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Chapter1/chapter1.tex
......@@ -186,7 +186,7 @@
\includegraphics[scale=0.3]{./Chapter1/Figures/figure-wmt-participation.jpg}
\includegraphics[scale=0.3]{./Chapter1/Figures/figure-wmt-bestresults.jpg}
\setlength{\belowcaptionskip}{-1.5em}
\caption{WMT\ 19国际机器翻译大赛（左：WMT\ 19参赛队伍；右：WMT\ 19各项目的最好分数结果）}
\caption{WMT\ 19国际机器翻译大赛（左：WMT\ 19参赛队伍；右：WMT\ 19各项目的最好分数）}
\label{fig:1-5}
\end{figure}
%-------------------------------------------
......@@ -200,7 +200,7 @@
\sectionnewpage
\section{机器翻译现状及挑战}
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
\parinterval 机器翻译技术发展到今天已经过无数次迭代，技术范式也经过若干次更替，近些年机器翻译的应用也如雨后春笋相继浮现。今天的机器翻译的质量究竟如何呢？乐观地说，在很多特定的条件下，机器翻译的译文结果是非常不错的，甚至可以接近人工翻译的结果。然而，在开放式翻译任务中，机器翻译的结果还并不完美。更严格来说，机器翻译的质量远没有达到人们所期望的程度。对于有些人提到的“机器翻译代替人工翻译”也并不是事实。比如，在高精度同声传译任务中，机器翻译仍需要更多打磨；再比如，针对于小说的翻译，机器翻译还无法做到与人工翻译媲美；甚至有人尝试用机器翻译系统翻译中国古代诗词，这里更多的是娱乐的味道。但是毫无疑问的是，机器翻译可以帮助人类，甚至有朝一日可以代替一些低端的人工翻译工作。
\parinterval 机器翻译技术发展到今天已经过无数次迭代，技术范式也经过若干次更替，近些年机器翻译的应用也如雨后春笋相继浮现。今天的机器翻译的质量究竟如何呢？乐观地说，在很多特定的条件下，机器翻译的译文结果是非常不错的，甚至可以接近人工翻译的结果。然而，在开放式翻译任务中，机器翻译的结果还并不完美。更严格来说，机器翻译的质量远没有达到人们所期望的程度。对于有些人提到的“机器翻译将代替人工翻译”也并不是事实。比如，在高精度同声传译任务中，机器翻译仍需要更多打磨；再比如，针对于小说的翻译，机器翻译还无法做到与人工翻译媲美；甚至有人尝试用机器翻译系统翻译中国古代诗词，这里更多的是娱乐的味道。但是毫无疑问的是，机器翻译可以帮助人类，甚至有朝一日可以代替一些低端的人工翻译工作。
\parinterval 图\ref{fig:1-6}展示了机器翻译和人工翻译质量的一个对比结果。在汉语到英语的新闻翻译任务中，如果对译文进行人工评价（五分制），那么机器翻译的译文得分为3.9分，人工译文得分为4.7分（人的翻译也不是完美的）。可见，在这个任务中机器翻译表现不错，但是与人还有一定差距。如果换一种方式评价，把人的译文作为参考答案，用机器翻译的译文与其进行比对（百分制），会发现机器翻译的得分只有47分。当然，这个结果并不是说机器翻译的译文质量很差，它更多的是表明机器翻译系统可以生成一些与人工翻译不同的译文，机器翻译也具有一定的创造性。这也类似于，很多围棋选手都想向AlphaGo学习，因为智能围棋系统也可以走出一些人类从未走过的妙招。
......@@ -549,7 +549,7 @@
\vspace{0.5em}
\item EMNLP，全称Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing，自然语言处理另一个顶级会议之一，由ACL当中对语言数据和经验方法有特殊兴趣的团体主办，始于1996年。会议比较偏重于方法和经验性结果。
\vspace{0.5em}
\item MT Summit，全称Machine Translation Summit，是机器翻译领域的重要峰会。该会议的特色是与产业结合，在探讨机器翻译技术问题的同时，更多的关注机器翻译的应用落地工作，因此备受产业界关注。该会议每两年举办一次，通常由欧洲机器翻译协会（The European Association for Machine Translation，EAMT）、美国机器翻译协会（The Association for Machine Translation in the Americas，AMTA）、亚洲-太平洋地区机器翻译协会（Asia-Pacific Association for Machine Translation，AAMT）。
\item MT Summit，全称Machine Translation Summit，是机器翻译领域的重要峰会。该会议的特色是与产业结合，在探讨机器翻译技术问题的同时，更多的关注机器翻译的应用落地工作，因此备受产业界关注。该会议每两年举办一次，通常由欧洲机器翻译协会（The European Association for Machine Translation，EAMT）、美国机器翻译协会（The Association for Machine Translation in the Americas，AMTA）、亚洲-太平洋地区机器翻译协会（Asia-Pacific Association for Machine Translation，AAMT）举办。
\vspace{0.5em}
\item NAACL，全称Annual Conference of the North American Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics，为ACL北美分会，在自然语言处理领域也属于顶级会议，每年会选择一个北美城市召开会议。
\vspace{0.5em}
......
Chapter10/Figures/figure-presentation-space.tex
......@@ -15,7 +15,7 @@
\draw [->] ([xshift=1pt]unit2.east) .. controls +(east:0.5) and +(south:0.2) .. ([xshift=0.2em,yshift=-1pt]unitbox.south);
\node [anchor=south] (spacelabel1) at (space1.north) {\scriptsize{离散表示空间}};
\node [anchor=north] (captain1) at ([yshift=-0.5em]space1.south) {\scriptsize{(a) \textbf{统计机器翻译}}};
\node [anchor=north] (captain1) at ([yshift=-0.5em]space1.south) {\small{(a) \textbf{统计机器翻译}}};
\end{scope}
......@@ -32,7 +32,7 @@
\node [anchor=south] (spacelabel1) at (space1.north) {\scriptsize{离散表示空间}};
\node [anchor=south] (spacelabel2) at (space2.north) {\scriptsize{连续表示空间}};
\node [anchor=north] (captain1) at ([yshift=-0.5em,xshift=1em]space1.south east) {\scriptsize{(b) \textbf{神经机器翻译}}};
\node [anchor=north] (captain1) at ([yshift=-0.5em,xshift=1em]space1.south east) {\small{(b) \textbf{神经机器翻译}}};
\end{scope}
......
Chapter11/Figures/figure-deep-vs-light.tex
......@@ -27,7 +27,7 @@
\node[vuale] at (6.5em, 9.9em) {$\mathbi{z}_1$};
\node (t2) at (2.5em, -1em) {\large{$\cdots$}};
\node [anchor=north,font=\tiny] at ([yshift=-0.2em]t2.south) {深度卷积};
\node [anchor=north,font=\tiny,scale=1.1] at ([yshift=-0.2em]t2.south) {深度卷积};
\end{scope}
\begin{scope}[xshift=4cm]
......@@ -52,7 +52,7 @@
\node[vuale] at (6.5em, 9.9em) {$\mathbi{z}_1$};
\node (t2) at (2.5em, -1em) {\large{$\cdots$}};
\node [anchor=north,font=\tiny] at ([yshift=-0.2em]t2.south) {轻量卷积};
\node [anchor=north,font=\tiny,scale=1.1] at ([yshift=-0.2em]t2.south) {轻量卷积};
\end{scope}
\end{tikzpicture}
\ No newline at end of file
Chapter11/Figures/figure-standard.tex
......@@ -40,7 +40,7 @@
\node[vuale] at ([xshift=0.9em]r3_1.east) {$\mathbi{z}_1$};
\node (t1) at (2.5em, -1em) {\large{$\cdots$}};
\node [anchor=north,font=\tiny] at ([yshift=-0.2em]t1.south) {(a) 标准卷积};
\node [anchor=north,font=\tiny,scale=1.1] at ([yshift=-0.2em]t1.south) {(a) 标准卷积};
\end{scope}
\begin{scope}[xshift=4cm]
......@@ -74,7 +74,7 @@
\node[vuale] at ([xshift=0.9em]r3_1.east) {$\mathbi{z}_1$};
\node (t2) at (2.5em, -1em) {\large{$\cdots$}};
\node [anchor=north,font=\tiny] at ([yshift=-0.2em]t2.south) {(b) 深度卷积};
\node [anchor=north,font=\tiny,scale=1.1] at ([yshift=-0.2em]t2.south) {(b) 深度卷积};
\end{scope}
\begin{scope}[xshift=8cm]
......@@ -110,7 +110,7 @@
\node[vuale] at ([xshift=0.9em]r3_1.east) {$\mathbi{z}_1$};
\node (t3) at (2.5em, -1em) {\large{$\cdots$}};
\node [anchor=north,font=\tiny] at ([yshift=-0.2em]t3.south) {(c) 逐点卷积};
\node [anchor=north,font=\tiny,scale=1.1] at ([yshift=-0.2em]t3.south) {(c) 逐点卷积};
\end{scope}
\end{tikzpicture}
\ No newline at end of file
Chapter11/chapter11.tex
......@@ -45,9 +45,9 @@
\begin{figure}[htp]
\centering
%\input{./Chapter11/Figures/figure-f }
\subfigure[全连接层]{\input{./Chapter11/Figures/figure-full-connection-vs-cnn-a}}
\subfigure[{\small 全连接层}]{\input{./Chapter11/Figures/figure-full-connection-vs-cnn-a}}
\hspace{2cm}
\subfigure[卷积层]{\input{./Chapter11/Figures/figure-full-connection-vs-cnn-b}}
\subfigure[{\small 卷积层}]{\input{./Chapter11/Figures/figure-full-connection-vs-cnn-b}}
\caption{全连接层（a）与卷积层（b）的结构对比}
\label{fig:11-1}
\end{figure}
......@@ -87,7 +87,7 @@
\parinterval 在卷积计算中，不同深度下卷积核不同但是执行操作相同，这里以二维卷积核为例展示具体卷积计算。若设输入矩阵为$\mathbi{x}$，输出矩阵为$\mathbi{y}$，卷积滑动步幅为$\textrm{stride}$，卷积核为$\mathbi{w}$，且$\mathbi{w} \in \mathbb{R}^{Q \times U} $，那么卷积计算过程如公式\eqref{eq:11-1}所示：
\begin{eqnarray}
\mathbi{y}_{i,j} = \sum \sum ( \mathbi{x}_{[j\times \textrm{stride}:j\times \textrm{stride}+U-1,i\times \textrm{stride}:i\times \textrm{stride}+Q-1]} \odot \mathbi{w} )
\mathbi{y}_{i,j} &=& \sum \sum ( \mathbi{x}_{[j\times \textrm{stride}:j\times \textrm{stride}+U-1,i\times \textrm{stride}:i\times \textrm{stride}+Q-1]} \odot \mathbi{w} )
\label{eq:11-1}
\end{eqnarray}
......@@ -171,8 +171,8 @@
\begin{figure}[htp]
\centering
%\input{./Chapter11/Figures/figure-f }
\subfigure[最大池化]{\input{./Chapter11/Figures/figure-max-pooling}}
\subfigure[平均池化]{\input{./Chapter11/Figures/figure-average-pooling}}
\subfigure[{\small 最大池化}]{\input{./Chapter11/Figures/figure-max-pooling}}
\subfigure[{\small 平均池化}]{\input{./Chapter11/Figures/figure-average-pooling}}
\caption{池化操作}
\label{fig:11-8}
\end{figure}
......@@ -194,8 +194,8 @@
\begin{figure}[htp]
\centering
%\input{./Chapter11/Figures/figure-f }
\subfigure[循环神经网络的串行结构]{\input{./Chapter11/Figures/figure-structural-comparison-a}}
