = {Mon, 06 Apr 2020 14:36:31 +0200},
  //biburl    = {https://dblp.org/rec/conf/emnlp/SunCGL19.bib},
  //bibsource = {dblp computer science bibliography, https://dblp.org}
}
@inproceedings{NIPS2014_5346,
  author    = {Ilya Sutskever and
               Oriol Vinyals and
               Quoc V. Le},
  //editor    = {Zoubin Ghahramani and
               Max Welling and
               Corinna Cortes and
               Neil D. Lawrence and
               Kilian Q. Weinberger},
  title     = {Sequence to Sequence Learning with Neural Networks},
  booktitle = {Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems 27: Annual Conference
               on Neural Information Processing Systems 2014, December 8-13 2014,
               Montreal, Quebec, Canada},
  pages     = {3104--3112},
  year      = {2014},
  //url       = {http://papers.nips.cc/paper/5346-sequence-to-sequence-learning-with-neural-networks},
  //timestamp = {Fri, 06 Mar 2020 16:58:11 +0100},
  //biburl    = {https://dblp.org/rec/conf/nips/SutskeverVL14.bib},
  //bibsource = {dblp computer science bibliography, https://dblp.org}
}
@inproceedings{Szegedy_2016_CVPR,
  author    = {Christian Szegedy and
               Vincent Vanhoucke and
               Sergey Ioffe and
               Jonathon Shlens and
               Zbigniew Wojna},
  title     = {Rethinking the Inception Architecture for Computer Vision},
  booktitle = {2016 {IEEE} Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition,
               {CVPR} 2016, Las Vegas, NV, USA, June 27-30, 2016},
  pages     = {2818--2826},
  publisher = {{IEEE} Computer Society},
  year      = {2016},
  //url       = {https://doi.org/10.1109/CVPR.2016.308},
  //doi       = {10.1109/CVPR.2016.308},
  //timestamp = {Wed, 16 Oct 2019 14:14:50 +0200},
  //biburl    = {https://dblp.org/rec/conf/cvpr/SzegedyVISW16.bib},
  //bibsource = {dblp computer science bibliography, https://dblp.org}
}
@inproceedings{TuModeling,
  author    = {Zhaopeng Tu and
               Zhengdong Lu and
               Yang Liu and
               Xiaohua Liu and
               Hang Li},
  title     = {Modeling Coverage for Neural Machine Translation},
  booktitle = {Proceedings of the 54th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational
               Linguistics, {ACL} 2016, August 7-12, 2016, Berlin, Germany, Volume
               1: Long Papers},
  publisher = {The Association for Computer Linguistics},
  year      = {2016},
  //url       = {https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/p16-1008},
  //doi       = {10.18653/v1/p16-1008},
  //timestamp = {Tue, 28 Jan 2020 10:27:13 +0100},
  //biburl    = {https://dblp.org/rec/conf/acl/TuLLLL16.bib},
  //bibsource = {dblp computer science bibliography, https://dblp.org}
}
@inproceedings{NIPS2017_7181,
  author    = {Ashish Vaswani and
               Noam Shazeer and
               Niki Parmar and
               Jakob Uszkoreit and
               Llion Jones and
               Aidan N. Gomez and
               Lukasz Kaiser and
               Illia Polosukhin},
  //editor    = {Isabelle Guyon and
               Ulrike von Luxburg and
               Samy Bengio and
               Hanna M. Wallach and
               Rob Fergus and
               S. V. N. Vishwanathan and
               Roman Garnett},
  title     = {Attention is All you Need},
  booktitle = {Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems 30: Annual Conference
               on Neural Information Processing Systems 2017, 4-9 December 2017,
               Long Beach, CA, {USA}},
  pages     = {5998--6008},
  year      = {2017},
  //url       = {http://papers.nips.cc/paper/7181-attention-is-all-you-need},
  //timestamp = {Fri, 06 Mar 2020 17:00:11 +0100},
  //biburl    = {https://dblp.org/rec/conf/nips/VaswaniSPUJGKP17.bib},
  //bibsource = {dblp computer science bibliography, https://dblp.org}
}
@inproceedings{DBLP:journals/corr/abs-1811-00498,
  author    = {Ra{\'{u}}l V{\'{a}}zquez and
               Alessandro Raganato and
               J{\"{o}}rg Tiedemann and
               Mathias Creutz},
  //editor    = {Isabelle Augenstein and
               Spandana Gella and
               Sebastian Ruder and
               Katharina Kann and
               Burcu Can and
               Johannes Welbl and
               Alexis Conneau and
               Xiang Ren and
               Marek Rei},
  title     = {Multilingual {NMT} with a Language-Independent Attention Bridge},
  booktitle = {Proceedings of the 4th Workshop on Representation Learning for NLP,
               RepL4NLP@ACL 2019, Florence, Italy, August 2, 2019},
  pages     = {33--39},
  publisher = {Association for Computational Linguistics},
  year      = {2019},
  //url       = {https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/w19-4305},
  //doi       = {10.18653/v1/w19-4305},
  //timestamp = {Fri, 27 Mar 2020 08:52:29 +0100},
  //biburl    = {https://dblp.org/rec/conf/rep4nlp/VazquezRTC19.bib},
  //bibsource = {dblp computer science bibliography, https://dblp.org}
}
@inproceedings{DBLP:journals/corr/abs-1805-10163,
  author    = {Elena Voita and
               Pavel Serdyukov and
               Rico Sennrich and
               Ivan Titov},
  //editor    = {Iryna Gurevych and
               Yusuke Miyao},
  title     = {Context-Aware Neural Machine Translation Learns Anaphora Resolution},
  booktitle = {Proceedings of the 56th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational
               Linguistics, {ACL} 2018, Melbourne, Australia, July 15-20, 2018, Volume
               1: Long Papers},
  pages     = {1264--1274},
  publisher = {Association for Computational Linguistics},
  year      = {2018},
  //url       = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P18-1117/},
  //doi       = {10.18653/v1/P18-1117},
  //timestamp = {Mon, 16 Sep 2019 13:46:41 +0200},
  //biburl    = {https://dblp.org/rec/conf/acl/TitovSSV18.bib},
  //bibsource = {dblp computer science bibliography, https://dblp.org}
}
@inproceedings{DBLP:journals/corr/abs-1905-09418,
  author    = {Elena Voita and
               David Talbot and
               Fedor Moiseev and
               Rico Sennrich and
               Ivan Titov},
  //editor    = {Anna Korhonen and
               David R. Traum and
               Llu{\'{\i}}s M{\`{a}}rquez},
  title     = {Analyzing Multi-Head Self-Attention: Specialized Heads Do the Heavy
               Lifting, the Rest Can Be Pruned},
  booktitle = {Proceedings of the 57th Conference of the Association for Computational
               Linguistics, {ACL} 2019, Florence, Italy, July 28- August 2, 2019,
               Volume 1: Long Papers},
  pages     = {5797--5808},
  publisher = {Association for Computational Linguistics},
  year      = {2019},
  //url       = {https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/p19-1580},
  //doi       = {10.18653/v1/p19-1580},
  //timestamp = {Tue, 28 Jan 2020 10:27:29 +0100},
  //biburl    = {https://dblp.org/rec/conf/acl/VoitaTMST19.bib},
  //bibsource = {dblp computer science bibliography, https://dblp.org}
}
@inproceedings{WangLearning,
  author    = {Qiang Wang and
               Bei Li and
               Tong Xiao and
               Jingbo Zhu and
               Changliang Li and
               Derek F. Wong and
               Lidia S. Chao},
  //editor    = {Anna Korhonen and
               David R. Traum and
               Llu{\'{\i}}s M{\`{a}}rquez},
  title     = {Learning Deep Transformer Models for Machine Translation},
  booktitle = {Proceedings of the 57th Conference of the Association for Computational
               Linguistics, {ACL} 2019, Florence, Italy, July 28- August 2, 2019,
               Volume 1: Long Papers},
  pages     = {1810--1822},
  publisher = {Association for Computational Linguistics},
  year      = {2019},
  //url       = {https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/p19-1176},
  //doi       = {10.18653/v1/p19-1176},
  //timestamp = {Tue, 28 Jan 2020 10:27:53 +0100},
  //biburl    = {https://dblp.org/rec/conf/acl/WangLXZLWC19.bib},
  //bibsource = {dblp computer science bibliography, https://dblp.org}
}
@inproceedings{wang-etal-2018-multi-layer,
  author    = {Qiang Wang and
               Fuxue Li and
               Tong Xiao and
               Yanyang Li and
               Yinqiao Li and
               Jingbo Zhu},
  //editor    = {Emily M. Bender and
               Leon Derczynski and
               Pierre Isabelle},
  title     = {Multi-layer Representation Fusion for Neural Machine Translation},
  booktitle = {Proceedings of the 27th International Conference on Computational
               Linguistics, {COLING} 2018, Santa Fe, New Mexico, USA, August 20-26,
               2018},
  pages     = {3015--3026},
  publisher = {Association for Computational Linguistics},
  year      = {2018},
  //url       = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C18-1255/},
  //timestamp = {Mon, 16 Sep 2019 17:08:53 +0200},
  //biburl    = {https://dblp.org/rec/conf/coling/WangLXLLZ18.bib},
  //bibsource = {dblp computer science bibliography, https://dblp.org}
}
@inproceedings{WangNeural,
  author    = {Xing Wang and
               Zhengdong Lu and
               Zhaopeng Tu and
               Hang Li and
               Deyi Xiong and
               Min Zhang},
  //editor    = {Satinder P. Singh and
               Shaul Markovitch},
  title     = {Neural Machine Translation Advised by Statistical Machine Translation},
  booktitle = {Proceedings of the Thirty-First {AAAI} Conference on Artificial Intelligence,
               February 4-9, 2017, San Francisco, California, {USA}},
  pages     = {3330--3336},
  publisher = {{AAAI} Press},
  year      = {2017},
  //url       = {http://aaai.org/ocs/index.php/AAAI/AAAI17/paper/view/14451},
  //timestamp = {Tue, 15 Jan 2019 11:48:13 +0100},
  //biburl    = {https://dblp.org/rec/conf/aaai/WangLTLXZ17.bib},
  //bibsource = {dblp computer science bibliography, https://dblp.org}
}
@inproceedings{DBLP:journals/corr/abs-1808-09374,
  author    = {Xinyi Wang and
               Hieu Pham and
               Pengcheng Yin and
               Graham Neubig},
  //editor    = {Ellen Riloff and
               David Chiang and
               Julia Hockenmaier and
               Jun'ichi Tsujii},
  title     = {A Tree-based Decoder for Neural Machine Translation},
  booktitle = {Proceedings of the 2018 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural
               Language Processing, Brussels, Belgium, October 31 - November 4, 2018},
  pages     = {4772--4777},
  publisher = {Association for Computational Linguistics},
  year      = {2018},
  //url       = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D18-1509/},
  //timestamp = {Fri, 13 Sep 2019 13:08:45 +0200},
  //biburl    = {https://dblp.org/rec/conf/emnlp/WangPYN18.bib},
  //bibsource = {dblp computer science bibliography, https://dblp.org}
}
@inproceedings{Wang2019TreeTI,
  author    = {Yau{-}Shian Wang and
               Hung{-}yi Lee and
               Yun{-}Nung Chen},
  //editor    = {Kentaro Inui and
               Jing Jiang and
               Vincent Ng and
               Xiaojun Wan},
  title     = {Tree Transformer: Integrating Tree Structures into Self-Attention},
  booktitle = {Proceedings of the 2019 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural
               Language Processing and the 9th International Joint Conference on
               Natural Language Processing, {EMNLP-IJCNLP} 2019, Hong Kong, China,
               November 3-7, 2019},
  publisher = {Association for Computational Linguistics},
  pages     = {1061--1070},
  year      = {2019\\},
  //url       = {https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/D19-1098},
  //doi       = {10.18653/v1/D19-1098},
  //timestamp = {Thu, 12 Dec 2019 13:23:46 +0100},
  //biburl    = {https://dblp.org/rec/conf/emnlp/WangLC19.bib},
  //bibsource = {dblp computer science bibliography, https://dblp.org}
}
@inproceedings{Werlen2018DocumentLevelNM,
  author    = {Lesly Miculicich Werlen and
               Dhananjay Ram and
               Nikolaos Pappas and
               James Henderson},
  //editor    = {Ellen Riloff and
               David Chiang and
               Julia Hockenmaier and
               Jun'ichi Tsujii},
  title     = {Document-Level Neural Machine Translation with Hierarchical Attention
               Networks},
  booktitle = {Proceedings of the 2018 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural
               Language Processing, Brussels, Belgium, October 31 - November 4, 2018},
  pages     = {2947--2954},
  publisher = {Association for Computational Linguistics},
  year      = {2018},
  //url       = {https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/d18-1325},
  //doi       = {10.18653/v1/d18-1325},
  //timestamp = {Fri, 27 Mar 2020 08:46:30 +0100},
  //biburl    = {https://dblp.org/rec/conf/emnlp/WerlenRPH18.bib},
  //bibsource = {dblp computer science bibliography, https://dblp.org}
}
@inproceedings{Wu2019PayLA,
  author    = {Felix Wu and
               Angela Fan and
               Alexei Baevski and
               Yann N. Dauphin and
               Michael Auli},
  title     = {Pay Less Attention with Lightweight and Dynamic Convolutions},
  booktitle = {7th International Conference on Learning Representations, {ICLR} 2019,
               New Orleans, LA, USA, May 6-9, 2019},
  publisher = {OpenReview.net},
  year      = {2019},
  //url       = {https://openreview.net/forum?id=SkVhlh09tX},
  //timestamp = {Thu, 25 Jul 2019 13:03:15 +0200},
  //biburl    = {https://dblp.org/rec/conf/iclr/WuFBDA19.bib},
  //bibsource = {dblp computer science bibliography, https://dblp.org}
}
@article{Wu2016GooglesNM,
  author    = {Yonghui Wu and
               Mike Schuster and
               Zhifeng Chen and
               Quoc V. Le and
               Mohammad Norouzi and
               Wolfgang Macherey and
               Maxim Krikun and
               Yuan Cao and
               Qin Gao and
               Klaus Macherey and
               Jeff Klingner and
               Apurva Shah and
               Melvin Johnson and
               Xiaobing Liu and
               Lukasz Kaiser and
               Stephan Gouws and
               Yoshikiyo Kato and
               Taku Kudo and
               Hideto Kazawa and
               Keith Stevens and
               George Kurian and
               Nishant Patil and
               Wei Wang and
               Cliff Young and
               Jason Smith and
               Jason Riesa and
               Alex Rudnick and
               Oriol Vinyals and
               Greg Corrado and
               Macduff Hughes and
               Jeffrey Dean},
  title     = {Google's Neural Machine Translation System: Bridging the Gap between
               Human and Machine Translation},
  journal   = {CoRR},
  volume    = {abs/1609.08144},
  year      = {2016},
  //url       = {http://arxiv.org/abs/1609.08144},
  //archivePrefix = {arXiv},
  //eprint    = {1609.08144},
  //timestamp = {Thu, 14 Mar 2019 09:34:18 +0100},
  //biburl    = {https://dblp.org/rec/journals/corr/WuSCLNMKCGMKSJL16.bib},
  //bibsource = {dblp computer science bibliography, https://dblp.org}
}
@inproceedings{Xiao2019SharingAW,
  author    = {Tong Xiao and
               Yinqiao Li and
               Jingbo Zhu and
               Zhengtao Yu and
               Tongran Liu},
  //editor    = {Sarit Kraus},
  title     = {Sharing Attention Weights for Fast Transformer},
  booktitle = {Proceedings of the Twenty-Eighth International Joint Conference on
               Artificial Intelligence, {IJCAI} 2019, Macao, China, August 10-16,
               2019},
  pages     = {5292--5298},
  publisher = {ijcai.org},
  year      = {2019},
  //url       = {https://doi.org/10.24963/ijcai.2019/735},
  //doi       = {10.24963/ijcai.2019/735},
  //timestamp = {Tue, 20 Aug 2019 16:18:18 +0200},
  //biburl    = {https://dblp.org/rec/conf/ijcai/XiaoLZ0L19.bib},
  //bibsource = {dblp computer science bibliography, https://dblp.org}
}
@inproceedings{DBLP:journals/corr/abs-1904-03107,
  author    = {Baosong Yang and
               Longyue Wang and
               Derek F. Wong and
               Lidia S. Chao and
               Zhaopeng Tu},
  //editor    = {Jill Burstein and
               Christy Doran and
               Thamar Solorio},
  title     = {Convolutional Self-Attention Networks},
  booktitle = {Proceedings of the 2019 Conference of the North American Chapter of
               the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies,
               {NAACL-HLT} 2019, Minneapolis, MN, USA, June 2-7, 2019, Volume 1 (Long
               and Short Papers)},
  pages     = {4040--4045},
  publisher = {Association for Computational Linguistics},
  year      = {2019},
  //url       = {https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/n19-1407},
  //doi       = {10.18653/v1/n19-1407},
  //timestamp = {Tue, 28 Jan 2020 10:29:55 +0100},
  //biburl    = {https://dblp.org/rec/conf/naacl/YangWWCT19.bib},
  //bibsource = {dblp computer science bibliography, https://dblp.org}
}
@inproceedings{Yang2017TowardsBH,
  author    = {Baosong Yang and
               Derek F. Wong and
               Tong Xiao and
               Lidia S. Chao and
               Jingbo Zhu},
  //editor    = {Martha Palmer and
               Rebecca Hwa and
               Sebastian Riedel},
  title     = {Towards Bidirectional Hierarchical Representations for Attention-based
               Neural Machine Translation},
  booktitle = {Proceedings of the 2017 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural
               Language Processing, {EMNLP} 2017, Copenhagen, Denmark, September
               9-11, 2017},
  pages     = {1432--1441},
  publisher = {Association for Computational Linguistics},
  year      = {2017},
  //url       = {https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/d17-1150},
  //doi       = {10.18653/v1/d17-1150},
  //timestamp = {Tue, 28 Jan 2020 10:28:08 +0100},
  //biburl    = {https://dblp.org/rec/conf/emnlp/YangWXCZ17.bib},
  //bibsource = {dblp computer science bibliography, https://dblp.org}
}

