\parinterval 神经网络为解决自然语言处理问题提供了全新的思路。而所谓深度学习也是建立在多层神经网络结构之上的一系列模型和方法。本章从神经网络的基本概念到其在语言建模中的应用进行了概述。由于篇幅所限，这里无法覆盖所有神经网络和深度学习的相关内容，感兴趣的读者可以进一步阅读《Neural Network Methods in Natural Language Processing》\cite{goldberg2017neural}和《Deep Learning》\cite{lecun2015deep}。此外，也有很多研究方向值得关注：
\parinterval 早期神经机器翻译的进展主要来自两个方面：1）使用循环神经网络对单词序列进行建模；2）注意力机制的使用。表\ref{tab:papers in 2013-2015}列出了2013-2015年间有代表性的部分研究工作。从这些工作的内容上看，当时的研究重点还是如何有效的使用循环神经网络进行翻译建模以及使用注意力机制捕捉双语单词序列间的对应关系。
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