\subfigure[卷积神经网络的层级结构]{\input{./Chapter11/Figures/figure-structural-comparison-b}}
\subfigure[{\small 循环神经网络的串行结构}]{\input{./Chapter11/Figures/figure-structural-comparison-a}}
\subfigure[{\small 卷积神经网络的层级结构}]{\input{./Chapter11/Figures/figure-structural-comparison-b}}
\caption{串行及层级结构对比（$\mathbi{e}_i$表示词嵌入，$\mathbi{0}$表示$\mathbi{0}$向量，方框里的2、3、4表示层次编号）}
\label{fig:11-9}
\end{figure}
......@@ -340,7 +340,7 @@
\parinterval 残差连接是一种训练深层网络的技术，其内容在{\chapternine}已经进行了介绍，即在多层神经网络之间通过增加直接连接的方式，从而将底层信息直接传递给上层。通过增加这样的直接连接，可以让不同层之间的信息传递更加高效，有利于深层神经网络的训练，其计算如公式\eqref{eq:11-6}所示：
\begin{eqnarray}
\mathbi{h}^{l+1} = F (\mathbi{h}^l) + \mathbi{h}^l
\mathbi{h}^{l+1} &=& F (\mathbi{h}^l) + \mathbi{h}^l
\label{eq:11-6}
\end{eqnarray}
......@@ -349,7 +349,7 @@
\parinterval 在ConvS2S中残差连接主要应用于门控卷积神经网络和多跳自注意力机制中，比如在编码器的多层门控卷积神经网络中，在每一层的输入和输出之间增加残差连接，具体的数学描述如公式\eqref{eq:11-7}所示：
\begin{eqnarray}
%\mathbi{h}_i^l = \funp{v} (\mathbi{W}^l [\mathbi{h}_{i-\frac{k}{2}}^{l-1},...,\mathbi{h}_{i+\frac{k}{2}}^{l-1}] + b_{\mathbi{W}}^l ) + \mathbi{h}_i^{l-1}
\mathbi{h}^{l+1} = \mathbi{A}^{l} \otimes \sigma ( \mathbi{B}^{l} ) + \mathbi{h}^{l}
\mathbi{h}^{l+1} &=& \mathbi{A}^{l} \otimes \sigma ( \mathbi{B}^{l} ) + \mathbi{h}^{l}
\label{eq:11-7}
\end{eqnarray}
......@@ -383,7 +383,7 @@
\parinterval 在ConvS2S模型中，解码器同样采用堆叠的多层门控卷积网络来对目标语言进行序列建模。区别于编码器，解码器在每一层卷积网络之后引入了注意力机制，用来参考源语言信息。ConvS2S选用了点乘注意力，并且通过类似残差连接的方式将注意力操作的输入与输出同时作用于下一层计算，称为多跳注意力。其具体计算方式如公式\eqref{eq:11-10}所示：
\begin{eqnarray}
\alpha_{ij}^l = \frac{ \textrm{exp} (\mathbi{d}_{j}^l\mathbi{h}_i) }{\sum_{i^{'}=1}^m \textrm{exp} (\mathbi{d}_{j}^l\mathbi{h}_{i^{'}})}
\alpha_{ij}^l &=& \frac{ \textrm{exp} (\mathbi{d}_{j}^l\mathbi{h}_i) }{\sum_{i^{'}=1}^m \textrm{exp} (\mathbi{d}_{j}^l\mathbi{h}_{i^{'}})}
\label{eq:11-10}
\end{eqnarray}
......@@ -395,13 +395,13 @@
\noindent 其中，$\mathbi{z}_j^l$表示第$l$层卷积网络输出中第$j$个位置的表示，$\mathbi{W}_{d}^{l}$和$\mathbi{b}_{d}^{l}$是模型可学习的参数，$\textrm{Conv}(\cdot)$表示卷积操作。在获得第$l$层的注意力权重之后，就可以得到对应的一个上下文表示$\mathbi{C}_j^l$，具体计算如公式\eqref{eq:11-13}所示：
\begin{eqnarray}
\mathbi{C}_j^l = \sum_i \alpha_{ij}^l (\mathbi{h}_i + \mathbi{e}_i)
\mathbi{C}_j^l &=& \sum_i \alpha_{ij}^l (\mathbi{h}_i + \mathbi{e}_i)
\label{eq:11-13}
\end{eqnarray}
\noindent 模型使用了更全面的源语言信息，同时考虑了源语言端编码表示$\mathbi{h}_i$以及词嵌入表示$\mathbi{e}_i$。在获得第$l$层的上下文向量$\mathbi{C}_j^l$后，模型将其与$\mathbi{z}_j^l$相加后送入下一层网络，这个过程可以被描述为公式\eqref{eq:11-14}：
\begin{eqnarray}
\mathbi{s}_j^{l+1} = \mathbi{C}_j^l + \mathbi{z}_j^l
\mathbi{s}_j^{l+1} &=& \mathbi{C}_j^l + \mathbi{z}_j^l
\label{eq:11-14}
\end{eqnarray}
......@@ -478,7 +478,7 @@
\parinterval 给定输入序列表示$\seq{x} = \{ \mathbi{x}_1,\mathbi{x}_2,...,\mathbi{x}_m \}$，其中$m$为序列长度，$\mathbi{x}_i \in \mathbb{R}^{O} $ ，$O$ 即输入序列的通道数。为了获得与输入序列长度相同的卷积输出结果，首先需要进行填充。为了方便描述，这里在输入序列尾部填充 $K-1$ 个元素（$K$为卷积核窗口的长度），其对应的卷积结果为$\seq{z} = \{ \mathbi{z}_1,\mathbi{z}_2,...,\mathbi{z}_m \}$。
在标准卷积中，若使用N表示卷积核的个数，也就是标准卷积输出序列的通道数，那么对于第$i$个位置的第$n$个通道$ \mathbi{z}_{i,n}^\textrm{\,std}$，其标准卷积具体计算如公式\eqref{eq:11-18}所示：
\begin{eqnarray}
\mathbi{z}_{i,n}^\textrm{\,std} = \sum_{o=1}^{O} \sum_{k=0}^{K-1} \mathbi{W}_{k,o,n}^\textrm{\,std} \mathbi{x}_{i+k,o}
\mathbi{z}_{i,n}^\textrm{\,std} &=& \sum_{o=1}^{O} \sum_{k=0}^{K-1} \mathbi{W}_{k,o,n}^\textrm{\,std} \mathbi{x}_{i+k,o}
\label{eq:11-18}
\end{eqnarray}
......@@ -488,7 +488,7 @@
\parinterval 相应的，深度卷积只考虑不同词之间的依赖性，而不考虑不同通道之间的关系，相当于使用$O$个卷积核逐个通道对不同的词进行卷积操作。因此深度卷积不改变输出的表示维度，输出序列表示的通道数与输入序列一致，其计算如公式\eqref{eq:11-19}所示：
\begin{eqnarray}
\mathbi{z}_{i,o}^\textrm{\,dw} = \sum_{k=0}^{K-1} \mathbi{W}_{k,o}^\textrm{\,dw} \mathbi{x}_{i+k,o}
\mathbi{z}_{i,o}^\textrm{\,dw} &=& \sum_{k=0}^{K-1} \mathbi{W}_{k,o}^\textrm{\,dw} \mathbi{x}_{i+k,o}
\label{eq:11-19}
\end{eqnarray}
......@@ -564,7 +564,7 @@
\parinterval 在轻量卷积中，模型使用的卷积参数是静态的，与序列位置无关， 维度大小为$K\times a$；而在动态卷积中，为了增强模型的表示能力，卷积参数来自于当前位置输入的变换，具体如公式\eqref{eq:11-22}：
\begin{eqnarray}
\funp{f} (\mathbi{x}_{i}) = \sum_{c=1}^d \mathbi{W}_{:,:,c} \odot \mathbi{x}_{i,c}
\funp{f} (\mathbi{x}_{i}) &=& \sum_{c=1}^d \mathbi{W}_{:,:,c} \odot \mathbi{x}_{i,c}
\label{eq:11-22}
\end{eqnarray}
......
Chapter12/Figures/figure-different-regularization-methods.tex
......@@ -14,8 +14,8 @@
\node [anchor=west] (plus1) at ([xshift=0.9em]l1.east) {\scriptsize{$\mathbf{\oplus}$}};
\node [anchor=west] (plus2) at ([xshift=0.9em]l4.east) {\scriptsize{$\mathbf{\oplus}$}};
\node [anchor=north] (label1) at ([xshift=3em,yshift=-0.5em]l1.south) {\scriptsize{(a)后标准化}};
\node [anchor=north] (label2) at ([xshift=3em,yshift=-0.5em]l3.south) {\scriptsize{(b)前标准化}};
\node [anchor=north] (label1) at ([xshift=3em,yshift=-0.5em]l1.south) {\small{(a)后标准化}};
\node [anchor=north] (label2) at ([xshift=3em,yshift=-0.5em]l3.south) {\small{(b)前标准化}};
\draw [->,thick] ([xshift=-1.5em]l1.west) -- ([xshift=-0.1em]l1.west);
\draw [->,thick] ([xshift=0.1em]l1.east) -- ([xshift=0.2em]plus1.west);
......
Chapter12/chapter12.tex
......@@ -281,7 +281,7 @@
\parinterval 在得到$\mathbi{Q}$，$\mathbi{K}$和$\mathbi{V}$后，便可以进行注意力机制的运算，这个过程可以被形式化为公式\eqref{eq:12-9}：
\begin{eqnarray}
\textrm{Attention}(\mathbi{Q},\mathbi{K},\mathbi{V}) = \textrm{Softmax}
\textrm{Attention}(\mathbi{Q},\mathbi{K},\mathbi{V}) &=& \textrm{Softmax}
( \frac{\mathbi{Q}\mathbi{K}^{\textrm{T}}} {\sqrt{d_k}} + \mathbi{Mask} ) \mathbi{V}
\label{eq:12-9}
\end{eqnarray}
......@@ -417,13 +417,13 @@
\parinterval 在Transformer的训练过程中，由于引入了残差操作，将前面所有层的输出加到一起，如公式\eqref{eq:12-12}所示：
\begin{eqnarray}
%x_{l+1} = x_l + F (x_l)
\mathbi{x}^{l+1} = F (\mathbi{x}^l) + \mathbi{x}^l
\mathbi{x}^{l+1} &=& F (\mathbi{x}^l) + \mathbi{x}^l
\label{eq:12-12}
\end{eqnarray}
\noindent 其中$\mathbi{x}^l$表示第$l$层网络的输入向量，$F (\mathbi{x}^l)$是子层运算，这样会导致不同层（或子层）的结果之间的差异性很大，造成训练过程不稳定、训练时间较长。为了避免这种情况，在每层中加入了层标准化操作\upcite{Ba2016LayerN}。图\ref{fig:12-14} 中的红色方框展示了Transformer中残差和层标准化的位置。层标准化的计算如公式\eqref{eq:12-13}所示：
\begin{eqnarray}
\textrm{LN}(\mathbi{x}) = g \cdot \frac{\mathbi{x}- \mu} {\sigma} + b
\textrm{LN}(\mathbi{x}) &=& g \cdot \frac{\mathbi{x}- \mu} {\sigma} + b
\label{eq:12-13}
\end{eqnarray}
......@@ -459,7 +459,7 @@
\parinterval Transformer使用了全连接网络。全连接网络的作用主要体现在将经过注意力操作之后的表示映射到新的空间中，新的空间会有利于接下来的非线性变换等操作。实验证明，去掉全连接网络会对模型的性能造成很大影响。Transformer的全连接前馈神经网络包含两次线性变换和一次非线性变换（ReLU激活函数:ReLU$(\mathbi{x})=\textrm{max}⁡(0,\mathbi{x})$），每层的前馈神经网络参数不共享，具体计算如公式\eqref{eq:12-14}：
\begin{eqnarray}
\textrm{FFN}(\mathbi{x}) = \textrm{max} (0,\mathbi{x}\mathbi{W}_1 + \mathbi{b}_1)\mathbi{W}_2 + \mathbi{b}_2
\textrm{FFN}(\mathbi{x}) &=& \textrm{max} (0,\mathbi{x}\mathbi{W}_1 + \mathbi{b}_1)\mathbi{W}_2 + \mathbi{b}_2
\label{eq:12-14}
\end{eqnarray}
......@@ -489,7 +489,7 @@
\item Transformer使用Adam优化器优化参数，并设置$\beta_1=0.9$，$\beta_2=0.98$，$\epsilon=10^{-9}$。
\item Transformer在学习率中同样应用了学习率{\small\bfnew{预热}}\index{预热}（Warmup）\index{Warmup}策略，其计算如公式\eqref{eq:12-15}所示：
\begin{eqnarray}
lrate = d_{\textrm{model}}^{-0.5} \cdot \textrm{min} (\textrm{step}^{-0.5} , \textrm{step} \cdot \textrm{warmup\_steps}^{-1.5})
lrate &=& d_{\textrm{model}}^{-0.5} \cdot \textrm{min} (\textrm{step}^{-0.5} , \textrm{step} \cdot \textrm{warmup\_steps}^{-1.5})
\label{eq:12-15}
\end{eqnarray}
......