@inproceedings{DBLP:journals/corr/abs-1905-13324,
  author    = {Biao Zhang and
               Rico Sennrich},
  //editor    = {Anna Korhonen and
               David R. Traum and
               Llu{\'{\i}}s M{\`{a}}rquez},
  title     = {A Lightweight Recurrent Network for Sequence Modeling},
  booktitle = {Proceedings of the 57th Conference of the Association for Computational
               Linguistics, {ACL} 2019, Florence, Italy, July 28- August 2, 2019,
               Volume 1: Long Papers},
  pages     = {1538--1548},
  publisher = {Association for Computational Linguistics},
  year      = {2019},
  //url       = {https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/p19-1149},
  //doi       = {10.18653/v1/p19-1149},
  //timestamp = {Tue, 28 Jan 2020 10:28:03 +0100},
  //biburl    = {https://dblp.org/rec/conf/acl/ZhangS19.bib},
  //bibsource = {dblp computer science bibliography, https://dblp.org}
}
@inproceedings{DBLP:journals/corr/abs-1805-00631,
  author    = {Biao Zhang and
               Deyi Xiong and
               Jinsong Su},
  //editor    = {Iryna Gurevych and
               Yusuke Miyao},
  title     = {Accelerating Neural Transformer via an Average Attention Network},
  booktitle = {Proceedings of the 56th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational
               Linguistics, {ACL} 2018, Melbourne, Australia, July 15-20, 2018, Volume
               1: Long Papers},
  pages     = {1789--1798},
  publisher = {Association for Computational Linguistics},
  year      = {2018},
  //url       = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P18-1166/},
  //doi       = {10.18653/v1/P18-1166},
  //timestamp = {Mon, 16 Sep 2019 13:46:41 +0200},
  //biburl    = {https://dblp.org/rec/conf/acl/XiongZS18.bib},
  //bibsource = {dblp computer science bibliography, https://dblp.org}
}
@inproceedings{Zhang2018SimplifyingNM,
  author    = {Biao Zhang and
               Deyi Xiong and
               Jinsong Su and
               Qian Lin and
               Huiji Zhang},
  //editor    = {Ellen Riloff and
               David Chiang and
               Julia Hockenmaier and
               Jun'ichi Tsujii},
  title     = {Simplifying Neural Machine Translation with Addition-Subtraction Twin-Gated
               Recurrent Networks},
  booktitle = {Proceedings of the 2018 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural
               Language Processing, Brussels, Belgium, October 31 - November 4, 2018},
  pages     = {4273--4283},
  publisher = {Association for Computational Linguistics},
  year      = {2018},
  //url       = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D18-1459/},
  //timestamp = {Fri, 13 Sep 2019 13:08:45 +0200},
  //biburl    = {https://dblp.org/rec/conf/emnlp/ZhangXSLZ18.bib},
  //bibsource = {dblp computer science bibliography, https://dblp.org}
}
@inproceedings{Zhang2017PriorKI,
  author    = {Jiacheng Zhang and
               Yang Liu and
               Huanbo Luan and
               Jingfang Xu and
               Maosong Sun},
  //editor    = {Regina Barzilay and
               Min{-}Yen Kan},
  title     = {Prior Knowledge Integration for Neural Machine Translation using Posterior
               Regularization},
  booktitle = {Proceedings of the 55th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational
               Linguistics, {ACL} 2017, Vancouver, Canada, July 30 - August 4, Volume
               1: Long Papers},
  pages     = {1514--1523},
  publisher = {Association for Computational Linguistics},
  year      = {2017},
  //url       = {https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/P17-1139},
  //doi       = {10.18653/v1/P17-1139},
  //timestamp = {Tue, 20 Aug 2019 11:59:06 +0200},
  //biburl    = {https://dblp.org/rec/conf/acl/ZhangLLXS17.bib},
  //bibsource = {dblp computer science bibliography, https://dblp.org}
}

@article{DBLP:journals/corr/ZhangZ16c,
  author    = {Jiajun Zhang and
               Chengqing Zong},
  title     = {Bridging Neural Machine Translation and Bilingual Dictionaries},
  journal   = {CoRR},
  volume    = {abs/1610.07272},
  year      = {2016},
  //url       = {http://arxiv.org/abs/1610.07272},
  //archivePrefix = {arXiv},
  //eprint    = {1610.07272},
  //timestamp = {Mon, 13 Aug 2018 16:47:14 +0200},
  //biburl    = {https://dblp.org/rec/journals/corr/ZhangZ16c.bib},
  //bibsource = {dblp computer science bibliography, https://dblp.org}
}
@inproceedings{Zhang2018SpeedingUN,
  author    = {Wen Zhang and
               Liang Huang and
               Yang Feng and
               Lei Shen and
               Qun Liu},
  //editor    = {Ellen Riloff and
               David Chiang and
               Julia Hockenmaier and
               Jun'ichi Tsujii},
  title     = {Speeding Up Neural Machine Translation Decoding by Cube Pruning},
  booktitle = {Proceedings of the 2018 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural
               Language Processing, Brussels, Belgium, October 31 - November 4, 2018},
  pages     = {4284--4294},
  publisher = {Association for Computational Linguistics},
  year      = {2018},
  //url       = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D18-1460/},
  //timestamp = {Fri, 29 Nov 2019 14:00:46 +0100},
  //biburl    = {https://dblp.org/rec/conf/emnlp/Zhang0FSL18.bib},
  //bibsource = {dblp computer science bibliography, https://dblp.org}
}
%%%%% chapter 6----------------------------------------------------------------
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%

%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%%%%% chapter 7------------------------------------------------------
@article{姚树杰2011基于句对质量和覆盖度的统计机器翻译训练语料选取,
  title={基于句对质量和覆盖度的统计机器翻译训练语料选取},
  author={姚树杰 and 肖桐 and 朱靖波},
  journal={中文信息学报},
  volume={25},
  number={2},
  pages={72-78},
  year={2011},
}
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
@misc{provilkov2019bpedropout,
    title={BPE-Dropout: Simple and Effective Subword Regularization},
    author={Ivan Provilkov and Dmitrii Emelianenko and Elena Voita},
    year={2019},
    eprint={1910.13267},
    archivePrefix={arXiv},
    primaryClass={cs.CL}
}
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
@article{DBLP:journals/corr/SennrichHB15,
  author    = {Rico Sennrich and
               Barry Haddow and
               Alexandra Birch},
  title     = {Neural Machine Translation of Rare Words with Subword Units},
  journal   = {CoRR},
  volume    = {abs/1508.07909},
  year      = {2015},
  url       = {http://arxiv.org/abs/1508.07909},
  archivePrefix = {arXiv},
  eprint    = {1508.07909},
  timestamp = {Mon, 13 Aug 2018 16:47:17 +0200},
  biburl    = {https://dblp.org/rec/journals/corr/SennrichHB15.bib},
  bibsource = {dblp computer science bibliography, https://dblp.org}
}

@article{DBLP:journals/corr/abs-1207-0580,
  author    = {Geoffrey E. Hinton and
               Nitish Srivastava and
               Alex Krizhevsky and
               Ilya Sutskever and
               Ruslan Salakhutdinov},
  title     = {Improving neural networks by preventing co-adaptation of feature detectors},
  journal   = {CoRR},
  volume    = {abs/1207.0580},
  year      = {2012},
  url       = {http://arxiv.org/abs/1207.0580},
  archivePrefix = {arXiv},
  eprint    = {1207.0580},
  timestamp = {Mon, 13 Aug 2018 16:46:10 +0200},
  biburl    = {https://dblp.org/rec/journals/corr/abs-1207-0580.bib},
  bibsource = {dblp computer science bibliography, https://dblp.org}
}

@article{Hornic1989Multilayer,
  title={Multilayer feedforward networks are universal approximators},
  author={Hornic, K},
  journal={Neural Networks},
  volume={2},
  number={5},
  pages={359-366},
  year={1989},
}

@article{DBLP:journals/corr/abs-1809-10853,
  author    = {Alexei Baevski and
               Michael Auli},
  title     = {Adaptive Input Representations for Neural Language Modeling},
  journal   = {CoRR},
  volume    = {abs/1809.10853},
  year      = {2018},
  url       = {http://arxiv.org/abs/1809.10853},
  archivePrefix = {arXiv},
  eprint    = {1809.10853},
  timestamp = {Fri, 05 Oct 2018 11:34:52 +0200},
  biburl    = {https://dblp.org/rec/journals/corr/abs-1809-10853.bib},
  bibsource = {dblp computer science bibliography, https://dblp.org}
}

@inproceedings{Stahlberg2019OnNS,
  title={On NMT Search Errors and Model Errors: Cat Got Your Tongue?},
  author={Felix Stahlberg and Bill Byrne},
  booktitle={EMNLP/IJCNLP},
  year={2019}
}

@article{DBLP:journals/corr/abs-1810-08398,
  author    = {Mingbo Ma and
               Liang Huang and
               Hao Xiong and
               Kaibo Liu and
               Chuanqiang Zhang and
               Zhongjun He and
               Hairong Liu and
               Xing Li and
               Haifeng Wang},
  title     = {{STACL:} Simultaneous Translation with Integrated Anticipation and
               Controllable Latency},
  journal   = {CoRR},
  volume    = {abs/1810.08398},
  year      = {2018},
  url       = {http://arxiv.org/abs/1810.08398},
  archivePrefix = {arXiv},
  eprint    = {1810.08398},
  timestamp = {Thu, 01 Nov 2018 11:22:30 +0100},
  biburl    = {https://dblp.org/rec/journals/corr/abs-1810-08398.bib},
  bibsource = {dblp computer science bibliography, https://dblp.org}
}

@article{DBLP:journals/corr/StahlbergHSB17,
  author    = {Felix Stahlberg and
               Eva Hasler and
               Danielle Saunders and
               Bill Byrne},
  title     = {{SGNMT} - {A} Flexible {NMT} Decoding Platform for Quick Prototyping
               of New Models and Search Strategies},
  journal   = {CoRR},
  volume    = {abs/1707.06885},
  year      = {2017},
  url       = {http://arxiv.org/abs/1707.06885},
  archivePrefix = {arXiv},
  eprint    = {1707.06885},
  timestamp = {Mon, 13 Aug 2018 16:48:37 +0200},
  biburl    = {https://dblp.org/rec/journals/corr/StahlbergHSB17.bib},
  bibsource = {dblp computer science bibliography, https://dblp.org}
}

@article{DBLP:journals/corr/SennrichHB16,
  author    = {Rico Sennrich and
               Barry Haddow and
               Alexandra Birch},
  title     = {Edinburgh Neural Machine Translation Systems for {WMT} 16},
  journal   = {CoRR},
  volume    = {abs/1606.02891},
  year      = {2016},
  url       = {http://arxiv.org/abs/1606.02891},
  archivePrefix = {arXiv},
  eprint    = {1606.02891},
  timestamp = {Mon, 13 Aug 2018 16:46:23 +0200},
  biburl    = {https://dblp.org/rec/journals/corr/SennrichHB16.bib},
  bibsource = {dblp computer science bibliography, https://dblp.org}
}

@inproceedings{DBLP:conf/wmt/LiLXLLLWZXWFCLL19,
  author    = {Bei Li and
               Yinqiao Li and
               Chen Xu and
               Ye Lin and
               Jiqiang Liu and
               Hui Liu and
               Ziyang Wang and
               Yuhao Zhang and
               Nuo Xu and
               Zeyang Wang and
               Kai Feng and
               Hexuan Chen and
               Tengbo Liu and
               Yanyang Li and
               Qiang Wang and
               Tong Xiao and
               Jingbo Zhu},
  editor    = {Ondrej Bojar and
               Rajen Chatterjee and
               Christian Federmann and
               Mark Fishel and
               Yvette Graham and
               Barry Haddow and
               Matthias Huck and
               Antonio Jimeno{-}Yepes and
               Philipp Koehn and
               Andr{\'{e}} Martins and
               Christof Monz and
               Matteo Negri and
               Aur{\'{e}}lie N{\'{e}}v{\'{e}}ol and
               Mariana L. Neves and
               Matt Post and
               Marco Turchi and
               Karin Verspoor},
  title     = {The NiuTrans Machine Translation Systems for {WMT19}},
  booktitle = {Proceedings of the Fourth Conference on Machine Translation, {WMT}
               2019, Florence, Italy, August 1-2, 2019 - Volume 2: Shared Task Papers,
               Day 1},
  pages     = {257--266},
  publisher = {Association for Computational Linguistics},
  year      = {2019},
  url       = {https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/w19-5325},
  doi       = {10.18653/v1/w19-5325},
  timestamp = {Tue, 28 Jan 2020 10:30:56 +0100},
  biburl    = {https://dblp.org/rec/conf/wmt/LiLXLLLWZXWFCLL19.bib},
  bibsource = {dblp computer science bibliography, https://dblp.org}
}

@inproceedings{DBLP:conf/aaai/DabreF19,
  author    = {Raj Dabre and
               Atsushi Fujita},
  title     = {Recurrent Stacking of Layers for Compact Neural Machine Translation
               Models},
  booktitle = {The Thirty-Third {AAAI} Conference on Artificial Intelligence, {AAAI}
               2019, The Thirty-First Innovative Applications of Artificial Intelligence
               Conference, {IAAI} 2019, The Ninth {AAAI} Symposium on Educational
               Advances in Artificial Intelligence, {EAAI} 2019, Honolulu, Hawaii,
               USA, January 27 - February 1, 2019},
  pages     = {6292--6299},
  publisher = {{AAAI} Press},
  year      = {2019},
  url       = {https://doi.org/10.1609/aaai.v33i01.33016292},
  doi       = {10.1609/aaai.v33i01.33016292},
  timestamp = {Wed, 25 Sep 2019 11:05:09 +0200},
  biburl    = {https://dblp.org/rec/conf/aaai/DabreF19.bib},
  bibsource = {dblp computer science bibliography, https://dblp.org}
}

@article{DBLP:journals/corr/abs-1712-05877,
  author    = {Benoit Jacob and
               Skirmantas Kligys and
               Bo Chen and
               Menglong Zhu and
               Matthew Tang and
               Andrew G. Howard and
               Hartwig Adam and
               Dmitry Kalenichenko},
  title     = {Quantization and Training of Neural Networks for Efficient Integer-Arithmetic-Only
               Inference},
  journal   = {CoRR},
  volume    = {abs/1712.05877},
  year      = {2017},
  url       = {http://arxiv.org/abs/1712.05877},
  archivePrefix = {arXiv},
  eprint    = {1712.05877},
  timestamp = {Mon, 13 Aug 2018 16:48:27 +0200},
  biburl    = {https://dblp.org/rec/journals/corr/abs-1712-05877.bib},
  bibsource = {dblp computer science bibliography, https://dblp.org}
}

@article{DBLP:journals/corr/abs-1910-10485,
  author    = {Gabriele Prato and
               Ella Charlaix and
               Mehdi Rezagholizadeh},
  title     = {Fully Quantized Transformer for Improved Translation},
  journal   = {CoRR},
  volume    = {abs/1910.10485},
  year      = {2019},
  url       = {http://arxiv.org/abs/1910.10485},
  archivePrefix = {arXiv},
  eprint    = {1910.10485},
  timestamp = {Fri, 25 Oct 2019 14:59:26 +0200},
  biburl    = {https://dblp.org/rec/journals/corr/abs-1910-10485.bib},
  bibsource = {dblp computer science bibliography, https://dblp.org}
}

@article{DBLP:journals/corr/abs-1801-05122,
  author    = {Xiangwen Zhang and
               Jinsong Su and
               Yue Qin and
               Yang Liu and
               Rongrong Ji and
               Hongji Wang},
  title     = {Asynchronous Bidirectional Decoding for Neural Machine Translation},
  journal   = {CoRR},
  volume    = {abs/1801.05122},
  year      = {2018},
  url       = {http://arxiv.org/abs/1801.05122},
  archivePrefix = {arXiv},
  eprint    = {1801.05122},
  timestamp = {Mon, 15 Jul 2019 14:17:41 +0200},
  biburl    = {https://dblp.org/rec/journals/corr/abs-1801-05122.bib},
  bibsource = {dblp computer science bibliography, https://dblp.org}
}

@article{DBLP:journals/corr/abs-1809-00069,
  author    = {Liang Huang and
               Kai Zhao and
               Mingbo Ma},
  title     = {When to Finish? Optimal Beam Search for Neural Text Generation (modulo
               beam size)},
  journal   = {CoRR},
  volume    = {abs/1809.00069},
  year      = {2018},
  url       = {http://arxiv.org/abs/1809.00069},
  archivePrefix = {arXiv},
  eprint    = {1809.00069},
  timestamp = {Fri, 05 Oct 2018 11:34:52 +0200},
  biburl    = {https://dblp.org/rec/journals/corr/abs-1809-00069.bib},
  bibsource = {dblp computer science bibliography, https://dblp.org}
}

@article{DBLP:journals/jcss/FreundS97,
  author    = {Yoav Freund and
               Robert E. Schapire},
  title     = {A Decision-Theoretic Generalization of On-Line Learning and an Application
               to Boosting},
  journal   = {J. Comput. Syst. Sci.},
  volume    = {55},
  number    = {1},
  pages     = {119--139},
  year      = {1997},
  url       = {https://doi.org/10.1006/jcss.1997.1504},
  doi       = {10.1006/jcss.1997.1504},
  timestamp = {Wed, 14 Nov 2018 10:33:59 +0100},
  biburl    = {https://dblp.org/rec/journals/jcss/FreundS97.bib},
  bibsource = {dblp computer science bibliography, https://dblp.org}
}

@inproceedings{DBLP:conf/acl/XiaoZZW10,
  author    = {Tong Xiao and
               Jingbo Zhu and
               Muhua Zhu and
               Huizhen Wang},
  editor    = {Jan Hajic and
               Sandra Carberry and
               Stephen Clark},
  title     = {Boosting-Based System Combination for Machine Translation},
  booktitle = {{ACL} 2010, Proceedings of the 48th Annual Meeting of the Association
               for Computational Linguistics, July 11-16, 2010, Uppsala, Sweden},
  pages     = {739--748},
  publisher = {The Association for Computer Linguistics},
  year      = {2010},
  url       = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P10-1076/},
  timestamp = {Fri, 13 Sep 2019 13:00:43 +0200},
  biburl    = {https://dblp.org/rec/conf/acl/XiaoZZW10.bib},
  bibsource = {dblp computer science bibliography, https://dblp.org}
}

@inproceedings{DBLP:conf/icassp/SimBGSW07,
  author    = {Khe Chai Sim and
               William J. Byrne and
               Mark J. F. Gales and
               Hichem Sahbi and
               Philip C. Woodland},
  title     = {Consensus Network Decoding for Statistical Machine Translation System
               Combination},
  booktitle = {Proceedings of the {IEEE} International Conference on Acoustics, Speech,
               and Signal Processing, {ICASSP} 2007, Honolulu, Hawaii, USA, April
               15-20, 2007},
  pages     = {105--108},
  publisher = {{IEEE}},
  year      = {2007},
  url       = {https://doi.org/10.1109/ICASSP.2007.367174},
  doi       = {10.1109/ICASSP.2007.367174},
  timestamp = {Wed, 16 Oct 2019 14:14:52 +0200},
  biburl    = {https://dblp.org/rec/conf/icassp/SimBGSW07.bib},
  bibsource = {dblp computer science bibliography, https://dblp.org}
}

@inproceedings{DBLP:conf/acl/RostiMS07,
  author    = {Antti{-}Veikko I. Rosti and
               Spyridon Matsoukas and
               Richard M. Schwartz},
  editor    = {John A. Carroll and
               Antal van den Bosch and
               Annie Zaenen},
  title     = {Improved Word-Level System Combination for Machine Translation},
  booktitle = {{ACL} 2007, Proceedings of the 45th Annual Meeting of the Association
               for Computational Linguistics, June 23-30, 2007, Prague, Czech Republic},
  publisher = {The Association for Computational Linguistics},
  year      = {2007},
  url       = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P07-1040/},
  timestamp = {Mon, 16 Sep 2019 13:46:41 +0200},
  biburl    = {https://dblp.org/rec/conf/acl/RostiMS07.bib},
  bibsource = {dblp computer science bibliography, https://dblp.org}
}