Chapter15/Figures/figure-attention-distribution-based-on-gaussian-distribution.tex 0 → 100644
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Chapter15/Figures/figure-convolutional-attention-network.tex 0 → 100644
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0/2, 1/2, 2/2, 3/2, 4/2, 5/2, 6/2, 7/2,
0/1, 1/1, 2/1, 3/1, 4/1, 5/1, 6/1, 7/1,
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\node [anchor=north] (l1) at ([xshift=0.5em,yshift=-1em]a70.south){\footnotesize {(c)二维卷积注意力模型}};
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\node [anchor=south] (l2) at ([xshift=0em,yshift=0em]a44.north){\scriptsize {句子长度}};
\end{scope}
\end{tikzpicture}
\ No newline at end of file
Chapter15/Figures/figure-encoder-structure-of-transformer-model-optimized-by-nas.tex 0 → 100644
\begin{tikzpicture}
\tikzstyle{unit}=[draw,rounded corners=2pt,drop shadow,font=\tiny]
%left
\begin{scope}
\foreach \x/\d in {1/2em, 2/8em, 3/18em, 4/24em}
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\node[unit,fill=red!20] at (0,\d) (conv_\x) {卷积$1 \times 1$：512};
\foreach \x/\d in {1/10em,3/26em}
\node[unit,fill=red!20] at (0,\d) (conv_\x) {卷积$1 \times 1$：2048};
\foreach \x/\d in {1/12em, 2/28em}
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\draw[->,thick] ([yshift=-1.4em]ln_1.-90) -- ([yshift=-0.1em]ln_1.-90);
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\draw[->,thick] ([yshift=0.1em]sa_1.90) -- ([yshift=-0.1em]add_1.-90);
\draw[->,thick] ([yshift=0.1em]add_1.90) -- ([yshift=-0.1em]ln_2.-90);
\draw[->,thick] ([yshift=0.1em]ln_2.90) -- ([yshift=-0.1em]conv_1.-90);
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\draw[->,thick] ([yshift=0.1em]sa_2.90) -- ([yshift=-0.1em]add_3.-90);
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\draw[->,thick] ([yshift=0.1em]conv_4.90) -- ([yshift=-0.1em]add_4.-90);
\draw[->,thick] ([yshift=0.1em]add_4.90) -- ([yshift=1em]add_4.90);
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\node[font=\scriptsize] at (0em, -1em){(a) Transformer编码器中若干块的结构};
\end{scope}
%right
\begin{scope}[xshift=14em]
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\node[unit,fill=yellow!20] at (0,\d) (ln_\x) {层正则};
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\node[unit,fill=red!20] at (0,30em) (conv_4) {卷积$1 \times 1$：2048};
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\node[unit,fill=blue!20] at (0,32em) (relu_3) {RELU};
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\node[unit,fill=blue!20] at (3em,12em) (relu_2) {RELU};
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\draw[->,thick] ([yshift=0.1em]add_5.90) -- ([yshift=1em]add_5.90);
\draw[->,thick] ([yshift=-0.8em]ln_1.-90) .. controls ([xshift=5em,yshift=-0.8em]ln_1.-90) and ([xshift=5em]add_1.0) .. (add_1.0);
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\draw[->,thick] (add_3.0) .. controls ([xshift=5em]add_3.0) and ([xshift=5em]add_4.0) .. (add_4.0);
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\node[font=\scriptsize,align=center] at (0em, -1.5em){(b) 使用结构搜索方法优化后的 \\ Transformer编码器中若干块的结构};
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\node[anchor=west,font=\footnotesize] at ([xshift=0.1em]act.east){激活函数};
\node[anchor=north,minimum size=0.8em,inner sep=0pt,rounded corners=1pt,draw,fill=yellow!20] (nor) at ([yshift=-0.6em]act.south){};
\node[anchor=west,font=\footnotesize] at ([xshift=0.1em]nor.east){正则化};
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\node[anchor=west,font=\footnotesize] at ([xshift=0.1em]wc.east){宽卷积};
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\node[anchor=west,font=\footnotesize] (tag) at ([xshift=0.1em]at.east){注意力机制};
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\node[anchor=west,font=\footnotesize] at ([xshift=0.1em]nsl.east){非空间层};
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\node[draw,drop shadow,fill=white][fit=(act)(nsl)(tag)]{};
\end{pgfonlayer}
\end{scope}
\end{tikzpicture}
\ No newline at end of file
Chapter15/Figures/figure-encoder-tree-structure-modeling.tex 0 → 100644
\begin{tikzpicture}
\begin{scope}
\tikzstyle{hnode}=[rectangle,inner sep=0mm,minimum height=2em,minimum width=4.5em,rounded corners=5pt,fill=ugreen!30]
\tikzstyle{tnode}=[rectangle,inner sep=0mm,minimum height=2em,minimum width=4.5em,rounded corners=5pt,fill=red!30]
\tikzstyle{wnode}=[inner sep=0mm,minimum height=1.4em,minimum width=4.4em]
\node [anchor=south west,hnode] (n1) at (0,0) {$\mathbi{h}_1$};
\node [anchor=west,hnode] (n2) at ([xshift=1em,yshift=0em]n1.east) {$\mathbi{h}_2$};
\node [anchor=west,hnode] (n3) at ([xshift=1em,yshift=0em]n2.east) {$\mathbi{h}_3$};
\node [anchor=west,hnode] (n4) at ([xshift=1em,yshift=0em]n3.east) {$\cdots$};
\node [anchor=west,hnode] (n5) at ([xshift=1em,yshift=0em]n4.east) {$\mathbi{h}_n$};
\node [anchor=south,tnode] (t1) at ([xshift=2.8em,yshift=1em]n1.north) {$\mathbi{h}_{n+1}$};
\node [anchor=south,tnode] (t2) at ([xshift=2.8em,yshift=1em]t1.north) {$\mathbi{h}_{n+2}$};
\node [anchor=south,tnode] (t3) at ([xshift=2.8em,yshift=1em]t2.north) {$\cdots$};
\node [anchor=south,tnode] (t4) at ([xshift=2.8em,yshift=1em]t3.north) {$\mathbi{h}_{2n-1}$};
\draw [->,thick] ([xshift=0em,yshift=0em]n1.east) -- ([xshift=0em,yshift=0em]n2.west);
\draw [->,thick] ([xshift=0em,yshift=0em]n2.east) -- ([xshift=0em,yshift=0em]n3.west);
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\draw [->,thick] ([xshift=0em,yshift=0em]n4.east) -- ([xshift=0em,yshift=0em]n5.west);
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\end{scope}
\end{tikzpicture}
\ No newline at end of file
Chapter15/Figures/figure-evolution-and-change-of-ml-methods.tex 0 → 100644
\begin{tikzpicture}
\node[rounded corners=4pt, minimum width=10.4em, minimum height=7em,fill=yellow!15!gray!15] (box1) at (0em,0em){};
\node[anchor=west,rounded corners=4pt, minimum width=10.4em, minimum height=7em,fill=yellow!15!gray!15] (box2) at ([xshift=2.8em]box1.east){};
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\node[anchor=west,draw,rounded corners=2pt, minimum width=5em, minimum height=3em,font=\scriptsize,align=center,inner sep=1pt,fill=yellow!10] (n2) at ([xshift=0.5em]box2.west){神经网络：\\RNN、CNN、 \\ Transformer$\cdots$};
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\node[anchor=north,font=\scriptsize,inner ysep=0.1em] (output_\x)at ([xshift=-2.2em,yshift=-0.5em]box\x.north){输出};
\node[anchor=north,inner ysep=0.1em] at ([xshift=3em,yshift=-0.5em]box\x.north){\scriptsize\bfnew{执行步骤}};
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\node[anchor=east,font=\scriptsize,align=center,inner xsep=0pt] at ([xshift=-0.2em]box1.east){1.特征提取；\\2.模型设计； \\3.实验验证。};
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\node[font=\footnotesize, anchor=north] at ([yshift=-0.1em]box3.south){深度学习\&网络结构搜索};
\end{tikzpicture}
\ No newline at end of file
Chapter15/Figures/figure-multi-scale-local-modeling.tex 0 → 100644
\begin{tikzpicture}
\begin{scope}
\tikzstyle{cirnode}=[circle,minimum size=3.7em,draw]
\tikzstyle{recnode}=[rectangle,rounded corners=2pt,inner sep=0mm,minimum height=1.5em,minimum width=4em,draw]
\node [anchor=west,cirnode] (n1) at (0, 0) {$\mathbi{h}_{i-2}^l$};
\node [anchor=west,cirnode] (n2) at ([xshift=1em,yshift=0em]n1.east) {$\mathbi{h}_{i-1}^l$};
\node [anchor=west,cirnode] (n3) at ([xshift=1em,yshift=0em]n2.east) {$\mathbi{h}_{i}^l$};
\node [anchor=west,cirnode] (n4) at ([xshift=1em,yshift=0em]n3.east) {$\mathbi{h}_{i+1}^l$};
\node [anchor=west,cirnode] (n5) at ([xshift=1em,yshift=0em]n4.east) {$\mathbi{h}_{i+2}^l$};
\node [anchor=center,blue!30,minimum height=4.2em,minimum width=4.5em,very thick,draw] (c1) at ([xshift=0em,yshift=0em]n3.center) {};
\node [anchor=center,ugreen!30,minimum height=4.9em,minimum width=14.5em,very thick,draw] (c2) at ([xshift=0em,yshift=0em]n3.center) {};
\node [anchor=center,red!30,minimum height=5.6em,minimum width=24.5em,very thick,draw] (c3) at ([xshift=0em,yshift=0em]n3.center) {};
\node [anchor=south,recnode] (r1) at ([xshift=0em,yshift=2.5em]n2.north) {$\textrm{head}_1$};
\node [anchor=south,recnode] (r2) at ([xshift=0em,yshift=2.5em]n3.north) {$\textrm{head}_2$};
\node [anchor=south,recnode] (r3) at ([xshift=0em,yshift=2.5em]n4.north) {$\textrm{head}_3$};
\node [anchor=south,cirnode] (n6) at ([xshift=0em,yshift=1em]r2.north) {$\mathbi{h}_{i}^{l+1}$};
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\draw [->,very thick,ugreen!30] ([xshift=4.73em,yshift=0em]c2.north) -- ([xshift=0em,yshift=0em]r3.south);
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\end{scope}
\end{tikzpicture}
\ No newline at end of file
Chapter15/Figures/figure-transparent-attention-mechanism.tex 0 → 100644
\begin{tikzpicture}
\begin{scope}
\tikzstyle{encnode}=[rectangle,inner sep=0mm,minimum height=2em,minimum width=4.5em,rounded corners=5pt,thick]
\tikzstyle{decnode}=[rectangle,inner sep=0mm,minimum height=2em,minimum width=4.5em,rounded corners=5pt,thick]
\tikzstyle{cnode}=[rectangle,draw=teal!80, inner sep=0mm,minimum height=1.4em,minimum width=4.4em,fill=teal!17,rounded corners=2pt,thick]