@inproceedings{DBLP:conf/wmt/RostiZMS08,
  author    = {Antti{-}Veikko I. Rosti and
               Bing Zhang and
               Spyros Matsoukas and
               Richard M. Schwartz},
  editor    = {Chris Callison{-}Burch and
               Philipp Koehn and
               Christof Monz and
               Josh Schroeder and
               Cameron S. Fordyce},
  title     = {Incremental Hypothesis Alignment for Building Confusion Networks with
               Application to Machine Translation System Combination},
  booktitle = {Proceedings of the Third Workshop on Statistical Machine Translation,
               WMT@ACL 2008, Columbus, Ohio, USA, June 19, 2008},
  pages     = {183--186},
  publisher = {Association for Computational Linguistics},
  year      = {2008},
  url       = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W08-0329/},
  timestamp = {Fri, 13 Sep 2019 13:08:46 +0200},
  biburl    = {https://dblp.org/rec/conf/wmt/RostiZMS08.bib},
  bibsource = {dblp computer science bibliography, https://dblp.org}
}

@article{DBLP:journals/corr/LiMJ16,
  author    = {Jiwei Li and
               Will Monroe and
               Dan Jurafsky},
  title     = {A Simple, Fast Diverse Decoding Algorithm for Neural Generation},
  journal   = {CoRR},
  volume    = {abs/1611.08562},
  year      = {2016},
  url       = {http://arxiv.org/abs/1611.08562},
  archivePrefix = {arXiv},
  eprint    = {1611.08562},
  timestamp = {Mon, 13 Aug 2018 16:48:46 +0200},
  biburl    = {https://dblp.org/rec/journals/corr/LiMJ16.bib},
  bibsource = {dblp computer science bibliography, https://dblp.org}
}

@inproceedings{DBLP:conf/emnlp/TrombleKOM08,
  author    = {Roy Tromble and
               Shankar Kumar and
               Franz Josef Och and
               Wolfgang Macherey},
  title     = {Lattice Minimum Bayes-Risk Decoding for Statistical Machine Translation},
  booktitle = {2008 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing,
               {EMNLP} 2008, Proceedings of the Conference, 25-27 October 2008, Honolulu,
               Hawaii, USA, {A} meeting of SIGDAT, a Special Interest Group of the
               {ACL}},
  pages     = {620--629},
  publisher = {{ACL}},
  year      = {2008},
  url       = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D08-1065/},
  timestamp = {Fri, 13 Sep 2019 13:08:45 +0200},
  biburl    = {https://dblp.org/rec/conf/emnlp/TrombleKOM08.bib},
  bibsource = {dblp computer science bibliography, https://dblp.org}
}

@inproceedings{DBLP:conf/aaai/SuTXJSL17,
  author    = {Jinsong Su and
               Zhixing Tan and
               Deyi Xiong and
               Rongrong Ji and
               Xiaodong Shi and
               Yang Liu},
  editor    = {Satinder P. Singh and
               Shaul Markovitch},
  title     = {Lattice-Based Recurrent Neural Network Encoders for Neural Machine
               Translation},
  booktitle = {Proceedings of the Thirty-First {AAAI} Conference on Artificial Intelligence,
               February 4-9, 2017, San Francisco, California, {USA}},
  pages     = {3302--3308},
  publisher = {{AAAI} Press},
  year      = {2017},
  url       = {http://aaai.org/ocs/index.php/AAAI/AAAI17/paper/view/14320},
  timestamp = {Sun, 31 Mar 2019 12:09:37 +0200},
  biburl    = {https://dblp.org/rec/conf/aaai/SuTXJSL17.bib},
  bibsource = {dblp computer science bibliography, https://dblp.org}
}

@inproceedings{DBLP:conf/acl/BirdL04,
  author    = {Steven Bird and
               Edward Loper},
  title     = {{NLTK:} The Natural Language Toolkit},
  booktitle = {Proceedings of the 42nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational
               Linguistics, Barcelona, Spain, July 21-26, 2004 - Poster and Demonstration},
  publisher = {{ACL}},
  year      = {2004},
  url       = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P04-3031/},
  timestamp = {Wed, 18 Sep 2019 12:15:54 +0200},
  biburl    = {https://dblp.org/rec/conf/acl/BirdL04.bib},
  bibsource = {dblp computer science bibliography, https://dblp.org}
}

@inproceedings{wang-etal-2018-dynamic,
    title = "Dynamic Sentence Sampling for Efficient Training of Neural Machine Translation",
    author = "Wang, Rui  and
      Utiyama, Masao  and
      Sumita, Eiichiro",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 56th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Melbourne, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P18-2048",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/P18-2048",
    pages = "298--304",
    abstract = "Traditional Neural machine translation (NMT) involves a fixed training procedure where each sentence is sampled once during each epoch. In reality, some sentences are well-learned during the initial few epochs; however, using this approach, the well-learned sentences would continue to be trained along with those sentences that were not well learned for 10-30 epochs, which results in a wastage of time. Here, we propose an efficient method to dynamically sample the sentences in order to accelerate the NMT training. In this approach, a weight is assigned to each sentence based on the measured difference between the training costs of two iterations. Further, in each epoch, a certain percentage of sentences are dynamically sampled according to their weights. Empirical results based on the NIST Chinese-to-English and the WMT English-to-German tasks show that the proposed method can significantly accelerate the NMT training and improve the NMT performance.",
}

@inproceedings{garciamartinez:hal-01433161,
  TITLE = {{Factored Neural Machine Translation Architectures}},
  AUTHOR = {Garcia-Martinez, Mercedes and Barrault, Lo{\"i}c and Bougares, Fethi},
  URL = {https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01433161},
  BOOKTITLE = {{International Workshop on Spoken Language Translation (IWSLT'16)}},
  ADDRESS = {Seattle, United States},
  YEAR = {2016},
  PDF = {https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01433161/file/FNMTiwslt2016.pdf},
  HAL_ID = {hal-01433161},
  HAL_VERSION = {v1},
}

@article{DBLP:journals/corr/JeanCMB14,
  author    = {S{\'{e}}bastien Jean and
               Kyunghyun Cho and
               Roland Memisevic and
               Yoshua Bengio},
  title     = {On Using Very Large Target Vocabulary for Neural Machine Translation},
  journal   = {CoRR},
  volume    = {abs/1412.2007},
  year      = {2014},
  url       = {http://arxiv.org/abs/1412.2007},
  archivePrefix = {arXiv},
  eprint    = {1412.2007},
  timestamp = {Mon, 13 Aug 2018 16:46:10 +0200},
  biburl    = {https://dblp.org/rec/journals/corr/JeanCMB14.bib},
  bibsource = {dblp computer science bibliography, https://dblp.org}
}

@article{DBLP:journals/corr/LuongM16,
  author    = {Minh{-}Thang Luong and
               Christopher D. Manning},
  title     = {Achieving Open Vocabulary Neural Machine Translation with Hybrid Word-Character
               Models},
  journal   = {CoRR},
  volume    = {abs/1604.00788},
  year      = {2016},
  url       = {http://arxiv.org/abs/1604.00788},
  archivePrefix = {arXiv},
  eprint    = {1604.00788},
  timestamp = {Mon, 13 Aug 2018 16:47:26 +0200},
  biburl    = {https://dblp.org/rec/journals/corr/LuongM16.bib},
  bibsource = {dblp computer science bibliography, https://dblp.org}
}

@article{philipAlgorithmfordataCompression,
  title={A New Algorithm for Data Compression},
  author={Philip Gage},
  year      = {1994}
}

@article{DBLP:journals/corr/abs-1804-10959,
  author    = {Taku Kudo},
  title     = {Subword Regularization: Improving Neural Network Translation Models
               with Multiple Subword Candidates},
  journal   = {CoRR},
  volume    = {abs/1804.10959},
  year      = {2018},
  url       = {http://arxiv.org/abs/1804.10959},
  archivePrefix = {arXiv},
  eprint    = {1804.10959},
  timestamp = {Mon, 13 Aug 2018 16:48:57 +0200},
  biburl    = {https://dblp.org/rec/journals/corr/abs-1804-10959.bib},
  bibsource = {dblp computer science bibliography, https://dblp.org}
}

@article{DBLP:journals/corr/ZagoruykoK16,
  author    = {Sergey Zagoruyko and
               Nikos Komodakis},
  title     = {Wide Residual Networks},
  journal   = {CoRR},
  volume    = {abs/1605.07146},
  year      = {2016},
  url       = {http://arxiv.org/abs/1605.07146},
  archivePrefix = {arXiv},
  eprint    = {1605.07146},
  timestamp = {Mon, 13 Aug 2018 16:46:42 +0200},
  biburl    = {https://dblp.org/rec/journals/corr/ZagoruykoK16.bib},
  bibsource = {dblp computer science bibliography, https://dblp.org}
}

@article{DBLP:journals/iet-bmt/Sepas-Moghaddam20,
  author    = {Alireza Sepas{-}Moghaddam and
               Fernando Pereira and
               Paulo Lobato Correia},
  title     = {Face recognition: a novel multi-level taxonomy based survey},
  journal   = {{IET} Biom.},
  volume    = {9},
  number    = {2},
  pages     = {58--67},
  year      = {2020},
  url       = {https://doi.org/10.1049/iet-bmt.2019.0001},
  doi       = {10.1049/iet-bmt.2019.0001},
  timestamp = {Wed, 01 Apr 2020 08:42:20 +0200},
  biburl    = {https://dblp.org/rec/journals/iet-bmt/Sepas-Moghaddam20.bib},
  bibsource = {dblp computer science bibliography, https://dblp.org}
}

@inproceedings{ethayarajh-2019-contextual,
    title = "How Contextual are Contextualized Word Representations? Comparing the Geometry of {BERT}, {ELM}o, and {GPT}-2 Embeddings",
    author = "Ethayarajh, Kawin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2019 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing and the 9th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing (EMNLP-IJCNLP)",
    month = nov,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Hong Kong, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D19-1006",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D19-1006",
    pages = "55--65",
    abstract = "Replacing static word embeddings with contextualized word representations has yielded significant improvements on many NLP tasks. However, just how contextual are the contextualized representations produced by models such as ELMo and BERT? Are there infinitely many context-specific representations for each word, or are words essentially assigned one of a finite number of word-sense representations? For one, we find that the contextualized representations of all words are not isotropic in any layer of the contextualizing model. While representations of the same word in different contexts still have a greater cosine similarity than those of two different words, this self-similarity is much lower in upper layers. This suggests that upper layers of contextualizing models produce more context-specific representations, much like how upper layers of LSTMs produce more task-specific representations. In all layers of ELMo, BERT, and GPT-2, on average, less than 5{\%} of the variance in a word{'}s contextualized representations can be explained by a static embedding for that word, providing some justification for the success of contextualized representations.",
}

@inproceedings{DBLP:conf/acl/JawaharSS19,
  author    = {Ganesh Jawahar and
               Beno{\^{\i}}t Sagot and
               Djam{\'{e}} Seddah},
  editor    = {Anna Korhonen and
               David R. Traum and
               Llu{\'{\i}}s M{\`{a}}rquez},
  title     = {What Does {BERT} Learn about the Structure of Language?},
  booktitle = {Proceedings of the 57th Conference of the Association for Computational
               Linguistics, {ACL} 2019, Florence, Italy, July 28- August 2, 2019,
               Volume 1: Long Papers},
  pages     = {3651--3657},
  publisher = {Association for Computational Linguistics},
  year      = {2019},
  url       = {https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/p19-1356},
  doi       = {10.18653/v1/p19-1356},
  timestamp = {Tue, 28 Jan 2020 10:28:06 +0100},
  biburl    = {https://dblp.org/rec/conf/acl/JawaharSS19.bib},
  bibsource = {dblp computer science bibliography, https://dblp.org}
}

@article{DBLP:journals/corr/abs-1806-00187,
  author    = {Myle Ott and
               Sergey Edunov and
               David Grangier and
               Michael Auli},
  title     = {Scaling Neural Machine Translation},
  journal   = {CoRR},
  volume    = {abs/1806.00187},
  year      = {2018},
  url       = {http://arxiv.org/abs/1806.00187},
  archivePrefix = {arXiv},
  eprint    = {1806.00187},
  timestamp = {Mon, 13 Aug 2018 16:47:40 +0200},
  biburl    = {https://dblp.org/rec/journals/corr/abs-1806-00187.bib},
  bibsource = {dblp computer science bibliography, https://dblp.org}
}

@article{bengioCurriculumlearning,
  author	= {Yoshu Bengio and 
          Jerome Louradour and
		  Ronman Collobert and
		  Jason Weston},
  title		= {Curriculum learning}
}

@inproceedings{Hubara2016BinarizedNN,
  title={Binarized Neural Networks},
  author={Itay Hubara and Matthieu Courbariaux and Daniel Soudry and Ran El-Yaniv and Yoshua Bengio},
  booktitle={NIPS},
  year={2016}
}

@inproceedings{DBLP:conf/emnlp/DuanLXZ09,
  author    = {Nan Duan and
               Mu Li and
               Tong Xiao and
               Ming Zhou},
  title     = {The Feature Subspace Method for {SMT} System Combination},
  booktitle = {Proceedings of the 2009 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural
               Language Processing, {EMNLP} 2009, 6-7 August 2009, Singapore, {A}
               meeting of SIGDAT, a Special Interest Group of the {ACL}},
  pages     = {1096--1104},
  publisher = {{ACL}},
  year      = {2009},
  url       = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D09-1114/},
  timestamp = {Fri, 13 Sep 2019 13:08:45 +0200},
  biburl    = {https://dblp.org/rec/conf/emnlp/DuanLXZ09.bib},
  bibsource = {dblp computer science bibliography, https://dblp.org}
}

%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%%%%% chapter 7------------------------------------------------------
@article{姚树杰2011基于句对质量和覆盖度的统计机器翻译训练语料选取,
  title={基于句对质量和覆盖度的统计机器翻译训练语料选取},
  author={姚树杰 and 肖桐 and 朱靖波},
  journal={中文信息学报},
  volume={25},
  number={2},
  pages={72-78},
  year={2011},
}
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
@misc{provilkov2019bpedropout,
    title={BPE-Dropout: Simple and Effective Subword Regularization},
    author={Ivan Provilkov and Dmitrii Emelianenko and Elena Voita},
    year={2019},
    eprint={1910.13267},
    archivePrefix={arXiv},
    primaryClass={cs.CL}
}
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
@article{DBLP:journals/corr/SennrichHB15,
  author    = {Rico Sennrich and
               Barry Haddow and
               Alexandra Birch},
  title     = {Neural Machine Translation of Rare Words with Subword Units},
  journal   = {CoRR},
  volume    = {abs/1508.07909},
  year      = {2015},
  url       = {http://arxiv.org/abs/1508.07909},
  archivePrefix = {arXiv},
  eprint    = {1508.07909},
  timestamp = {Mon, 13 Aug 2018 16:47:17 +0200},
  biburl    = {https://dblp.org/rec/journals/corr/SennrichHB15.bib},
  bibsource = {dblp computer science bibliography, https://dblp.org}
}

@article{DBLP:journals/corr/abs-1207-0580,
  author    = {Geoffrey E. Hinton and
               Nitish Srivastava and
               Alex Krizhevsky and
               Ilya Sutskever and
               Ruslan Salakhutdinov},
  title     = {Improving neural networks by preventing co-adaptation of feature detectors},
  journal   = {CoRR},
  volume    = {abs/1207.0580},
  year      = {2012},
  url       = {http://arxiv.org/abs/1207.0580},
  archivePrefix = {arXiv},
  eprint    = {1207.0580},
  timestamp = {Mon, 13 Aug 2018 16:46:10 +0200},
  biburl    = {https://dblp.org/rec/journals/corr/abs-1207-0580.bib},
  bibsource = {dblp computer science bibliography, https://dblp.org}
}

@article{Hornic1989Multilayer,
  title={Multilayer feedforward networks are universal approximators},
  author={Hornic, K},
  journal={Neural Networks},
  volume={2},
  number={5},
  pages={359-366},
  year={1989},
}

@article{DBLP:journals/corr/abs-1809-10853,
  author    = {Alexei Baevski and
               Michael Auli},
  title     = {Adaptive Input Representations for Neural Language Modeling},
  journal   = {CoRR},
  volume    = {abs/1809.10853},
  year      = {2018},
  url       = {http://arxiv.org/abs/1809.10853},
  archivePrefix = {arXiv},
  eprint    = {1809.10853},
  timestamp = {Fri, 05 Oct 2018 11:34:52 +0200},
  biburl    = {https://dblp.org/rec/journals/corr/abs-1809-10853.bib},
  bibsource = {dblp computer science bibliography, https://dblp.org}
}

@inproceedings{Stahlberg2019OnNS,
  title={On NMT Search Errors and Model Errors: Cat Got Your Tongue?},
  author={Felix Stahlberg and Bill Byrne},
  booktitle={EMNLP/IJCNLP},
  year={2019}
}

@article{DBLP:journals/corr/abs-1810-08398,
  author    = {Mingbo Ma and
               Liang Huang and
               Hao Xiong and
               Kaibo Liu and
               Chuanqiang Zhang and
               Zhongjun He and
               Hairong Liu and
               Xing Li and
               Haifeng Wang},
  title     = {{STACL:} Simultaneous Translation with Integrated Anticipation and
               Controllable Latency},
  journal   = {CoRR},
  volume    = {abs/1810.08398},
  year      = {2018},
  url       = {http://arxiv.org/abs/1810.08398},
  archivePrefix = {arXiv},
  eprint    = {1810.08398},
  timestamp = {Thu, 01 Nov 2018 11:22:30 +0100},
  biburl    = {https://dblp.org/rec/journals/corr/abs-1810-08398.bib},
  bibsource = {dblp computer science bibliography, https://dblp.org}
}

@article{DBLP:journals/corr/StahlbergHSB17,
  author    = {Felix Stahlberg and
               Eva Hasler and
               Danielle Saunders and
               Bill Byrne},
  title     = {{SGNMT} - {A} Flexible {NMT} Decoding Platform for Quick Prototyping
               of New Models and Search Strategies},
  journal   = {CoRR},
  volume    = {abs/1707.06885},
  year      = {2017},
  url       = {http://arxiv.org/abs/1707.06885},
  archivePrefix = {arXiv},
  eprint    = {1707.06885},
  timestamp = {Mon, 13 Aug 2018 16:48:37 +0200},
  biburl    = {https://dblp.org/rec/journals/corr/StahlbergHSB17.bib},
  bibsource = {dblp computer science bibliography, https://dblp.org}
}

@article{DBLP:journals/corr/SennrichHB16,
  author    = {Rico Sennrich and
               Barry Haddow and
               Alexandra Birch},
  title     = {Edinburgh Neural Machine Translation Systems for {WMT} 16},
  journal   = {CoRR},
  volume    = {abs/1606.02891},
  year      = {2016},
  url       = {http://arxiv.org/abs/1606.02891},
  archivePrefix = {arXiv},
  eprint    = {1606.02891},
  timestamp = {Mon, 13 Aug 2018 16:46:23 +0200},
  biburl    = {https://dblp.org/rec/journals/corr/SennrichHB16.bib},
  bibsource = {dblp computer science bibliography, https://dblp.org}
}

@inproceedings{DBLP:conf/wmt/LiLXLLLWZXWFCLL19,
  author    = {Bei Li and
               Yinqiao Li and
               Chen Xu and
               Ye Lin and
               Jiqiang Liu and
               Hui Liu and
               Ziyang Wang and
               Yuhao Zhang and
               Nuo Xu and
               Zeyang Wang and
               Kai Feng and
               Hexuan Chen and
               Tengbo Liu and
               Yanyang Li and
               Qiang Wang and
               Tong Xiao and
               Jingbo Zhu},
  editor    = {Ondrej Bojar and
               Rajen Chatterjee and
               Christian Federmann and
               Mark Fishel and
               Yvette Graham and
               Barry Haddow and
               Matthias Huck and
               Antonio Jimeno{-}Yepes and
               Philipp Koehn and
               Andr{\'{e}} Martins and
               Christof Monz and
               Matteo Negri and
               Aur{\'{e}}lie N{\'{e}}v{\'{e}}ol and
               Mariana L. Neves and
               Matt Post and
               Marco Turchi and
               Karin Verspoor},
  title     = {The NiuTrans Machine Translation Systems for {WMT19}},
  booktitle = {Proceedings of the Fourth Conference on Machine Translation, {WMT}
               2019, Florence, Italy, August 1-2, 2019 - Volume 2: Shared Task Papers,
               Day 1},
  pages     = {257--266},
  publisher = {Association for Computational Linguistics},
  year      = {2019},
  url       = {https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/w19-5325},
  doi       = {10.18653/v1/w19-5325},
  timestamp = {Tue, 28 Jan 2020 10:30:56 +0100},
  biburl    = {https://dblp.org/rec/conf/wmt/LiLXLLLWZXWFCLL19.bib},
  bibsource = {dblp computer science bibliography, https://dblp.org}
}

@inproceedings{DBLP:conf/aaai/DabreF19,
  author    = {Raj Dabre and
               Atsushi Fujita},
  title     = {Recurrent Stacking of Layers for Compact Neural Machine Translation
               Models},
  booktitle = {The Thirty-Third {AAAI} Conference on Artificial Intelligence, {AAAI}
               2019, The Thirty-First Innovative Applications of Artificial Intelligence
               Conference, {IAAI} 2019, The Ninth {AAAI} Symposium on Educational
               Advances in Artificial Intelligence, {EAAI} 2019, Honolulu, Hawaii,
               USA, January 27 - February 1, 2019},
  pages     = {6292--6299},
  publisher = {{AAAI} Press},
  year      = {2019},
  url       = {https://doi.org/10.1609/aaai.v33i01.33016292},
  doi       = {10.1609/aaai.v33i01.33016292},
  timestamp = {Wed, 25 Sep 2019 11:05:09 +0200},
  biburl    = {https://dblp.org/rec/conf/aaai/DabreF19.bib},
  bibsource = {dblp computer science bibliography, https://dblp.org}
}

@article{DBLP:journals/corr/abs-1712-05877,
  author    = {Benoit Jacob and
               Skirmantas Kligys and
               Bo Chen and
               Menglong Zhu and
               Matthew Tang and
               Andrew G. Howard and
               Hartwig Adam and
               Dmitry Kalenichenko},
  title     = {Quantization and Training of Neural Networks for Efficient Integer-Arithmetic-Only
               Inference},
  journal   = {CoRR},
  volume    = {abs/1712.05877},
  year      = {2017},
  url       = {http://arxiv.org/abs/1712.05877},
  archivePrefix = {arXiv},
  eprint    = {1712.05877},
  timestamp = {Mon, 13 Aug 2018 16:48:27 +0200},
  biburl    = {https://dblp.org/rec/journals/corr/abs-1712-05877.bib},
  bibsource = {dblp computer science bibliography, https://dblp.org}
}

@article{DBLP:journals/corr/abs-1910-10485,
  author    = {Gabriele Prato and
               Ella Charlaix and
               Mehdi Rezagholizadeh},
  title     = {Fully Quantized Transformer for Improved Translation},
  journal   = {CoRR},
  volume    = {abs/1910.10485},
  year      = {2019},
  url       = {http://arxiv.org/abs/1910.10485},
  archivePrefix = {arXiv},
  eprint    = {1910.10485},
  timestamp = {Fri, 25 Oct 2019 14:59:26 +0200},
  biburl    = {https://dblp.org/rec/journals/corr/abs-1910-10485.bib},
  bibsource = {dblp computer science bibliography, https://dblp.org}
}

@article{DBLP:journals/corr/abs-1801-05122,
  author    = {Xiangwen Zhang and
               Jinsong Su and
               Yue Qin and
               Yang Liu and
               Rongrong Ji and
               Hongji Wang},
  title     = {Asynchronous Bidirectional Decoding for Neural Machine Translation},
  journal   = {CoRR},
  volume    = {abs/1801.05122},
  year      = {2018},
  url       = {http://arxiv.org/abs/1801.05122},
  archivePrefix = {arXiv},
  eprint    = {1801.05122},
  timestamp = {Mon, 15 Jul 2019 14:17:41 +0200},
  biburl    = {https://dblp.org/rec/journals/corr/abs-1801-05122.bib},
  bibsource = {dblp computer science bibliography, https://dblp.org}
}

@article{DBLP:journals/corr/abs-1809-00069,
  author    = {Liang Huang and
               Kai Zhao and
               Mingbo Ma},
  title     = {When to Finish? Optimal Beam Search for Neural Text Generation (modulo
               beam size)},
  journal   = {CoRR},
  volume    = {abs/1809.00069},
  year      = {2018},
  url       = {http://arxiv.org/abs/1809.00069},
  archivePrefix = {arXiv},
  eprint    = {1809.00069},
  timestamp = {Fri, 05 Oct 2018 11:34:52 +0200},
  biburl    = {https://dblp.org/rec/journals/corr/abs-1809-00069.bib},
  bibsource = {dblp computer science bibliography, https://dblp.org}
}