\node [anchor=north,encnode] (n1) at (0, 0) {编码器};
\node [anchor=north,rectangle,minimum height=1.5em,minimum width=2.5em,rounded corners=5pt] (n2) at ([xshift=0em,yshift=-0.2em]n1.south) {$\mathbi{X}$};
\node [anchor=west,encnode,draw=red!60!black!80,fill=red!20] (n3) at ([xshift=1.5em,yshift=0em]n2.east) {$\mathbi{h}_0$};
\node [anchor=west,encnode,draw=red!60!black!80,fill=red!20] (n4) at ([xshift=1.5em,yshift=0em]n3.east) {$\mathbi{h}_1$};
\node [anchor=west,encnode,draw=red!60!black!80,fill=red!20] (n5) at ([xshift=1.5em,yshift=0em]n4.east) {$\mathbi{h}_2$};
\node [anchor=west,rectangle,minimum height=1.5em,minimum width=2.5em,rounded corners=5pt] (n6) at ([xshift=1em,yshift=0em]n5.east) {$\ldots$};
\node [anchor=west,encnode,draw=red!60!black!80,fill=red!20] (n7) at ([xshift=1em,yshift=0em]n6.east) {$\mathbi{h}_{N-1}$};
\node [anchor=north,cnode] (cn1) at ([xshift=0em,yshift=-2.8em]n4.south) {\footnotesize{权重聚合$\mathbi{g}$}};
\node [anchor=north,cnode,opacity=0.5] (cn2) at ([xshift=0em,yshift=-2.8em]n3.south) {\footnotesize{权重聚合$\mathbi{g}$}};
\node [anchor=north,cnode,opacity=0.5] (cn3) at ([xshift=0em,yshift=-2.8em]n5.south) {\footnotesize{权重聚合$\mathbi{g}$}};
\node [anchor=north,cnode,opacity=0.5] (cn4) at ([xshift=0em,yshift=-2.8em]n7.south) {\footnotesize{权重聚合$\mathbi{g}$}};
\node [anchor=west,decnode] (n9) at ([xshift=0em,yshift=-7.2em]n1.west) {解码器};
\node [anchor=north,rectangle,minimum height=1.5em,minimum width=2.5em,rounded corners=5pt] (n10) at ([xshift=0em,yshift=-0.2em]n9.south) {$\mathbi{y}_{<j}$};
\node [anchor=west,decnode,draw=ublue,fill=blue!10] (n11) at ([xshift=1.5em,yshift=0em]n10.east) {$\mathbi{s}_j^0$};
\node [anchor=west,decnode,draw=ublue,fill=blue!10] (n12) at ([xshift=1.5em,yshift=0em]n11.east) {$\mathbi{s}_j^1$};
\node [anchor=west,decnode,draw=ublue,fill=blue!10] (n13) at ([xshift=1.5em,yshift=0em]n12.east) {$\mathbi{s}_j^2$};
\node [anchor=west,rectangle,minimum height=1.5em,minimum width=2.5em,rounded corners=5pt] (n14) at ([xshift=1em,yshift=0em]n13.east) {$\ldots$};
\node [anchor=west,decnode,draw=ublue,fill=blue!10] (n15) at ([xshift=1em,yshift=0em]n14.east) {$\mathbi{s}_j^{M-1}$};
\node [anchor=west,rectangle,minimum height=1.5em,minimum width=2.5em,rounded corners=5pt] (n16) at ([xshift=1.5em,yshift=0em]n15.east) {$\mathbi{y}_{j}$};
\node [anchor=south,minimum height=1.5em,minimum width=2.5em] (n17) at ([xshift=0em,yshift=6em]n16.north) {};
\node [anchor=west,minimum height=0.5em,minimum width=4em] (n20) at ([xshift=0em,yshift=-2.5em]n2.east) {};
\node [anchor=west,minimum height=0.5em,minimum width=4em] (n21) at ([xshift=0em,yshift=-3.9em]n2.east) {};
\node [anchor=north,minimum height=0.5em,minimum width=4em] (n22) at ([xshift=0em,yshift=-0.7em]n11.south) {};
\begin{pgfonlayer}{background}
{
\node[rectangle,inner sep=2pt,fill=blue!7] [fit = (n1) (n7) (n17) (n20)] (bg1) {};
\node[rectangle,inner sep=2pt,fill=red!7] [fit = (n9) (n16) (n13) (n21) (n22)] (bg2) {};
}
\end{pgfonlayer}
\draw [->,thick] ([xshift=0em,yshift=0em]n2.east) -- ([xshift=0em,yshift=0em]n3.west);
\draw [->,thick] ([xshift=0em,yshift=0em]n3.east) -- ([xshift=0em,yshift=0em]n4.west);
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\draw [->,thick] ([xshift=0em,yshift=0em]n10.east) -- ([xshift=0em,yshift=0em]n11.west);
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\draw [->,thick] ([xshift=0em,yshift=0em]n13.east) -- ([xshift=0em,yshift=0em]n14.west);
\draw [->,thick] ([xshift=0em,yshift=0em]n14.east) -- ([xshift=0em,yshift=0em]n15.west);
\draw [->,thick] ([xshift=0em,yshift=0em]n15.east) -- ([xshift=0em,yshift=0em]n16.west);
\draw [->,thick,gray!70,opacity=0.5] ([xshift=0em,yshift=0em]cn2.south) -- ([xshift=0em,yshift=0em]n11.north);
\draw [->,thick] ([xshift=0em,yshift=0em]cn1.south) -- ([xshift=0em,yshift=0em]n12.north);
\draw [->,thick,gray!70,opacity=0.5] ([xshift=0em,yshift=0em]cn3.south) -- ([xshift=0em,yshift=0em]n13.north);
\draw [->,thick,gray!70,opacity=0.5] ([xshift=0em,yshift=0em]cn4.south) -- ([xshift=0em,yshift=0em]n15.north);
\draw [->,thick,gray!70,opacity=0.5] ([xshift=0em,yshift=0em]n2.south)..controls +(south:1.4em) and +(north:0.6em)..([xshift=0em,yshift=0em]cn2.north);
\draw [->,thick,gray!70,opacity=0.5] ([xshift=0em,yshift=0em]n3.south)..controls +(south:0.8em) and +(north:0.7em)..([xshift=0em,yshift=0em]cn2.north);
\draw [->,thick,gray!70,opacity=0.5] ([xshift=0em,yshift=0em]n4.south)..controls +(south:0.6em) and +(north:0.6em)..([xshift=0em,yshift=0em]cn2.north);
\draw [->,thick,gray!70,opacity=0.5] ([xshift=0em,yshift=0em]n5.south)..controls +(south:0.7em) and +(north:0.7em)..([xshift=0em,yshift=0em]cn2.north);
\draw [->,thick,gray!70,opacity=0.5] ([xshift=0em,yshift=0em]n7.south)..controls +(south:1.4em) and +(north:0.6em)..([xshift=0em,yshift=0em]cn2.north);
\draw [->,thick,gray!70,opacity=0.5] ([xshift=0em,yshift=0em]n2.south)..controls +(south:1.4em) and +(north:0.6em)..([xshift=0em,yshift=0em]cn3.north);
\draw [->,thick,gray!70,opacity=0.5] ([xshift=0em,yshift=0em]n3.south)..controls +(south:0.8em) and +(north:0.7em)..([xshift=0em,yshift=0em]cn3.north);
\draw [->,thick,gray!70,opacity=0.5] ([xshift=0em,yshift=0em]n4.south)..controls +(south:0.6em) and +(north:0.6em)..([xshift=0em,yshift=0em]cn3.north);
\draw [->,thick,gray!70,opacity=0.5] ([xshift=0em,yshift=0em]n5.south)..controls +(south:0.7em) and +(north:0.7em)..([xshift=0em,yshift=0em]cn3.north);
\draw [->,thick,gray!70,opacity=0.5] ([xshift=0em,yshift=0em]n7.south)..controls +(south:1.4em) and +(north:0.6em)..([xshift=0em,yshift=0em]cn3.north);
\draw [->,thick,gray!70,opacity=0.5] ([xshift=0em,yshift=0em]n2.south)..controls +(south:1.4em) and +(north:0.6em)..([xshift=0em,yshift=0em]cn4.north);
\draw [->,thick,gray!70,opacity=0.5] ([xshift=0em,yshift=0em]n3.south)..controls +(south:0.8em) and +(north:0.7em)..([xshift=0em,yshift=0em]cn4.north);
\draw [->,thick,gray!70,opacity=0.5] ([xshift=0em,yshift=0em]n4.south)..controls +(south:0.6em) and +(north:0.6em)..([xshift=0em,yshift=0em]cn4.north);
\draw [->,thick,gray!70,opacity=0.5] ([xshift=0em,yshift=0em]n5.south)..controls +(south:0.7em) and +(north:0.7em)..([xshift=0em,yshift=0em]cn4.north);
\draw [->,thick,gray!70,opacity=0.5] ([xshift=0em,yshift=0em]n7.south)..controls +(south:1.4em) and +(north:0.6em)..([xshift=0em,yshift=0em]cn4.north);
\draw [->,thick] ([xshift=0em,yshift=0em]n2.south)..controls +(south:1.4em) and +(north:0.6em)..([xshift=0em,yshift=0em]cn1.north);
\draw [->,thick] ([xshift=0em,yshift=0em]n3.south)..controls +(south:0.8em) and +(north:0.7em)..([xshift=0em,yshift=0em]cn1.north);
\draw [->,thick] ([xshift=0em,yshift=0em]n4.south)..controls +(south:0.6em) and +(north:0.6em)..([xshift=0em,yshift=0em]cn1.north);
\draw [->,thick] ([xshift=0em,yshift=0em]n5.south)..controls +(south:0.7em) and +(north:0.7em)..([xshift=0em,yshift=0em]cn1.north);
\draw [->,thick] ([xshift=0em,yshift=0em]n7.south)..controls +(south:1.4em) and +(north:0.6em)..([xshift=0em,yshift=0em]cn1.north);
\end{scope}
\end{tikzpicture}
\ No newline at end of file
Chapter15/chapter15.tex
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Chapter16/Figures/figure-cycle-consistency.tex deleted 100644 → 0
\begin{tikzpicture}
\node [rectangle,inner sep=2pt,font=\scriptsize] (center) at (0,0) {};
\node [rectangle,inner sep=2pt,font=\scriptsize] (top) at ([yshift=3em,xshift=0em]center.north) {
\begin{tabular}{c}
翻译模型 \\
$\textrm{P}(\ \mathbi{y}|\ \mathbi{x})$
\end{tabular}
};
\node [rectangle,inner sep=2pt,font=\scriptsize] (left) at ([yshift=0em,xshift=-4em]center.west) {
\begin{tabular}{c}
今天天气真好。
\end{tabular}
};
\node [rectangle,inner sep=2pt,font=\scriptsize] (right) at ([yshift=0em,xshift=4em]center.east) {
\begin{tabular}{c}
The weather is \\so good today.
\end{tabular}
};
\node [rectangle,inner sep=2pt,font=\scriptsize] (down) at ([yshift=-3em,xshift=0em]center.south) {
\begin{tabular}{c}
翻译模型 \\
$\textrm{P}(\ \mathbi{x}|\ \mathbi{y})$
\end{tabular}
};
\draw [->,line width=0.8pt] (left.north) .. controls +(north:0.5) and +(west:0.5) .. (top.west);
\draw [->,line width=0.8pt] (top.east) .. controls +(east:0.5) and +(north:0.5) .. (right.north);
\draw [->,line width=0.8pt] (down.west) .. controls +(west:0.5) and +(south:0.5) .. (left.south);
\draw [->,line width=0.8pt] (right.south) .. controls +(south:0.5) and +(east:0.5) .. (down.east) ;
\end{tikzpicture}
\ No newline at end of file
Chapter16/Figures/figure-elmo-model-structure.tex deleted 100644 → 0
\begin{tikzpicture}
\tikzstyle{embedding} = [line width=0.6pt,draw=black,minimum width=2.5em,minimum height=1.6em,fill=green!20]
\tikzstyle{model} = [line width=0.6pt,draw=black,minimum width=3.0em,minimum height=1.6em,fill=blue!20,rounded corners=2pt]
\node [anchor=center,model] (node1-1) at (0,0) {\footnotesize{LSTM}};
\node [anchor=west,model] (node1-2) at ([xshift=1.8em]node1-1.east) {\footnotesize{LSTM}};
\node [anchor=west,scale=1.8] (node1-3) at ([xshift=1.0em]node1-2.east) {...};