@article{DBLP:journals/jcss/FreundS97,
  author    = {Yoav Freund and
               Robert E. Schapire},
  title     = {A Decision-Theoretic Generalization of On-Line Learning and an Application
               to Boosting},
  journal   = {J. Comput. Syst. Sci.},
  volume    = {55},
  number    = {1},
  pages     = {119--139},
  year      = {1997},
  url       = {https://doi.org/10.1006/jcss.1997.1504},
  doi       = {10.1006/jcss.1997.1504},
  timestamp = {Wed, 14 Nov 2018 10:33:59 +0100},
  biburl    = {https://dblp.org/rec/journals/jcss/FreundS97.bib},
  bibsource = {dblp computer science bibliography, https://dblp.org}
}

@inproceedings{DBLP:conf/acl/XiaoZZW10,
  author    = {Tong Xiao and
               Jingbo Zhu and
               Muhua Zhu and
               Huizhen Wang},
  editor    = {Jan Hajic and
               Sandra Carberry and
               Stephen Clark},
  title     = {Boosting-Based System Combination for Machine Translation},
  booktitle = {{ACL} 2010, Proceedings of the 48th Annual Meeting of the Association
               for Computational Linguistics, July 11-16, 2010, Uppsala, Sweden},
  pages     = {739--748},
  publisher = {The Association for Computer Linguistics},
  year      = {2010},
  url       = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P10-1076/},
  timestamp = {Fri, 13 Sep 2019 13:00:43 +0200},
  biburl    = {https://dblp.org/rec/conf/acl/XiaoZZW10.bib},
  bibsource = {dblp computer science bibliography, https://dblp.org}
}

@inproceedings{DBLP:conf/icassp/SimBGSW07,
  author    = {Khe Chai Sim and
               William J. Byrne and
               Mark J. F. Gales and
               Hichem Sahbi and
               Philip C. Woodland},
  title     = {Consensus Network Decoding for Statistical Machine Translation System
               Combination},
  booktitle = {Proceedings of the {IEEE} International Conference on Acoustics, Speech,
               and Signal Processing, {ICASSP} 2007, Honolulu, Hawaii, USA, April
               15-20, 2007},
  pages     = {105--108},
  publisher = {{IEEE}},
  year      = {2007},
  url       = {https://doi.org/10.1109/ICASSP.2007.367174},
  doi       = {10.1109/ICASSP.2007.367174},
  timestamp = {Wed, 16 Oct 2019 14:14:52 +0200},
  biburl    = {https://dblp.org/rec/conf/icassp/SimBGSW07.bib},
  bibsource = {dblp computer science bibliography, https://dblp.org}
}

@inproceedings{DBLP:conf/acl/RostiMS07,
  author    = {Antti{-}Veikko I. Rosti and
               Spyridon Matsoukas and
               Richard M. Schwartz},
  editor    = {John A. Carroll and
               Antal van den Bosch and
               Annie Zaenen},
  title     = {Improved Word-Level System Combination for Machine Translation},
  booktitle = {{ACL} 2007, Proceedings of the 45th Annual Meeting of the Association
               for Computational Linguistics, June 23-30, 2007, Prague, Czech Republic},
  publisher = {The Association for Computational Linguistics},
  year      = {2007},
  url       = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P07-1040/},
  timestamp = {Mon, 16 Sep 2019 13:46:41 +0200},
  biburl    = {https://dblp.org/rec/conf/acl/RostiMS07.bib},
  bibsource = {dblp computer science bibliography, https://dblp.org}
}

@inproceedings{DBLP:conf/wmt/RostiZMS08,
  author    = {Antti{-}Veikko I. Rosti and
               Bing Zhang and
               Spyros Matsoukas and
               Richard M. Schwartz},
  editor    = {Chris Callison{-}Burch and
               Philipp Koehn and
               Christof Monz and
               Josh Schroeder and
               Cameron S. Fordyce},
  title     = {Incremental Hypothesis Alignment for Building Confusion Networks with
               Application to Machine Translation System Combination},
  booktitle = {Proceedings of the Third Workshop on Statistical Machine Translation,
               WMT@ACL 2008, Columbus, Ohio, USA, June 19, 2008},
  pages     = {183--186},
  publisher = {Association for Computational Linguistics},
  year      = {2008},
  url       = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W08-0329/},
  timestamp = {Fri, 13 Sep 2019 13:08:46 +0200},
  biburl    = {https://dblp.org/rec/conf/wmt/RostiZMS08.bib},
  bibsource = {dblp computer science bibliography, https://dblp.org}
}

@article{DBLP:journals/corr/LiMJ16,
  author    = {Jiwei Li and
               Will Monroe and
               Dan Jurafsky},
  title     = {A Simple, Fast Diverse Decoding Algorithm for Neural Generation},
  journal   = {CoRR},
  volume    = {abs/1611.08562},
  year      = {2016},
  url       = {http://arxiv.org/abs/1611.08562},
  archivePrefix = {arXiv},
  eprint    = {1611.08562},
  timestamp = {Mon, 13 Aug 2018 16:48:46 +0200},
  biburl    = {https://dblp.org/rec/journals/corr/LiMJ16.bib},
  bibsource = {dblp computer science bibliography, https://dblp.org}
}

@inproceedings{DBLP:conf/emnlp/TrombleKOM08,
  author    = {Roy Tromble and
               Shankar Kumar and
               Franz Josef Och and
               Wolfgang Macherey},
  title     = {Lattice Minimum Bayes-Risk Decoding for Statistical Machine Translation},
  booktitle = {2008 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing,
               {EMNLP} 2008, Proceedings of the Conference, 25-27 October 2008, Honolulu,
               Hawaii, USA, {A} meeting of SIGDAT, a Special Interest Group of the
               {ACL}},
  pages     = {620--629},
  publisher = {{ACL}},
  year      = {2008},
  url       = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D08-1065/},
  timestamp = {Fri, 13 Sep 2019 13:08:45 +0200},
  biburl    = {https://dblp.org/rec/conf/emnlp/TrombleKOM08.bib},
  bibsource = {dblp computer science bibliography, https://dblp.org}
}

@inproceedings{DBLP:conf/aaai/SuTXJSL17,
  author    = {Jinsong Su and
               Zhixing Tan and
               Deyi Xiong and
               Rongrong Ji and
               Xiaodong Shi and
               Yang Liu},
  editor    = {Satinder P. Singh and
               Shaul Markovitch},
  title     = {Lattice-Based Recurrent Neural Network Encoders for Neural Machine
               Translation},
  booktitle = {Proceedings of the Thirty-First {AAAI} Conference on Artificial Intelligence,
               February 4-9, 2017, San Francisco, California, {USA}},
  pages     = {3302--3308},
  publisher = {{AAAI} Press},
  year      = {2017},
  url       = {http://aaai.org/ocs/index.php/AAAI/AAAI17/paper/view/14320},
  timestamp = {Sun, 31 Mar 2019 12:09:37 +0200},
  biburl    = {https://dblp.org/rec/conf/aaai/SuTXJSL17.bib},
  bibsource = {dblp computer science bibliography, https://dblp.org}
}

@inproceedings{DBLP:conf/acl/BirdL04,
  author    = {Steven Bird and
               Edward Loper},
  title     = {{NLTK:} The Natural Language Toolkit},
  booktitle = {Proceedings of the 42nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational
               Linguistics, Barcelona, Spain, July 21-26, 2004 - Poster and Demonstration},
  publisher = {{ACL}},
  year      = {2004},
  url       = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P04-3031/},
  timestamp = {Wed, 18 Sep 2019 12:15:54 +0200},
  biburl    = {https://dblp.org/rec/conf/acl/BirdL04.bib},
  bibsource = {dblp computer science bibliography, https://dblp.org}
}

@inproceedings{wang-etal-2018-dynamic,
    title = "Dynamic Sentence Sampling for Efficient Training of Neural Machine Translation",
    author = "Wang, Rui  and
      Utiyama, Masao  and
      Sumita, Eiichiro",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 56th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Melbourne, Australia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P18-2048",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/P18-2048",
    pages = "298--304",
    abstract = "Traditional Neural machine translation (NMT) involves a fixed training procedure where each sentence is sampled once during each epoch. In reality, some sentences are well-learned during the initial few epochs; however, using this approach, the well-learned sentences would continue to be trained along with those sentences that were not well learned for 10-30 epochs, which results in a wastage of time. Here, we propose an efficient method to dynamically sample the sentences in order to accelerate the NMT training. In this approach, a weight is assigned to each sentence based on the measured difference between the training costs of two iterations. Further, in each epoch, a certain percentage of sentences are dynamically sampled according to their weights. Empirical results based on the NIST Chinese-to-English and the WMT English-to-German tasks show that the proposed method can significantly accelerate the NMT training and improve the NMT performance.",
}

@inproceedings{garciamartinez:hal-01433161,
  TITLE = {{Factored Neural Machine Translation Architectures}},
  AUTHOR = {Garcia-Martinez, Mercedes and Barrault, Lo{\"i}c and Bougares, Fethi},
  URL = {https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01433161},
  BOOKTITLE = {{International Workshop on Spoken Language Translation (IWSLT'16)}},
  ADDRESS = {Seattle, United States},
  YEAR = {2016},
  PDF = {https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01433161/file/FNMTiwslt2016.pdf},
  HAL_ID = {hal-01433161},
  HAL_VERSION = {v1},
}

@article{DBLP:journals/corr/JeanCMB14,
  author    = {S{\'{e}}bastien Jean and
               Kyunghyun Cho and
               Roland Memisevic and
               Yoshua Bengio},
  title     = {On Using Very Large Target Vocabulary for Neural Machine Translation},
  journal   = {CoRR},
  volume    = {abs/1412.2007},
  year      = {2014},
  url       = {http://arxiv.org/abs/1412.2007},
  archivePrefix = {arXiv},
  eprint    = {1412.2007},
  timestamp = {Mon, 13 Aug 2018 16:46:10 +0200},
  biburl    = {https://dblp.org/rec/journals/corr/JeanCMB14.bib},
  bibsource = {dblp computer science bibliography, https://dblp.org}
}

@article{DBLP:journals/corr/LuongM16,
  author    = {Minh{-}Thang Luong and
               Christopher D. Manning},
  title     = {Achieving Open Vocabulary Neural Machine Translation with Hybrid Word-Character
               Models},
  journal   = {CoRR},
  volume    = {abs/1604.00788},
  year      = {2016},
  url       = {http://arxiv.org/abs/1604.00788},
  archivePrefix = {arXiv},
  eprint    = {1604.00788},
  timestamp = {Mon, 13 Aug 2018 16:47:26 +0200},
  biburl    = {https://dblp.org/rec/journals/corr/LuongM16.bib},
  bibsource = {dblp computer science bibliography, https://dblp.org}
}

@article{philipAlgorithmfordataCompression,
  title={A New Algorithm for Data Compression},
  author={Philip Gage},
  year      = {1994}
}

@article{DBLP:journals/corr/abs-1804-10959,
  author    = {Taku Kudo},
  title     = {Subword Regularization: Improving Neural Network Translation Models
               with Multiple Subword Candidates},
  journal   = {CoRR},
  volume    = {abs/1804.10959},
  year      = {2018},
  url       = {http://arxiv.org/abs/1804.10959},
  archivePrefix = {arXiv},
  eprint    = {1804.10959},
  timestamp = {Mon, 13 Aug 2018 16:48:57 +0200},
  biburl    = {https://dblp.org/rec/journals/corr/abs-1804-10959.bib},
  bibsource = {dblp computer science bibliography, https://dblp.org}
}

@article{DBLP:journals/corr/ZagoruykoK16,
  author    = {Sergey Zagoruyko and
               Nikos Komodakis},
  title     = {Wide Residual Networks},
  journal   = {CoRR},
  volume    = {abs/1605.07146},
  year      = {2016},
  url       = {http://arxiv.org/abs/1605.07146},
  archivePrefix = {arXiv},
  eprint    = {1605.07146},
  timestamp = {Mon, 13 Aug 2018 16:46:42 +0200},
  biburl    = {https://dblp.org/rec/journals/corr/ZagoruykoK16.bib},
  bibsource = {dblp computer science bibliography, https://dblp.org}
}

@article{DBLP:journals/iet-bmt/Sepas-Moghaddam20,
  author    = {Alireza Sepas{-}Moghaddam and
               Fernando Pereira and
               Paulo Lobato Correia},
  title     = {Face recognition: a novel multi-level taxonomy based survey},
  journal   = {{IET} Biom.},
  volume    = {9},
  number    = {2},
  pages     = {58--67},
  year      = {2020},
  url       = {https://doi.org/10.1049/iet-bmt.2019.0001},
  doi       = {10.1049/iet-bmt.2019.0001},
  timestamp = {Wed, 01 Apr 2020 08:42:20 +0200},
  biburl    = {https://dblp.org/rec/journals/iet-bmt/Sepas-Moghaddam20.bib},
  bibsource = {dblp computer science bibliography, https://dblp.org}
}

@inproceedings{ethayarajh-2019-contextual,
    title = "How Contextual are Contextualized Word Representations? Comparing the Geometry of {BERT}, {ELM}o, and {GPT}-2 Embeddings",
    author = "Ethayarajh, Kawin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2019 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing and the 9th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing (EMNLP-IJCNLP)",
    month = nov,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Hong Kong, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D19-1006",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D19-1006",
    pages = "55--65",
    abstract = "Replacing static word embeddings with contextualized word representations has yielded significant improvements on many NLP tasks. However, just how contextual are the contextualized representations produced by models such as ELMo and BERT? Are there infinitely many context-specific representations for each word, or are words essentially assigned one of a finite number of word-sense representations? For one, we find that the contextualized representations of all words are not isotropic in any layer of the contextualizing model. While representations of the same word in different contexts still have a greater cosine similarity than those of two different words, this self-similarity is much lower in upper layers. This suggests that upper layers of contextualizing models produce more context-specific representations, much like how upper layers of LSTMs produce more task-specific representations. In all layers of ELMo, BERT, and GPT-2, on average, less than 5{\%} of the variance in a word{'}s contextualized representations can be explained by a static embedding for that word, providing some justification for the success of contextualized representations.",
}

@inproceedings{DBLP:conf/acl/JawaharSS19,
  author    = {Ganesh Jawahar and
               Beno{\^{\i}}t Sagot and
               Djam{\'{e}} Seddah},
  editor    = {Anna Korhonen and
               David R. Traum and
               Llu{\'{\i}}s M{\`{a}}rquez},
  title     = {What Does {BERT} Learn about the Structure of Language?},
  booktitle = {Proceedings of the 57th Conference of the Association for Computational
               Linguistics, {ACL} 2019, Florence, Italy, July 28- August 2, 2019,
               Volume 1: Long Papers},
  pages     = {3651--3657},
  publisher = {Association for Computational Linguistics},
  year      = {2019},
  url       = {https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/p19-1356},
  doi       = {10.18653/v1/p19-1356},
  timestamp = {Tue, 28 Jan 2020 10:28:06 +0100},
  biburl    = {https://dblp.org/rec/conf/acl/JawaharSS19.bib},
  bibsource = {dblp computer science bibliography, https://dblp.org}
}

@article{DBLP:journals/corr/abs-1806-00187,
  author    = {Myle Ott and
               Sergey Edunov and
               David Grangier and
               Michael Auli},
  title     = {Scaling Neural Machine Translation},
  journal   = {CoRR},
  volume    = {abs/1806.00187},
  year      = {2018},
  url       = {http://arxiv.org/abs/1806.00187},
  archivePrefix = {arXiv},
  eprint    = {1806.00187},
  timestamp = {Mon, 13 Aug 2018 16:47:40 +0200},
  biburl    = {https://dblp.org/rec/journals/corr/abs-1806-00187.bib},
  bibsource = {dblp computer science bibliography, https://dblp.org}
}

@article{bengioCurriculumlearning,
  author	= {Yoshu Bengio and 
          Jerome Louradour and
		  Ronman Collobert and
		  Jason Weston},
  title		= {Curriculum learning}
}

@inproceedings{Hubara2016BinarizedNN,
  title={Binarized Neural Networks},
  author={Itay Hubara and Matthieu Courbariaux and Daniel Soudry and Ran El-Yaniv and Yoshua Bengio},
  booktitle={NIPS},
  year={2016}
}

@inproceedings{DBLP:conf/emnlp/DuanLXZ09,
  author    = {Nan Duan and
               Mu Li and
               Tong Xiao and
               Ming Zhou},
  title     = {The Feature Subspace Method for {SMT} System Combination},
  booktitle = {Proceedings of the 2009 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural
               Language Processing, {EMNLP} 2009, 6-7 August 2009, Singapore, {A}
               meeting of SIGDAT, a Special Interest Group of the {ACL}},
  pages     = {1096--1104},
  publisher = {{ACL}},
  year      = {2009},
  url       = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D09-1114/},
  timestamp = {Fri, 13 Sep 2019 13:08:45 +0200},
  biburl    = {https://dblp.org/rec/conf/emnlp/DuanLXZ09.bib},
  bibsource = {dblp computer science bibliography, https://dblp.org}
}

@article{DBLP:journals/corr/abs-1910-10683,
  author    = {Colin Raffel and
               Noam Shazeer and
               Adam Roberts and
               Katherine Lee and
               Sharan Narang and
               Michael Matena and
               Yanqi Zhou and
               Wei Li and
               Peter J. Liu},
  title     = {Exploring the Limits of Transfer Learning with a Unified Text-to-Text
               Transformer},
  journal   = {CoRR},
  volume    = {abs/1910.10683},
  year      = {2019},
  url       = {http://arxiv.org/abs/1910.10683},
  archivePrefix = {arXiv},
  eprint    = {1910.10683},
  timestamp = {Fri, 25 Oct 2019 14:59:26 +0200},
  biburl    = {https://dblp.org/rec/journals/corr/abs-1910-10683.bib},
  bibsource = {dblp computer science bibliography, https://dblp.org}
}

@book{deeplearning,
  title={deep learning},
  author={Yann LeCun and
		  Yoshua Bengio and
		  Geoffrey Hinton},
  year={2015},
  pages     = {436--444}
}

%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%%%%% chapter 7.5.1----------------------------------------------------------------
@inproceedings{DBLP:conf/cvpr/YuYR18,
  author    = {Xin Yu and
               Zhiding Yu and
               Srikumar Ramalingam},
  title     = {Learning Strict Identity Mappings in Deep Residual Networks},
  booktitle = {2018 {IEEE} Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition,
               {CVPR} 2018, Salt Lake City, UT, USA, June 18-22, 2018},
  pages     = {4432--4440},
  publisher = {{IEEE} Computer Society},
  year      = {2018},
  url       = {http://openaccess.thecvf.com/content\_cvpr\_2018/html/Yu\_Learning\_Strict\_Identity\_CVPR\_2018\_paper.html},
  doi       = {10.1109/CVPR.2018.00466},
  timestamp = {Wed, 16 Oct 2019 14:14:50 +0200},
  biburl    = {https://dblp.org/rec/conf/cvpr/YuYR18.bib},
  bibsource = {dblp computer science bibliography, https://dblp.org}
}

@inproceedings{DBLP:conf/emnlp/BapnaCFCW18,
  author    = {Ankur Bapna and
               Mia Xu Chen and
               Orhan Firat and
               Yuan Cao and
               Yonghui Wu},
  editor    = {Ellen Riloff and
               David Chiang and
               Julia Hockenmaier and
               Jun'ichi Tsujii},
  title     = {Training Deeper Neural Machine Translation Models with Transparent
               Attention},
  booktitle = {Proceedings of the 2018 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural
               Language Processing, Brussels, Belgium, October 31 - November 4, 2018},
  pages     = {3028--3033},
  publisher = {Association for Computational Linguistics},
  year      = {2018},
  url       = {https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/d18-1338},
  doi       = {10.18653/v1/d18-1338},
  timestamp = {Tue, 28 Jan 2020 10:28:48 +0100},
  biburl    = {https://dblp.org/rec/conf/emnlp/BapnaCFCW18.bib},
  bibsource = {dblp computer science bibliography, https://dblp.org}
}

@inproceedings{DBLP:conf/emnlp/ZhangTS19,
  author    = {Biao Zhang and
               Ivan Titov and
               Rico Sennrich},
  editor    = {Kentaro Inui and
               Jing Jiang and
               Vincent Ng and
               Xiaojun Wan},
  title     = {Improving Deep Transformer with Depth-Scaled Initialization and Merged
               Attention},
  booktitle = {Proceedings of the 2019 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural
               Language Processing and the 9th International Joint Conference on
               Natural Language Processing, {EMNLP-IJCNLP} 2019, Hong Kong, China,
               November 3-7, 2019},
  pages     = {898--909},
  publisher = {Association for Computational Linguistics},
  year      = {2019},
  url       = {https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/D19-1083},
  doi       = {10.18653/v1/D19-1083},
  timestamp = {Thu, 12 Dec 2019 13:23:43 +0100},
  biburl    = {https://dblp.org/rec/conf/emnlp/ZhangTS19.bib},
  bibsource = {dblp computer science bibliography, https://dblp.org}
}

@inproceedings{DBLP:conf/eccv/HeZRS16,
  author    = {Kaiming He and
               Xiangyu Zhang and
               Shaoqing Ren and
               Jian Sun},
  editor    = {Bastian Leibe and
               Jiri Matas and
               Nicu Sebe and
               Max Welling},
  title     = {Identity Mappings in Deep Residual Networks},
  booktitle = {Computer Vision - {ECCV} 2016 - 14th European Conference, Amsterdam,
               The Netherlands, October 11-14, 2016, Proceedings, Part {IV}},
  series    = {Lecture Notes in Computer Science},
  volume    = {9908},
  pages     = {630--645},
  publisher = {Springer},
  year      = {2016},
  url       = {https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-46493-0\_38},
  doi       = {10.1007/978-3-319-46493-0\_38},
  timestamp = {Wed, 25 Sep 2019 18:11:12 +0200},
  biburl    = {https://dblp.org/rec/conf/eccv/HeZRS16.bib},
  bibsource = {dblp computer science bibliography, https://dblp.org}
}

@inproceedings{DBLP:conf/acl/WuWXTGQLL19,
  author    = {Lijun Wu and
               Yiren Wang and
               Yingce Xia and
               Fei Tian and
               Fei Gao and
               Tao Qin and
               Jianhuang Lai and
               Tie{-}Yan Liu},
  editor    = {Anna Korhonen and
               David R. Traum and
               Llu{\'{\i}}s M{\`{a}}rquez},
  title     = {Depth Growing for Neural Machine Translation},
  booktitle = {Proceedings of the 57th Conference of the Association for Computational
               Linguistics, {ACL} 2019, Florence, Italy, July 28- August 2, 2019,
               Volume 1: Long Papers},
  pages     = {5558--5563},
  publisher = {Association for Computational Linguistics},
  year      = {2019},
  url       = {https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/p19-1558},
  doi       = {10.18653/v1/p19-1558},
  timestamp = {Tue, 28 Jan 2020 10:27:34 +0100},
  biburl    = {https://dblp.org/rec/conf/acl/WuWXTGQLL19.bib},
  bibsource = {dblp computer science bibliography, https://dblp.org}
}

@article{DBLP:journals/corr/HuangLW16a,
  author    = {Gao Huang and
               Zhuang Liu and
               Kilian Q. Weinberger},
  title     = {Densely Connected Convolutional Networks},
  journal   = {CoRR},
  volume    = {abs/1608.06993},
  year      = {2016},
  url       = {http://arxiv.org/abs/1608.06993},
  archivePrefix = {arXiv},
  eprint    = {1608.06993},
  timestamp = {Mon, 10 Sep 2018 15:49:32 +0200},
  biburl    = {https://dblp.org/rec/journals/corr/HuangLW16a.bib},
  bibsource = {dblp computer science bibliography, https://dblp.org}
}

@article{DBLP:journals/corr/abs-1810-10181,
  author    = {Zi{-}Yi Dou and
               Zhaopeng Tu and
               Xing Wang and
               Shuming Shi and
               Tong Zhang},
  title     = {Exploiting Deep Representations for Neural Machine Translation},
  journal   = {CoRR},
  volume    = {abs/1810.10181},
  year      = {2018},
  url       = {http://arxiv.org/abs/1810.10181},
  archivePrefix = {arXiv},
  eprint    = {1810.10181},
  timestamp = {Tue, 15 Jan 2019 11:48:13 +0100},
  biburl    = {https://dblp.org/rec/journals/corr/abs-1810-10181.bib},
  bibsource = {dblp computer science bibliography, https://dblp.org}
}

@article{DBLP:journals/corr/GreffSS16,
  author    = {Klaus Greff and
               Rupesh Kumar Srivastava and
               J{\"{u}}rgen Schmidhuber},
  title     = {Highway and Residual Networks learn Unrolled Iterative Estimation},
  journal   = {CoRR},
  volume    = {abs/1612.07771},
  year      = {2016},
  url       = {http://arxiv.org/abs/1612.07771},
  archivePrefix = {arXiv},
  eprint    = {1612.07771},
  timestamp = {Mon, 13 Aug 2018 16:48:07 +0200},
  biburl    = {https://dblp.org/rec/journals/corr/GreffSS16.bib},
  bibsource = {dblp computer science bibliography, https://dblp.org}
}

@article{DBLP:journals/corr/XiaQCBYL17,
  author    = {Yingce Xia and
               Tao Qin and
               Wei Chen and
               Jiang Bian and
               Nenghai Yu and
               Tie{-}Yan Liu},
  title     = {Dual Supervised Learning},
  journal   = {CoRR},
  volume    = {abs/1707.00415},
  year      = {2017},
  url       = {http://arxiv.org/abs/1707.00415},
  archivePrefix = {arXiv},
  eprint    = {1707.00415},
  timestamp = {Tue, 03 Sep 2019 16:31:11 +0200},
  biburl    = {https://dblp.org/rec/journals/corr/XiaQCBYL17.bib},
  bibsource = {dblp computer science bibliography, https://dblp.org}
}