\node [anchor=west,model] (node1-4) at ([xshift=1.0em]node1-3.east) {\footnotesize{LSTM}};
\node [anchor=west,model] (node1-5) at ([xshift=2.0em]node1-4.east) {\footnotesize{LSTM}};
\node [anchor=west,model] (node1-6) at ([xshift=1.8em]node1-5.east) {\footnotesize{LSTM}};
\node [anchor=west,scale=1.8] (node1-7) at ([xshift=1.0em]node1-6.east) {...};
\node [anchor=west,model] (node1-8) at ([xshift=1.0em]node1-7.east) {\footnotesize{LSTM}};
\node [anchor=south,model](node2-1) at ([yshift=1.8em]node1-1.north){\footnotesize{LSTM}};
\node [anchor=south,model](node2-2) at ([yshift=1.8em]node1-2.north){\footnotesize{LSTM}};
\node [anchor=west,scale=1.8](node2-3) at ([xshift=1.0em]node2-2.east){...};
\node [anchor=south,model](node2-4) at ([yshift=1.8em]node1-4.north){\footnotesize{LSTM}};
\node [anchor=south,model](node2-5) at ([yshift=1.8em]node1-5.north){\footnotesize{LSTM}};
\node [anchor=south,model](node2-6) at ([yshift=1.8em]node1-6.north){\footnotesize{LSTM}};
\node [anchor=west,scale=1.8](node2-7) at ([xshift=1.0em]node2-6.east){...};
\node [anchor=south,model](node2-8) at ([yshift=1.8em]node1-8.north){\footnotesize{LSTM}};
\draw [->,thick](node1-1.east)--(node1-2.west);
\draw [->,thick](node1-2.east)--([xshift=0.5em]node1-3.west);
\draw [->,thick]([xshift=-0.5em]node1-3.east)--(node1-4.west);
\draw [<-,thick](node1-5.east)--(node1-6.west);
\draw [<-,thick](node1-6.east)--([xshift=0.5em]node1-7.west);
\draw [<-,thick]([xshift=-0.5em]node1-7.east)--(node1-8.west);
\draw [->,thick](node1-1.north)--(node2-1.south);
\draw [->,thick](node1-2.north)--(node2-2.south);
\draw [->,thick](node1-4.north)--(node2-4.south);
\draw [->,thick](node1-5.north)--(node2-5.south);
\draw [->,thick](node1-6.north)--(node2-6.south);
\draw [->,thick](node1-8.north)--(node2-8.south);
\draw [->,thick](node2-1.east)--(node2-2.west);
\draw [->,thick](node2-2.east)--([xshift=0.5em]node2-3.west);
\draw [->,thick]([xshift=-0.5em]node2-3.east)--(node2-4.west);
\draw [<-,thick](node2-5.east)--(node2-6.west);
\draw [<-,thick](node2-6.east)--([xshift=0.5em]node2-7.west);
\draw [<-,thick]([xshift=-0.5em]node2-7.east)--(node2-8.west);
\begin{pgfonlayer}{background}
{
\node[fill=white,inner sep=0.5em,draw=black,line width=0.6pt,minimum width=6.0em,rounded corners=2pt,dashed] [fit =(node1-1)(node1-2)(node1-3)(node1-4)(node2-1)] (remark1) {};
}
\end{pgfonlayer}
\begin{pgfonlayer}{background}
{
\node[fill=white,inner sep=0.5em,draw=black,line width=0.6pt,minimum width=6.0em,rounded corners=2pt,dashed] [fit =(node1-5)(node1-6)(node1-7)(node1-8)(node2-8)] (remark1) {};
}
\end{pgfonlayer}
\node [anchor=north,embedding] (node0-2) at ([yshift=-2em]node1-4.south){\footnotesize{$\mathbi{e}_2$}};
\node [anchor=east,embedding] (node0-1) at ([xshift=-1.4em]node0-2.west){\footnotesize{$\mathbi{e}_1$}};
\node [anchor=north,scale=1.8] (node0-3) at ([yshift=-2em]node1-5.south){...};
\node [anchor=north,embedding] (node0-4) at ([yshift=-2em]node1-6.south){\footnotesize{$\mathbi{e}_n$}};
\draw [->,thick](node0-1.north)--(node1-1.south);
\draw [->,thick](node0-1.north)--(node1-5.south);
\draw [->,thick](node0-2.north)--(node1-2.south);
\draw [->,thick](node0-2.north)--(node1-6.south);
\draw [->,thick](node0-4.north)--(node1-4.south);
\draw [->,thick](node0-4.north)--(node1-8.south);
\node [anchor=south,embedding,fill=yellow!20](node3-2) at ([yshift=2em]node2-4.north){\footnotesize{$\seq{P}_2$}};
\node [anchor=east,embedding,fill=yellow!20] (node3-1) at ([xshift=-1.4em]node3-2.west){\footnotesize{$\seq{P}_1$}};
\node [anchor=south,scale=1.8] (node3-3) at ([yshift=2em]node2-5.north){...};
\node [anchor=south,embedding,fill=yellow!20](node3-4) at ([yshift=2em]node2-6.north){\footnotesize{$\seq{P}_n$}};
\draw [<-,thick](node3-1.south)--(node2-1.north);
\draw [<-,thick](node3-1.south)--(node2-5.north);
\draw [<-,thick](node3-2.south)--(node2-2.north);
\draw [<-,thick](node3-2.south)--(node2-6.north);
\draw [<-,thick](node3-4.south)--(node2-4.north);
\draw [<-,thick](node3-4.south)--(node2-8.north);
\end{tikzpicture}
Chapter16/Figures/figure-example-of-iterative-back-translation.tex
......@@ -14,6 +14,12 @@
\draw [->,thick]([yshift=-0.75em]node1-1.west)--(remark1.north east);
\draw [->,thick,dashed](remark1.south east)--([yshift=-0.75em]node2-1.west);
\node [anchor=west,font=\tiny,circle,draw=black,inner sep=0.1em](node3-3) at ([xshift=1.0em,yshift=3em]remark1.east){1};
\node [anchor=west,font=\tiny,circle,draw=black,inner sep=0.1em](node3-4) at ([xshift=1.0em,yshift=-1.8em]remark1.east){2};
\node [anchor=west,font=\tiny,circle,draw=black,inner sep=0.1em](node3-5) at ([xshift=1.0em,yshift=-1.0em]node1-1.east){3};
\node [anchor=west,font=\tiny,circle,draw=black,inner sep=0.1em](node3-6) at ([xshift=1.0em,yshift=0.6em]node2-1.east){3};
\node [anchor=west] (node4-1) at ([xshift=4.0em,yshift=-3.5em]node1-1.east) {\small{反向}};
\node [anchor=north] (node4-2) at ([yshift=0.5em]node4-1.south) {\small{翻译模型}};
\begin{pgfonlayer}{background}
......@@ -21,6 +27,8 @@
\node[fill=blue!20,inner sep=0.3em,draw=black,line width=0.6pt,minimum width=3.0em,drop shadow,rounded corners=2pt] [fit =(node4-1)(node4-2)] (remark2) {};
}
\end{pgfonlayer}
\node [anchor=west,font=\tiny,circle,draw=black,inner sep=0.1em](node4-3) at ([xshift=1.0em,yshift=-1.8em]remark2.east){4};
\draw [->,thick]([yshift=-0.75em]node1-1.east)--(remark2.north west);
\draw [->,thick]([yshift=-0.75em]node2-1.east)--(remark2.south west);
......@@ -39,6 +47,9 @@
}
\end{pgfonlayer}
\node [anchor=west,font=\tiny,circle,draw=black,inner sep=0.1em](node6-3) at ([xshift=1.0em,yshift=-1.0em]node5-1.east){5};
\node [anchor=west,font=\tiny,circle,draw=black,inner sep=0.1em](node6-4) at ([xshift=1.0em,yshift=0.6em]node6-1.east){5};
\draw [->,thick]([yshift=-0.75em]node5-1.east)--(remark3.north west);
\draw [->,thick]([yshift=-0.75em]node6-1.east)--(remark3.south west);
......
Chapter16/Figures/figure-multi-language-single-model-system-diagram.tex
......@@ -23,7 +23,7 @@
\node[anchor=north,font=\footnotesize] (pair2) at ([yshift=-4.5em,xshift=1em]train.south) {双语句对2：};
\node[anchor=west,lan](train3) at ([yshift=.7em,xshift=0.4em]pair2.east) {法语：{\color{red}<german>} \ Bonjour};
\node[anchor=west,lan](train4) at ([yshift=-.7em,xshift=0.4em]pair2.east) {德语：Hallo};
\node[anchor=north,font=\footnotesize] (decode) at ([yshift=-8em]train.south) {\small\bfnew{解码阶段：}};
\node[anchor=north,font=\footnotesize] (decode) at ([yshift=-8em]train.south) {\small\bfnew{推断阶段：}};
\node[anchor=north,font=\footnotesize] (input) at ([xshift=2.13em,yshift=-0.6em]decode.south) {输入：};
\node[anchor=west,lan](decode2) at ([xshift=0.4em]input.east) {英语：{\color{red}<german>} \ hello};
\node[anchor=north,font=\footnotesize] (output) at ([xshift=2.13em,yshift=-2.6em]decode.south) {输出：};
......
Chapter16/Figures/figure-optimization-of-the-model-initialization-method.tex
......@@ -14,7 +14,7 @@
\draw [->,thick] ([yshift=1pt]data.north) .. controls +(90:2em) and +(90:2em) .. ([yshift=1pt]model.north) node[above,midway] {\small{参数优化}};
\draw [->,thick] ([yshift=1pt]model.south) .. controls +(-90:2em) and +(-90:2em) .. ([yshift=1pt]data.south) node[below,midway] {\small{数据优化}};
\node[word] at ([xshift=-0.5em,yshift=-4em]data.south){\small{(a) 思路1}};
\node[word] at ([xshift=-0.5em,yshift=-4em]data.south){\small{(a) 基于数据的初始化方法}};
\end{scope}
\end{tikzpicture}
......@@ -33,7 +33,7 @@
\draw [->,thick] ([yshift=1pt]data.north) .. controls +(90:2em) and +(90:2em) .. ([yshift=1pt]model.north) node[above,midway] {\small{参数优化}};
\draw [->,thick] ([yshift=1pt]model.south) .. controls +(-90:2em) and +(-90:2em) .. ([yshift=1pt]data.south) node[below,midway] {\small{数据优化}};
\node[word] at ([xshift=-0.5em,yshift=-4em]model.south){\small{(b) 思路2}};
\node[word] at ([xshift=-0.5em,yshift=-4em]model.south){\small{(b) 基于模型的初始化方法}};
\end{scope}
\end{tikzpicture}
......
Chapter16/Figures/figure-shared-space-inductive-bilingual-dictionary.tex
......@@ -41,8 +41,8 @@
\node[](circle2) at ([xshift=3.0em]circle1.east) {\input{Chapter16/Figures/figure-shared-space-inductive-bilingual-dictionary-b}};
\node[](circle3) at ([xshift=5.5em]circle2.east) {\input{Chapter16/Figures/figure-shared-space-inductive-bilingual-dictionary-c}};
\node[](circle4) at ([xshift=5.5em]circle3.east) {\input{Chapter16/Figures/figure-shared-space-inductive-bilingual-dictionary-d}};
\draw[->,very thick] ([xshift=-0.5em]circle2.east)--([xshift=0.5em]circle3.west)node [pos=0.5,above] (pos1) {\scriptsize{Y空间}};
\node [anchor=south](pos1-2) at ([yshift=-0.5em]pos1.north){\scriptsize{X映射到}};
\draw[->,very thick] ([xshift=-0.5em]circle2.east)--([xshift=0.5em]circle3.west)node [pos=0.5,above] (pos1) {\scriptsize{$\mathbi{Y}$空间}};
\node [anchor=south](pos1-2) at ([yshift=-0.5em]pos1.north){\scriptsize{\mathbi{X}映射到}};
\draw[->,very thick] ([xshift=-0.5em]circle3.east)--([xshift=0.5em]circle4.west)node [pos=0.5,above] (pos2) {\scriptsize{推断}};
\node [anchor=south](pos2-2) at ([yshift=-0.5em]pos2.north){\scriptsize{词典}};
......