@inproceedings{DBLP:conf/nips/HeXQWYLM16,
  author    = {Di He and
               Yingce Xia and
               Tao Qin and
               Liwei Wang and
               Nenghai Yu and
               Tie{-}Yan Liu and
               Wei{-}Ying Ma},
  editor    = {Daniel D. Lee and
               Masashi Sugiyama and
               Ulrike von Luxburg and
               Isabelle Guyon and
               Roman Garnett},
  title     = {Dual Learning for Machine Translation},
  booktitle = {Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems 29: Annual Conference
               on Neural Information Processing Systems 2016, December 5-10, 2016,
               Barcelona, Spain},
  pages     = {820--828},
  year      = {2016},
  url       = {http://papers.nips.cc/paper/6469-dual-learning-for-machine-translation},
  timestamp = {Fri, 06 Mar 2020 17:00:15 +0100},
  biburl    = {https://dblp.org/rec/conf/nips/HeXQWYLM16.bib},
  bibsource = {dblp computer science bibliography, https://dblp.org}
}

@inproceedings{DBLP:conf/nips/SuttonMSM99,
  author    = {Richard S. Sutton and
               David A. McAllester and
               Satinder P. Singh and
               Yishay Mansour},
  editor    = {Sara A. Solla and
               Todd K. Leen and
               Klaus{-}Robert M{\"{u}}ller},
  title     = {Policy Gradient Methods for Reinforcement Learning with Function Approximation},
  booktitle = {Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems 12, {[NIPS} Conference,
               Denver, Colorado, USA, November 29 - December 4, 1999]},
  pages     = {1057--1063},
  publisher = {The {MIT} Press},
  year      = {1999},
  url       = {http://papers.nips.cc/paper/1713-policy-gradient-methods-for-reinforcement-learning-with-function-approximation},
  timestamp = {Fri, 06 Mar 2020 16:58:30 +0100},
  biburl    = {https://dblp.org/rec/conf/nips/SuttonMSM99.bib},
  bibsource = {dblp computer science bibliography, https://dblp.org}
}

@article{DBLP:journals/corr/GulcehreFXCBLBS15,
  author    = {{\c{C}}aglar G{\"{u}}l{\c{c}}ehre and
               Orhan Firat and
               Kelvin Xu and
               Kyunghyun Cho and
               Lo{\"{\i}}c Barrault and
               Huei{-}Chi Lin and
               Fethi Bougares and
               Holger Schwenk and
               Yoshua Bengio},
  title     = {On Using Monolingual Corpora in Neural Machine Translation},
  journal   = {CoRR},
  volume    = {abs/1503.03535},
  year      = {2015},
  url       = {http://arxiv.org/abs/1503.03535},
  archivePrefix = {arXiv},
  eprint    = {1503.03535},
  timestamp = {Mon, 13 Aug 2018 16:46:37 +0200},
  biburl    = {https://dblp.org/rec/journals/corr/GulcehreFXCBLBS15.bib},
  bibsource = {dblp computer science bibliography, https://dblp.org}
}

@inproceedings{DBLP:conf/wmt/CurreyBH17,
  author    = {Anna Currey and
               Antonio Valerio Miceli Barone and
               Kenneth Heafield},
  editor    = {Ondrej Bojar and
               Christian Buck and
               Rajen Chatterjee and
               Christian Federmann and
               Yvette Graham and
               Barry Haddow and
               Matthias Huck and
               Antonio Jimeno{-}Yepes and
               Philipp Koehn and
               Julia Kreutzer},
  title     = {Copied Monolingual Data Improves Low-Resource Neural Machine Translation},
  booktitle = {Proceedings of the Second Conference on Machine Translation, {WMT}
               2017, Copenhagen, Denmark, September 7-8, 2017},
  pages     = {148--156},
  publisher = {Association for Computational Linguistics},
  year      = {2017},
  url       = {https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/w17-4715},
  doi       = {10.18653/v1/w17-4715},
  timestamp = {Tue, 28 Jan 2020 10:31:00 +0100},
  biburl    = {https://dblp.org/rec/conf/wmt/CurreyBH17.bib},
  bibsource = {dblp computer science bibliography, https://dblp.org}
}

@inproceedings{DBLP:conf/acl/SennrichHB16,
  author    = {Rico Sennrich and
               Barry Haddow and
               Alexandra Birch},
  title     = {Improving Neural Machine Translation Models with Monolingual Data},
  booktitle = {Proceedings of the 54th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational
               Linguistics, {ACL} 2016, August 7-12, 2016, Berlin, Germany, Volume
               1: Long Papers},
  publisher = {The Association for Computer Linguistics},
  year      = {2016},
  url       = {https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/p16-1009},
  doi       = {10.18653/v1/p16-1009},
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@inproceedings{DBLP:conf/emnlp/EdunovOAG18,
  author    = {Sergey Edunov and
               Myle Ott and
               Michael Auli and
               David Grangier},
  editor    = {Ellen Riloff and
               David Chiang and
               Julia Hockenmaier and
               Jun'ichi Tsujii},
  title     = {Understanding Back-Translation at Scale},
  booktitle = {Proceedings of the 2018 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural
               Language Processing, Brussels, Belgium, October 31 - November 4, 2018},
  pages     = {489--500},
  publisher = {Association for Computational Linguistics},
  year      = {2018},
  url       = {https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/d18-1045},
  doi       = {10.18653/v1/d18-1045},
  timestamp = {Tue, 28 Jan 2020 10:28:36 +0100},
  biburl    = {https://dblp.org/rec/conf/emnlp/EdunovOAG18.bib},
  bibsource = {dblp computer science bibliography, https://dblp.org}
}

@inproceedings{DBLP:conf/emnlp/DomhanH17,
  author    = {Tobias Domhan and
               Felix Hieber},
  editor    = {Martha Palmer and
               Rebecca Hwa and
               Sebastian Riedel},
  title     = {Using Target-side Monolingual Data for Neural Machine Translation
               through Multi-task Learning},
  booktitle = {Proceedings of the 2017 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural
               Language Processing, {EMNLP} 2017, Copenhagen, Denmark, September
               9-11, 2017},
  pages     = {1500--1505},
  publisher = {Association for Computational Linguistics},
  year      = {2017},
  url       = {https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/d17-1158},
  doi       = {10.18653/v1/d17-1158},
  timestamp = {Tue, 28 Jan 2020 10:28:22 +0100},
  biburl    = {https://dblp.org/rec/conf/emnlp/DomhanH17.bib},
  bibsource = {dblp computer science bibliography, https://dblp.org}
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@article{DBLP:journals/corr/abs-2002-11794,
  author    = {Zhuohan Li and
               Eric Wallace and
               Sheng Shen and
               Kevin Lin and
               Kurt Keutzer and
               Dan Klein and
               Joseph E. Gonzalez},
  title     = {Train Large, Then Compress: Rethinking Model Size for Efficient Training
               and Inference of Transformers},
  journal   = {CoRR},
  volume    = {abs/2002.11794},
  year      = {2020},
  url       = {https://arxiv.org/abs/2002.11794},
  archivePrefix = {arXiv},
  eprint    = {2002.11794},
  timestamp = {Tue, 03 Mar 2020 14:32:13 +0100},
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@inproceedings{DBLP:conf/iclr/FrankleC19,
  author    = {Jonathan Frankle and
               Michael Carbin},
  title     = {The Lottery Ticket Hypothesis: Finding Sparse, Trainable Neural Networks},
  booktitle = {7th International Conference on Learning Representations, {ICLR} 2019,
               New Orleans, LA, USA, May 6-9, 2019},
  publisher = {OpenReview.net},
  year      = {2019},
  url       = {https://openreview.net/forum?id=rJl-b3RcF7},
  timestamp = {Thu, 25 Jul 2019 13:03:15 +0200},
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  bibsource = {dblp computer science bibliography, https://dblp.org}
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@inproceedings{DBLP:conf/emnlp/KimR16,
  author    = {Yoon Kim and
               Alexander M. Rush},
  editor    = {Jian Su and
               Xavier Carreras and
               Kevin Duh},
  title     = {Sequence-Level Knowledge Distillation},
  booktitle = {Proceedings of the 2016 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural
               Language Processing, {EMNLP} 2016, Austin, Texas, USA, November 1-4,
               2016},
  pages     = {1317--1327},
  publisher = {The Association for Computational Linguistics},
  year      = {2016},
  url       = {https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/d16-1139},
  doi       = {10.18653/v1/d16-1139},
  timestamp = {Tue, 28 Jan 2020 10:28:22 +0100},
  biburl    = {https://dblp.org/rec/conf/emnlp/KimR16.bib},
  bibsource = {dblp computer science bibliography, https://dblp.org}
}

@article{DBLP:journals/corr/abs-1909-10351,
  author    = {Xiaoqi Jiao and
               Yichun Yin and
               Lifeng Shang and
               Xin Jiang and
               Xiao Chen and
               Linlin Li and
               Fang Wang and
               Qun Liu},
  title     = {TinyBERT: Distilling {BERT} for Natural Language Understanding},
  journal   = {CoRR},
  volume    = {abs/1909.10351},
  year      = {2019},
  url       = {http://arxiv.org/abs/1909.10351},
  archivePrefix = {arXiv},
  eprint    = {1909.10351},
  timestamp = {Fri, 27 Sep 2019 13:04:21 +0200},
  biburl    = {https://dblp.org/rec/journals/corr/abs-1909-10351.bib},
  bibsource = {dblp computer science bibliography, https://dblp.org}
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@article{DBLP:journals/corr/abs-1901-09069,
  author    = {Felipe Almeida and
               Geraldo Xex{\'{e}}o},
  title     = {Word Embeddings: {A} Survey},
  journal   = {CoRR},
  volume    = {abs/1901.09069},
  year      = {2019},
  url       = {http://arxiv.org/abs/1901.09069},
  archivePrefix = {arXiv},
  eprint    = {1901.09069},
  timestamp = {Sat, 02 Feb 2019 16:56:00 +0100},
  biburl    = {https://dblp.org/rec/journals/corr/abs-1901-09069.bib},
  bibsource = {dblp computer science bibliography, https://dblp.org}
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@article{DBLP:journals/corr/abs-2002-06823,
  author    = {Jinhua Zhu and
               Yingce Xia and
               Lijun Wu and
               Di He and
               Tao Qin and
               Wengang Zhou and
               Houqiang Li and
               Tie{-}Yan Liu},
  title     = {Incorporating {BERT} into Neural Machine Translation},
  journal   = {CoRR},
  volume    = {abs/2002.06823},
  year      = {2020},
  url       = {https://arxiv.org/abs/2002.06823},
  archivePrefix = {arXiv},
  eprint    = {2002.06823},
  timestamp = {Mon, 02 Mar 2020 16:46:06 +0100},
  biburl    = {https://dblp.org/rec/journals/corr/abs-2002-06823.bib},
  bibsource = {dblp computer science bibliography, https://dblp.org}
}

@article{DBLP:journals/corr/Ruder17a,
  author    = {Sebastian Ruder},
  title     = {An Overview of Multi-Task Learning in Deep Neural Networks},
  journal   = {CoRR},
  volume    = {abs/1706.05098},
  year      = {2017},
  url       = {http://arxiv.org/abs/1706.05098},
  archivePrefix = {arXiv},
  eprint    = {1706.05098},
  timestamp = {Mon, 13 Aug 2018 16:48:50 +0200},
  biburl    = {https://dblp.org/rec/journals/corr/Ruder17a.bib},
  bibsource = {dblp computer science bibliography, https://dblp.org}
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@inproceedings{DBLP:conf/iccv/ZhuPIE17,
  author    = {Jun{-}Yan Zhu and
               Taesung Park and
               Phillip Isola and
               Alexei A. Efros},
  title     = {Unpaired Image-to-Image Translation Using Cycle-Consistent Adversarial
               Networks},
  booktitle = {{IEEE} International Conference on Computer Vision, {ICCV} 2017, Venice,
               Italy, October 22-29, 2017},
  pages     = {2242--2251},
  publisher = {{IEEE} Computer Society},
  year      = {2017},
  url       = {https://doi.org/10.1109/ICCV.2017.244},
  doi       = {10.1109/ICCV.2017.244},
  timestamp = {Wed, 16 Oct 2019 14:14:51 +0200},
  biburl    = {https://dblp.org/rec/conf/iccv/ZhuPIE17.bib},
  bibsource = {dblp computer science bibliography, https://dblp.org}
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@inproceedings{domhan2017using,
  title={Using target-side monolingual data for neural machine translation through multi-task learning},
  author={Domhan and
          Tobias and
		  Hieber and
		  Felix},
  booktitle={Proceedings of the 2017 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing},
  pages={1500--1505},
  year={2017}
}