Chapter16/Figures/lm-fusion.tex deleted 100644 → 0
\begin{tikzpicture}
\tikzstyle{cir} = [draw,inner sep=2pt,line width=1pt,align=center,minimum height=2em,minimum width=2em,circle,fill=white]
\tikzstyle{add} = [draw,inner sep=2pt,line width=1pt,align=center,minimum height=1em,minimum width=1em,fill=white]
\tikzstyle{minicir} = [draw,inner sep=2pt,line width=1pt,align=center,minimum height=1em,minimum width=1em,fill=white,circle]
\tikzstyle{rec} = [draw,inner sep=2pt,line width=1pt,align=center,minimum height=1.5em,minimum width=2.5em,fill=white]
\tikzstyle{dia} = [draw,inner sep=2pt,line width=1pt,align=center,fill=white,diamond,minimum height=2em,minimum width=2em]
\node [cir,anchor=north,dashed] (a0) at (0,0) {\tiny{$y_{t-1}$}};
\node [cir,anchor=west] (a1) at ([xshift=4.0em]a0.east) {\tiny{$y_t$}};
\node [add,anchor=north] (a11) at ([yshift=-1em]a1.south) {\tiny{$+$}};
\node [minicir,anchor=north] (a12) at ([yshift=-1em]a11.south) {\tiny{$\times$}};
\node [minicir,anchor=west] (a11-1) at ([xshift=0.8em]a12.east) {\tiny{$\beta$}};
\node [rec,anchor=north] (a13) at ([yshift=-1.0em]a12.south) {\tiny{${\funp{P}}_{t}^{LM}$}};
\node [rec,anchor=north] (a14) at ([yshift=-2.0em]a13.south) {\tiny{${\funp{P}}_{t}^{TM}$}};
\node [dia,anchor=north] (a15) at ([yshift=-1em]a14.south) {\tiny{$\funp{C}_{t}$}};
\node [anchor=west] (a13-2) at ([xshift=-4em]a13.west) {\tiny{$\cdots$}};
\node [anchor=west] (a14-2) at ([xshift=-4em]a14.west) {\tiny{$\cdots$}};
\node [anchor=west] (a15-2) at ([xshift=-4.25em]a15.west) {\tiny{$\cdots$}};
\node [anchor=east] (a13-3) at ([yshift=0.8em]a13-2.west) {\small{模型语言}};
\node [anchor=north] (a13-4) at ([xshift=0em]a13-3.south) {\small{隐藏层}};
\node [anchor=east] (a14-3) at ([yshift=0.8em]a14-2.west) {\small{神经机器翻译}};
\node [anchor=north] (a14-4) at ([xshift=0.5em]a14-3.south) {\small{模型隐藏层}};
\node [anchor=east] (a15-3) at ([xshift=0em]a15-2.west) {\small{上下文向量}};
\draw[->,thick](a11.north) -- (a1.south);
\draw[->,thick](a12.north) -- (a11.south);
\draw[->,thick](a13.north) -- (a12.south);
\draw[->,thick](a11-1.west) -- (a12.east);
\draw[->,dashed](a0.south) -- (a13.north west);
\draw[->,dashed](a0.south) -- (a14.north west);
\draw[->,thick](a15.north) -- (a14.south);
\draw[->,dashed]([xshift=-2.0em]a13.west) -- (a13.west);
\draw[->,dashed]([xshift=-2.0em]a14.west) -- (a14.west);
\draw [->,thick] (a14.east) ..controls + (east:1em) and +(east:4.1em).. (a11.east);
\draw[->,dashed](a1.south east) -- ([xshift=6.0em,yshift=-4.0em]a1.south);
\draw[->,dashed](a1.south east) -- ([xshift=6.0em,yshift=-7.5em]a1.south);
\draw[-]([xshift=5.9em,yshift=1.05em]a1.east) -- ([xshift=5.9em,yshift=-14.7em]a1.east);
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
\node [cir,anchor=west] (a2) at ([xshift=10.0em]a1.east) {\tiny{$y_{t}$}};
\node [add,anchor=north] (a21) at ([yshift=-1em]a2.south) {\tiny{$+$}};
\node [minicir,anchor=north] (a22) at ([yshift=-1em]a21.south) {\tiny{$\times$}};
\node [minicir,anchor=west] (a21-1) at ([xshift=0.8em]a22.east) {\tiny{$g_{t}$}};
\node [cir,anchor=north] (a23) at ([yshift=-0.6125em]a22.south) {\tiny{${\funp{P}}_{t}^{LM}$}};
\node [cir,anchor=north] (a24) at ([yshift=-1.217em]a23.south) {\tiny{${\funp{P}}_{t}^{TM}$}};
\node [dia,anchor=north] (a25) at ([yshift=-0.6044em]a24.south) {\tiny{$\funp{C}_{t}$}};
\node [anchor=west] (a23-2) at ([xshift=-3.5em]a23.west) {\tiny{$\cdots$}};
\node [anchor=west] (a24-2) at ([xshift=-3.5em]a24.west) {\tiny{$\cdots$}};
\node [anchor=west] (a25-2) at ([xshift=-3.65em]a25.west) {\tiny{$\cdots$}};
\draw[->,thick](a21.north) -- (a2.south);
\draw[->,thick](a22.north) -- (a21.south);
\draw[->,thick](a23.north) -- (a22.south);
\draw[->,thick](a21-1.west) -- (a22.east);
\draw[->,thick](a25.north) -- (a24.south);
\draw [->,thick] (a24.east) ..controls + (east:1em) and +(east:4.2em).. (a21.east);
\draw [->,thick] (a25.west) ..controls + (west:1em) and +(west:2em).. (a21.west);
\draw[->,dashed]([xshift=-1.5em]a23.west) -- (a23.west);
\draw[->,dashed]([xshift=-1.5em]a24.west) -- (a24.west);
\node [cir,anchor=west] (a3) at ([xshift=4.0em]a2.east) {\tiny{$y_{t+1}$}};
\node [add,anchor=north] (a31) at ([yshift=-1em]a3.south) {\tiny{$+$}};
\node [minicir,anchor=north] (a32) at ([yshift=-1em]a31.south) {\tiny{$\times$}};
\node [minicir,anchor=west] (a31-1) at ([xshift=0.8em]a32.east) {\tiny{$g_{t}$}};
\node [cir,anchor=north] (a33) at ([yshift=-0.6125em]a32.south) {\tiny{${\funp{P}}_{t}^{LM}$}};
\node [cir,anchor=north] (a34) at ([yshift=-1.217em]a33.south) {\tiny{${\funp{P}}_{t}^{TM}$}};
\node [dia,anchor=north] (a35) at ([yshift=-0.6044em]a34.south) {\tiny{$\funp{C}_{t}$}};
\draw[->,thick](a31.north) -- (a3.south);
\draw[->,thick](a32.north) -- (a31.south);
\draw[->,thick](a33.north) -- (a32.south);
\draw[->,thick](a31-1.west) -- (a32.east);
\draw[->,thick](a35.north) -- (a34.south);
\draw[->,dashed](a23.east) -- (a33.west);
\draw[->,dashed](a24.east) -- (a34.west);
\draw [->,thick] (a34.east) ..controls + (east:1em) and +(east:4.2em).. (a31.east);
\draw [->,thick] (a35.west) ..controls + (west:1em) and +(west:2em).. (a31.west);
\draw[->,dashed](a33.east) -- ([xshift=2em]a33.east);
\draw[->,dashed](a34.east) -- ([xshift=2em]a34.east);
\draw[->,dashed](a3.south east) -- ([xshift=6.0em,yshift=-4.0em]a3.south);
\draw[->,dashed](a3.south east) -- ([xshift=6.0em,yshift=-7.5em]a3.south);
\node[anchor=north](pos1) at ([xshift=-1.5em,yshift=-0.5em]a15.south) {(a) 浅融合};
\node[anchor=north](pos2) at ([xshift=-2.0em,yshift=-0.5em]a35.south) {(b) 深融合};
\end{tikzpicture}
Chapter16/chapter16.tex
This source diff could not be displayed because it is too large. You can view the blob instead.
Chapter18/Figures/figure-translation-interfered.tex
......@@ -2,48 +2,30 @@
%%% outline
%-------------------------------------------------------------------------
\begin{tikzpicture}[scale=0.8]
\tikzstyle{every node}=[scale=0.8]
\tikzstyle{node}=[rounded corners=4pt, draw,minimum width=3em, minimum height=2em, drop shadow={shadow xshift=0.14em, shadow yshift=-0.14em}]
\tikzstyle{diction}=[align=center,rounded corners=2pt, draw,drop shadow,fill=green!20,font=\scriptsize]
\tikzstyle{word}=[align=center,anchor=west]
\begin{scope}
%\draw[fill=yellow!20] (-5em, 0) -- (-6em, 1em) -- (5em, 1em) -- (6em, 0em) -- (5em, -1em) -- (-6em, -1em) -- (-5em, 0em);
%\draw[fill=yellow!20] (-5em, 10em) -- (-6em, 11.2em) -- (5em, 11.2em) -- (6em, 10em) -- (5em,8.8em) -- (-6em, 8.8em) -- (-5em, 10em);
\node[] (n1) at (0,0){小牛翻译的总部在哪里？};
\node[node,fill=blue!20] (c1) at (0, 5em){\scriptsize\bfnew{机器翻译}};
\node[align=left] (n2) at (0,10em){Where is the headquarters \\ of {\color{red} Mavericks Translation}?};
\node [draw,single arrow,inner ysep=0.3em, minimum height=2.4em, rotate=90,fill=cyan!40,very thin] (arrow1) at (0, 2.4em) {};
\node [draw,single arrow,inner ysep=0.3em, minimum height=2em, rotate=90,fill=cyan!40,very thin] (arrow1) at (0, 7.2em) {};
\node[font=\Large,text=red] at (0, -2em){\ding{56}};
\end{scope}
\begin{scope}[xshift=14em]
%\draw[fill=yellow!20] (-5em, 0) -- (-6em, 1em) -- (5em, 1em) -- (6em, 0em) -- (5em, -1em) -- (-6em, -1em) -- (-5em, 0em);
%\draw[fill=yellow!20] (-5em, 10em) -- (-6em, 11.2em) -- (5em, 11.2em) -- (6em, 10em) -- (5em,8.8em) -- (-6em, 8.8em) -- (-5em, 10em);
\node[] (n3) at (0,0){小牛翻译的总部在哪里？};
\node[node,fill=blue!20] (c2) at (-3em, 5em){\scriptsize\bfnew{机器翻译}};
\node[node,fill=red!20] (c3) at (3em, 5em){\scriptsize\bfnew{术语词典}};
\node[font=\scriptsize,draw,inner sep=3pt,fill=red!20,minimum height=1em] (w1) at (9em, 6.5em){小牛翻译};
\node[word] (origin) at (0,0) {源文};
\node[word] (n1) at ([xshift=1em]origin.east){{\color{red} 小牛翻译}的总部在哪里？};
\node[font=\scriptsize,draw,inner sep=3pt,fill=red!20,minimum height=1em] (w2) at (9em, 3.5em){NiuTrans};
\node[font=\Large] (add) at (0em, 5em){+};
\node[align=left] (n4) at (0,10em){Where is the headquarters \\ of {\color{red} NiuTrans}?};
\node[word] (right) at ([yshift=-6em]origin.south west){译文};
\node[word] (n3) at ([xshift=1em]right.east){Where is the headquarters \\ of {\color{red} NiuTrans}?};
\node [draw,single arrow,inner ysep=0.3em, minimum height=2.4em, rotate=90,fill=cyan!40,very thin] (arrow1) at (0, 2.4em) {};
\node [draw,single arrow,inner ysep=0.3em, minimum height=2em, rotate=90,fill=cyan!40,very thin] (arrow1) at (0, 7.2em) {};
%\node[diction] (dic) at ([xshift=2em,yshift=-1.8em]n1.south east) {
%术语词典 \\
%小牛翻译 = NiuTrans \\
%......
%};
%\draw[->,red] ([yshift=-0.2em]dic.west) .. controls +(west:2em) and +(south:2em) .. ( [xshift=-4em]n1.south) node[above,midway,font=\scriptsize]{};
\node[font=\scriptsize] at ([yshift=-2.3em,xshift=-6em]n1.south) {“小牛翻译”=“NiuTrans”};
\draw[->,very thick] ([yshift=-0.2em,xshift=-0.4em]n1.south) -- ([yshift=0.2em]n3.north);
%\draw[->,very thick] ([yshift=-0.2em,xshift=-0.2em]n2.south) -- ([yshift=0.2em]n3.north);
\draw[dash pattern=on 1pt off 0.5pt,black,line width=1.2pt,->, out=180, in=45] ([xshift=-0.2em]w1.180) to ([xshift=0.2em]c3.20);
\draw[dash pattern=on 1pt off 0.5pt,black,line width=1.2pt,->,out=180,in=-45] ([xshift=-0.2em]w2.180) to ([xshift=0.2em]c3.-20);
\node[font=\Large,text=ugreen] at (0, -2em){\ding{52}};
\end{scope}
\end{tikzpicture}
Chapter18/chapter18.tex
......@@ -151,7 +151,7 @@
\centering
\input{./Chapter18/Figures/figure-translation-interfered}
%\setlength{\abovecaptionskip}{-0.2cm}
\caption{翻译结果可干预性（{\color{red} 这个图需要修改！有些乱，等回沈阳找我讨论！}）}
\caption{翻译结果可干预性}
\label{fig:18-3}
\end{figure}
%----------------------------------------------
......@@ -249,10 +249,10 @@
% NEW SECTION
%----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
\section{机器翻译的应用场景}
%\section{机器翻译的应用场景}
%----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
% NEW SECTION
%----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
\section{拓展思考}
%\section{拓展思考}
Chapter5/Figures/figure-a-more-detailed-explanation-of-formula-3.40.tex
......@@ -9,8 +9,8 @@
\begin{tikzpicture}
\node [anchor=west,inner sep=2pt,minimum height=2em] (eq1) at (0,0) {$f(s_u|t_v)$};
\node [anchor=west,inner sep=2pt] (eq2) at ([xshift=-2pt]eq1.east) {$=$};
\node [anchor=west,inner sep=2pt,minimum height=2em] (eq3) at ([xshift=-2pt]eq2.east) {$\lambda_{t_v}^{-1}$};
\node [anchor=west,inner sep=2pt] (eq2) at ([xshift=-1pt]eq1.east) {$=$};
\node [anchor=west,inner sep=2pt,minimum height=2em] (eq3) at ([xshift=-1pt]eq2.east) {$\lambda_{t_v}^{-1}$};
\node [anchor=west,inner sep=2pt,minimum height=3.0em] (eq4) at ([xshift=-3pt]eq3.east) {\footnotesize{$\frac{\varepsilon}{(l+1)^{m}} \prod\limits_{j=1}^{m} \sum\limits_{i=0}^{l} f(s_j|t_i)$}};
\node [anchor=west,inner sep=2pt,minimum height=3.0em] (eq5) at ([xshift=1pt]eq4.east) {\footnotesize{$\sum\limits_{j=1}^{m} \delta(s_j,s_u) \sum\limits_{i=0}^{l} \delta(t_i,t_v)$}};
\node [anchor=west,inner sep=2pt,minimum height=3.0em] (eq6) at ([xshift=1pt]eq5.east) {$\frac{f(s_u|t_v)}{\sum_{i=0}^{l}f(s_u|t_i)}$};
......@@ -27,7 +27,7 @@
}
{
\node [anchor=south west,inner sep=2pt] (label1) at (eq4.north west) {{\scriptsize{翻译概率$\textrm{P}(\mathbf{s}|\mathbf{t})$}}};
\node [anchor=south west,inner sep=2pt] (label1) at (eq4.north west) {{\scriptsize{翻译概率$\funp{P}(\seq{s}|\seq{t})$}}};
}
{
\node [anchor=south west,inner sep=2pt] (label2) at (eq5.north west) {{\scriptsize{配对的总次数}}};
......
Chapter5/Figures/figure-different-alignment-comparison.tex
......@@ -13,7 +13,7 @@
\draw [-] (s2.south) -- (t2.north);
\node [anchor=center,draw=ublue,circle,thick,fill=white,inner sep=1pt,circular drop shadow={shadow xshift=0.1em,shadow yshift=-0.1em}] (mark) at ([xshift=0.8em,yshift=-0.7em]s2.south east) {{\color{ugreen} \tiny{\textbf{Yes}}}};
}
\node [anchor=center] (labela) at ([xshift=2em,yshift=-1.0em]t1.south) {\scriptsize{(a)}};
\node [anchor=center] (labela) at ([xshift=2em,yshift=-1.0em]t1.south) {\small{(a)}};
\end{scope}
\begin{scope}[xshift=2.3in]
{\small
......@@ -25,7 +25,7 @@
\draw [-] (s1.south) -- (t2.north);
\node [anchor=center,draw=ublue,circle,thick,fill=white,inner sep=1.5pt,circular drop shadow={shadow xshift=0.1em,shadow yshift=-0.1em}] (mark) at ([xshift=0.8em,yshift=-0.7em]s2.south east) {{\color{red} \tiny{\textbf{No}}}};
}
\node [anchor=center] (labelb) at ([xshift=2em,yshift=-1.0em]t1.south) {\scriptsize{(b)}};
\node [anchor=center] (labelb) at ([xshift=2em,yshift=-1.0em]t1.south) {\small{(b)}};
\end{scope}
\begin{scope}[xshift=4.1in]
{\small
......@@ -37,7 +37,7 @@
\draw [-] (s2.south) -- ([yshift=-0.2em]t1.north);
\node [anchor=center,draw=ublue,circle,thick,fill=white,inner sep=1pt,circular drop shadow={shadow xshift=0.1em,shadow yshift=-0.1em}] (mark) at ([xshift=0.8em,yshift=-0.7em]s2.south east) {{\color{ugreen} \tiny{\textbf{Yes}}}};
}
\node [anchor=center] (labelc) at ([xshift=2em,yshift=-1.0em]t1.south) {\scriptsize{(c)}};
\node [anchor=center] (labelc) at ([xshift=2em,yshift=-1.0em]t1.south) {\small{(c)}};
\end{scope}
\end{tikzpicture}
......
Chapter5/Figures/figure-different-translation-candidate-space.tex
......@@ -23,13 +23,13 @@
\node [draw,dashed,ublue,fill=blue!10,thick,anchor=center,circle,minimum size=18pt] (t6) at ([xshift=3em]t2.east) {};
\node [draw,dashed,ublue,fill=blue!10,thick,anchor=center,circle,minimum size=18pt] (t7) at ([xshift=3em]t4.east) {};
\draw [->,thick,] (s.north east) .. controls +(north east:1em) and +(north west:1em).. (t1.north west) node[pos=0.5,below] {\tiny{P ($\seq{t}_1|\seq{s}$)=0.1}};
\draw [->,thick,] (s.60) .. controls +(50:4em) and +(west:1em).. (t2.west) node[pos=0.5,below] {\tiny{P($\seq{t}_2|\seq{s}$)=0.2}};
\draw [->,thick,] (s.north) .. controls +(70:4em) and +(west:1em).. (t3.west) node[pos=0.5,above,xshift=-1em] {\tiny{P($\seq{t}_3|\seq{s}$)=0.3}};
\draw [->,thick,] (s.south east) .. controls +(300:3em) and +(south west:1em).. (t4.south west) node[pos=0.5,below] {\tiny{P($\seq{t}_4|\seq{s}$)=0.1}};
\draw [->,thick] (s.north east) .. controls +(north east:1em) and +(north west:1em).. (t1.north west) node[pos=0.5,below] {\tiny{$\funp{P} (\seq{t}_1|\seq{s})=0.1$}};
\draw [->,thick] (s.60) .. controls +(50:4em) and +(west:1em).. (t2.west) node[pos=0.5,below] {\tiny{$\funp{P}(\seq{t}_2|\seq{s})=0.2$}};
\draw [->,thick] (s.north) .. controls +(70:4em) and +(west:1em).. (t3.west) node[pos=0.5,above,xshift=-1em] {\tiny{$\funp{P}(\seq{t}_3|\seq{s})=0.3$}};
\draw [->,thick] (s.south east) .. controls +(300:3em) and +(south west:1em).. (t4.south west) node[pos=0.5,below] {\tiny{$\funp{P}(\seq{t}_4|\seq{s})=0.1$}};
\node [anchor=center] (foot1) at ([xshift=3.8em,yshift=-3em]s1.south) {\footnotesize{人的翻译候选空间}};
\node [anchor=center] (foot2) at ([xshift=7em,yshift=-3em]s.south) {\footnotesize{机器的翻译候选空间}};
\node [anchor=center] (foot1) at ([xshift=3.8em,yshift=-3.5em]s1.south) {\small{（a） 人的翻译候选空间}};
\node [anchor=center] (foot2) at ([xshift=7em,yshift=-3.5em]s.south) {\small{（b） 机器的翻译候选空间}};
\end{tikzpicture}
......
Chapter5/Figures/figure-example-translation-alignment.tex
......@@ -4,9 +4,9 @@
\begin{tabular}{| l | l |}
\begin{tabular}{| c | c |}
\hline
& {\footnotesize{$\prod\limits_{(j,i) \in \hat{A}} \funp{P}(s_j,t_i)$} } \\ \hline
\rule{0pt}{15pt} 源语言句子“我对你感到满意”的不同翻译结果& {\footnotesize{$\prod\limits_{(j,i) \in \hat{A}} \funp{P}(s_j,t_i)$} } \\ \hline
\begin{tikzpicture}
......
Chapter5/Figures/figure-greedy-mt-decoding-process-1.tex
......@@ -63,29 +63,29 @@
\node [anchor=north,inner sep=2pt,fill=purple!20,minimum height=1.5em,minimum width=4.5em] (t53) at ([yshift=-0.2em]t52.south) {satisfies};
}
{
\node [anchor=north,rotate=90,inner sep=1pt,minimum width=1.5em,fill=black] (pt11) at (t11.east) {{\color{white} .4}};
\node [anchor=north,rotate=90,inner sep=1pt,minimum width=1.5em,fill=black] (pt12) at (t12.east) {{\color{white} .3}};
\node [anchor=north,rotate=90,inner sep=1pt,minimum width=1.5em,fill=black] (pt13) at (t13.east) {{\color{white} .1}};
\node [anchor=north,rotate=90,inner sep=1pt,minimum width=1.5em,fill=black] (pt11) at (t11.east) {{\color{white} 0.4}};
\node [anchor=north,rotate=90,inner sep=1pt,minimum width=1.5em,fill=black] (pt12) at (t12.east) {{\color{white} 0.3}};
\node [anchor=north,rotate=90,inner sep=1pt,minimum width=1.5em,fill=black] (pt13) at (t13.east) {{\color{white} 0.1}};
}
{
\node [anchor=north,rotate=90,inner sep=1pt,minimum width=1.5em,fill=black] (pt21) at (t21.east) {{\color{white} .3}};
\node [anchor=north,rotate=90,inner sep=1pt,minimum width=1.5em,fill=black] (pt22) at (t22.east) {{\color{white} .3}};
\node [anchor=north,rotate=90,inner sep=1pt,minimum width=1.5em,fill=black] (pt23) at (t23.east) {{\color{white} .2}};
\node [anchor=north,rotate=90,inner sep=1pt,minimum width=1.5em,fill=black] (pt21) at (t21.east) {{\color{white} 0.3}};
\node [anchor=north,rotate=90,inner sep=1pt,minimum width=1.5em,fill=black] (pt22) at (t22.east) {{\color{white} 0.3}};
\node [anchor=north,rotate=90,inner sep=1pt,minimum width=1.5em,fill=black] (pt23) at (t23.east) {{\color{white} 0.2}};
}
{
\node [anchor=north,rotate=90,inner sep=1pt,minimum width=1.5em,fill=black] (pt31) at (t31.east) {{\color{white} .7}};
\node [anchor=north,rotate=90,inner sep=1pt,minimum width=1.5em,fill=black] (pt32) at (t32.east) {{\color{white} .3}};
\node [anchor=north,rotate=90,inner sep=1pt,minimum width=1.5em,fill=black] (pt31) at (t31.east) {{\color{white} 0.7}};
\node [anchor=north,rotate=90,inner sep=1pt,minimum width=1.5em,fill=black] (pt32) at (t32.east) {{\color{white} 0.3}};
}
{
\node [anchor=north,rotate=90,inner sep=1pt,minimum width=1.5em,fill=black] (pt41) at (t41.east) {{\color{white} .4}};
\node [anchor=north,rotate=90,inner sep=1pt,minimum width=1.5em,fill=black] (pt42) at (t42.east) {{\color{white} .2}};
\node [anchor=north,rotate=90,inner sep=1pt,minimum width=1.5em,fill=black] (pt43) at (t43.east) {{\color{white} .1}};
\node [anchor=north,rotate=90,inner sep=1pt,minimum width=1.5em,fill=black] (pt41) at (t41.east) {{\color{white} 0.4}};
\node [anchor=north,rotate=90,inner sep=1pt,minimum width=1.5em,fill=black] (pt42) at (t42.east) {{\color{white} 0.2}};
\node [anchor=north,rotate=90,inner sep=1pt,minimum width=1.5em,fill=black] (pt43) at (t43.east) {{\color{white} 0.1}};
}
{
\node [anchor=north,rotate=90,inner sep=1pt,minimum width=1.5em,fill=black] (pt51) at (t51.east) {{\color{white} .3}};
\node [anchor=north,rotate=90,inner sep=1pt,minimum width=1.5em,fill=black] (pt52) at (t52.east) {{\color{white} .2}};
\node [anchor=north,rotate=90,inner sep=1pt,minimum width=1.5em,fill=black] (pt53) at (t53.east) {{\color{white} .2}};
\node [anchor=north,rotate=90,inner sep=1pt,minimum width=1.5em,fill=black] (pt51) at (t51.east) {{\color{white} 0.3}};
\node [anchor=north,rotate=90,inner sep=1pt,minimum width=1.5em,fill=black] (pt52) at (t52.east) {{\color{white} 0.2}};
\node [anchor=north,rotate=90,inner sep=1pt,minimum width=1.5em,fill=black] (pt53) at (t53.east) {{\color{white} 0.2}};
}
}
{\scriptsize
......@@ -108,7 +108,7 @@
\draw [-] (glabel.south west) -- ([xshift=3.5in]glabel.south west);
\node [anchor=center,rotate=90] (hlabel2) at ([xshift=-1.3em,yshift=-8.5em]glabel.west) {\tiny{$h$存放临时翻译结果}};
\node [anchor=north west] (foot1) at ([xshift=0.0em,yshift=-18.0em]translabel.south west) {\scriptsize{(a)\; 4:$h = \phi$}};
\node [anchor=north west] (foot1) at ([xshift=4.0em,yshift=-18.0em]translabel.south west) {\small{(a)\; 4:$h = \phi$}};
}
\end{scope}
......@@ -173,34 +173,34 @@
{
\node [anchor=north,rotate=90,inner sep=1pt,minimum width=1.5em,fill=black] (pt11) at (t11.east) {{\color{white} .4}};
\node [anchor=north,rotate=90,inner sep=1pt,minimum width=1.5em,fill=black] (pt12) at (t12.east) {{\color{white} .3}};
\node [anchor=north,rotate=90,inner sep=1pt,minimum width=1.5em,fill=black] (pt13) at (t13.east) {{\color{white} .1}};
\node [anchor=north,rotate=90,inner sep=1pt,minimum width=1.5em,fill=black] (pt11) at (t11.east) {{\color{white} 0.4}};
\node [anchor=north,rotate=90,inner sep=1pt,minimum width=1.5em,fill=black] (pt12) at (t12.east) {{\color{white} 0.3}};
\node [anchor=north,rotate=90,inner sep=1pt,minimum width=1.5em,fill=black] (pt13) at (t13.east) {{\color{white} 0.1}};
}
{
\node [anchor=north,rotate=90,inner sep=1pt,minimum width=1.5em,fill=black] (pt21) at (t21.east) {{\color{white} .3}};
\node [anchor=north,rotate=90,inner sep=1pt,minimum width=1.5em,fill=black] (pt22) at (t22.east) {{\color{white} .3}};
\node [anchor=north,rotate=90,inner sep=1pt,minimum width=1.5em,fill=black] (pt23) at (t23.east) {{\color{white} .2}};
\node [anchor=north,rotate=90,inner sep=1pt,minimum width=1.5em,fill=black] (pt21) at (t21.east) {{\color{white} 0.3}};
\node [anchor=north,rotate=90,inner sep=1pt,minimum width=1.5em,fill=black] (pt22) at (t22.east) {{\color{white} 0.3}};
\node [anchor=north,rotate=90,inner sep=1pt,minimum width=1.5em,fill=black] (pt23) at (t23.east) {{\color{white} 0.2}};
}
{
\node [anchor=north,rotate=90,inner sep=1pt,minimum width=1.5em,fill=black] (pt31) at (t31.east) {{\color{white} .7}};
\node [anchor=north,rotate=90,inner sep=1pt,minimum width=1.5em,fill=black] (pt32) at (t32.east) {{\color{white} .3}};
\node [anchor=north,rotate=90,inner sep=1pt,minimum width=1.5em,fill=black] (pt31) at (t31.east) {{\color{white} 0.7}};
\node [anchor=north,rotate=90,inner sep=1pt,minimum width=1.5em,fill=black] (pt32) at (t32.east) {{\color{white} 0.3}};
}
{
\node [anchor=north,rotate=90,inner sep=1pt,minimum width=1.5em,fill=black] (pt41) at (t41.east) {{\color{white} .4}};
\node [anchor=north,rotate=90,inner sep=1pt,minimum width=1.5em,fill=black] (pt42) at (t42.east) {{\color{white} .2}};
\node [anchor=north,rotate=90,inner sep=1pt,minimum width=1.5em,fill=black] (pt43) at (t43.east) {{\color{white} .1}};
\node [anchor=north,rotate=90,inner sep=1pt,minimum width=1.5em,fill=black] (pt41) at (t41.east) {{\color{white} 0.4}};
\node [anchor=north,rotate=90,inner sep=1pt,minimum width=1.5em,fill=black] (pt42) at (t42.east) {{\color{white} 0.2}};
\node [anchor=north,rotate=90,inner sep=1pt,minimum width=1.5em,fill=black] (pt43) at (t43.east) {{\color{white} 0.1}};
}
{
\node [anchor=north,rotate=90,inner sep=1pt,minimum width=1.5em,fill=black] (pt51) at (t51.east) {{\color{white} .3}};
\node [anchor=north,rotate=90,inner sep=1pt,minimum width=1.5em,fill=black] (pt52) at (t52.east) {{\color{white} .2}};
\node [anchor=north,rotate=90,inner sep=1pt,minimum width=1.5em,fill=black] (pt53) at (t53.east) {{\color{white} .2}};
\node [anchor=north,rotate=90,inner sep=1pt,minimum width=1.5em,fill=black] (pt51) at (t51.east) {{\color{white} 0.3}};
\node [anchor=north,rotate=90,inner sep=1pt,minimum width=1.5em,fill=black] (pt52) at (t52.east) {{\color{white} 0.2}};
\node [anchor=north,rotate=90,inner sep=1pt,minimum width=1.5em,fill=black] (pt53) at (t53.east) {{\color{white} 0.2}};
}
}
......@@ -233,7 +233,7 @@
\draw [-] (glabel.south west) -- ([xshift=3.5in]glabel.south west);
\node [anchor=center,rotate=90] (hlabel2) at ([xshift=-1.3em,yshift=-8.5em]glabel.west) {\tiny{$h$存放临时翻译结果}};
\node [anchor=north west] (foot2) at ([xshift=0.0em,yshift=-18.0em]translabel.south west) {\scriptsize{(b)\; 6: \textbf{if} $used[j]=$ \textbf{false} \textbf{then}}};
\node [anchor=north west] (foot2) at ([xshift=-4.0em,yshift=-18.0em]translabel.south west) {\small{(b)\; 6: \textbf{if} $used[j]=$ \textbf{false} \textbf{then}}};
}
{%大大的join
\node [anchor=center,draw=ublue,circle,thick,fill=white,inner sep=2.5pt,circular drop shadow={shadow xshift=0.1em,shadow yshift=-0.1em}] (join) at ([xshift=4em,yshift=-1em]hlabel.north east) {\tiny{\textsc{Join}}};
......
Chapter5/Figures/figure-greedy-mt-decoding-process-3.tex
......@@ -63,34 +63,34 @@
{
\node [anchor=north,rotate=90,inner sep=1pt,minimum width=1.5em,fill=black] (pt11) at (t11.east) {{\color{white} .4}};
\node [anchor=north,rotate=90,inner sep=1pt,minimum width=1.5em,fill=black] (pt12) at (t12.east) {{\color{white} .3}};
\node [anchor=north,rotate=90,inner sep=1pt,minimum width=1.5em,fill=black] (pt13) at (t13.east) {{\color{white} .1}};
\node [anchor=north,rotate=90,inner sep=1pt,minimum width=1.5em,fill=black] (pt11) at (t11.east) {{\color{white} 0.4}};
\node [anchor=north,rotate=90,inner sep=1pt,minimum width=1.5em,fill=black] (pt12) at (t12.east) {{\color{white} 0.3}};
\node [anchor=north,rotate=90,inner sep=1pt,minimum width=1.5em,fill=black] (pt13) at (t13.east) {{\color{white} 0.1}};
}
{
\node [anchor=north,rotate=90,inner sep=1pt,minimum width=1.5em,fill=black] (pt21) at (t21.east) {{\color{white} .3}};
\node [anchor=north,rotate=90,inner sep=1pt,minimum width=1.5em,fill=black] (pt22) at (t22.east) {{\color{white} .3}};
\node [anchor=north,rotate=90,inner sep=1pt,minimum width=1.5em,fill=black] (pt23) at (t23.east) {{\color{white} .2}};
\node [anchor=north,rotate=90,inner sep=1pt,minimum width=1.5em,fill=black] (pt21) at (t21.east) {{\color{white} 0.3}};
\node [anchor=north,rotate=90,inner sep=1pt,minimum width=1.5em,fill=black] (pt22) at (t22.east) {{\color{white} 0.3}};
\node [anchor=north,rotate=90,inner sep=1pt,minimum width=1.5em,fill=black] (pt23) at (t23.east) {{\color{white} 0.2}};
}
{
\node [anchor=north,rotate=90,inner sep=1pt,minimum width=1.5em,fill=black] (pt31) at (t31.east) {{\color{white} .7}};
\node [anchor=north,rotate=90,inner sep=1pt,minimum width=1.5em,fill=black] (pt32) at (t32.east) {{\color{white} .3}};
\node [anchor=north,rotate=90,inner sep=1pt,minimum width=1.5em,fill=black] (pt31) at (t31.east) {{\color{white} 0.7}};
\node [anchor=north,rotate=90,inner sep=1pt,minimum width=1.5em,fill=black] (pt32) at (t32.east) {{\color{white} 0.3}};
}
{
\node [anchor=north,rotate=90,inner sep=1pt,minimum width=1.5em,fill=black] (pt41) at (t41.east) {{\color{white} .4}};
\node [anchor=north,rotate=90,inner sep=1pt,minimum width=1.5em,fill=black] (pt42) at (t42.east) {{\color{white} .2}};
\node [anchor=north,rotate=90,inner sep=1pt,minimum width=1.5em,fill=black] (pt43) at (t43.east) {{\color{white} .1}};
\node [anchor=north,rotate=90,inner sep=1pt,minimum width=1.5em,fill=black] (pt41) at (t41.east) {{\color{white} 0.4}};
\node [anchor=north,rotate=90,inner sep=1pt,minimum width=1.5em,fill=black] (pt42) at (t42.east) {{\color{white} 0.2}};
\node [anchor=north,rotate=90,inner sep=1pt,minimum width=1.5em,fill=black] (pt43) at (t43.east) {{\color{white} 0.1}};
}
{
\node [anchor=north,rotate=90,inner sep=1pt,minimum width=1.5em,fill=black] (pt51) at (t51.east) {{\color{white} .3}};
\node [anchor=north,rotate=90,inner sep=1pt,minimum width=1.5em,fill=black] (pt52) at (t52.east) {{\color{white} .2}};
\node [anchor=north,rotate=90,inner sep=1pt,minimum width=1.5em,fill=black] (pt53) at (t53.east) {{\color{white} .2}};
\node [anchor=north,rotate=90,inner sep=1pt,minimum width=1.5em,fill=black] (pt51) at (t51.east) {{\color{white} 0.3}};
\node [anchor=north,rotate=90,inner sep=1pt,minimum width=1.5em,fill=black] (pt52) at (t52.east) {{\color{white} 0.2}};
\node [anchor=north,rotate=90,inner sep=1pt,minimum width=1.5em,fill=black] (pt53) at (t53.east) {{\color{white} 0.2}};
}
}
......@@ -126,7 +126,7 @@
\node [anchor=center,rotate=90] (hlabel2) at ([xshift=-0.7em,yshift=-7.5em]glabel.west) {\tiny{$h$存放临时翻译结果}};
}
\node [anchor=north west] (foot1) at ([xshift=0.0em,yshift=-12.3em]translabel.south west) {\scriptsize{(c)\; 7: $h = h \cup \textrm{\textsc{Join}}(best,\pi[j])$}};
\node [anchor=north west] (foot1) at ([xshift=-2.0em,yshift=-12.3em]translabel.south west) {\small{(c)\; 7: $h = h \cup \textrm{\textsc{Join}}(best,\pi[j])$}};
{%大大的join
\node [anchor=center,draw=ublue,circle,thick,fill=white,inner sep=2.5pt,circular drop shadow={shadow xshift=0.1em,shadow yshift=-0.1em}] (join) at ([xshift=4em,yshift=-1em]hlabel.north east) {\tiny{\textsc{Join}}};
}
......@@ -228,34 +228,34 @@
{
\node [anchor=north,rotate=90,inner sep=1pt,minimum width=1.5em,fill=black] (pt11) at (t11.east) {{\color{white} .4}};
\node [anchor=north,rotate=90,inner sep=1pt,minimum width=1.5em,fill=black] (pt12) at (t12.east) {{\color{white} .3}};
\node [anchor=north,rotate=90,inner sep=1pt,minimum width=1.5em,fill=black] (pt13) at (t13.east) {{\color{white} .1}};
\node [anchor=north,rotate=90,inner sep=1pt,minimum width=1.5em,fill=black] (pt11) at (t11.east) {{\color{white} 0.4}};
\node [anchor=north,rotate=90,inner sep=1pt,minimum width=1.5em,fill=black] (pt12) at (t12.east) {{\color{white} 0.3}};
\node [anchor=north,rotate=90,inner sep=1pt,minimum width=1.5em,fill=black] (pt13) at (t13.east) {{\color{white} 0.1}};
}
{
\node [anchor=north,rotate=90,inner sep=1pt,minimum width=1.5em,fill=black] (pt21) at (t21.east) {{\color{white} .3}};
\node [anchor=north,rotate=90,inner sep=1pt,minimum width=1.5em,fill=black] (pt22) at (t22.east) {{\color{white} .3}};
\node [anchor=north,rotate=90,inner sep=1pt,minimum width=1.5em,fill=black] (pt23) at (t23.east) {{\color{white} .2}};
\node [anchor=north,rotate=90,inner sep=1pt,minimum width=1.5em,fill=black] (pt21) at (t21.east) {{\color{white} 0.3}};
\node [anchor=north,rotate=90,inner sep=1pt,minimum width=1.5em,fill=black] (pt22) at (t22.east) {{\color{white} 0.3}};
\node [anchor=north,rotate=90,inner sep=1pt,minimum width=1.5em,fill=black] (pt23) at (t23.east) {{\color{white} 0.2}};
}
{
\node [anchor=north,rotate=90,inner sep=1pt,minimum width=1.5em,fill=black] (pt31) at (t31.east) {{\color{white} .7}};
\node [anchor=north,rotate=90,inner sep=1pt,minimum width=1.5em,fill=black] (pt32) at (t32.east) {{\color{white} .3}};
\node [anchor=north,rotate=90,inner sep=1pt,minimum width=1.5em,fill=black] (pt31) at (t31.east) {{\color{white} 0.7}};
\node [anchor=north,rotate=90,inner sep=1pt,minimum width=1.5em,fill=black] (pt32) at (t32.east) {{\color{white} 0.3}};
}
{
\node [anchor=north,rotate=90,inner sep=1pt,minimum width=1.5em,fill=black] (pt41) at (t41.east) {{\color{white} .4}};
\node [anchor=north,rotate=90,inner sep=1pt,minimum width=1.5em,fill=black] (pt42) at (t42.east) {{\color{white} .2}};
\node [anchor=north,rotate=90,inner sep=1pt,minimum width=1.5em,fill=black] (pt43) at (t43.east) {{\color{white} .1}};
\node [anchor=north,rotate=90,inner sep=1pt,minimum width=1.5em,fill=black] (pt41) at (t41.east) {{\color{white} 0.4}};
\node [anchor=north,rotate=90,inner sep=1pt,minimum width=1.5em,fill=black] (pt42) at (t42.east) {{\color{white} 0.2}};
\node [anchor=north,rotate=90,inner sep=1pt,minimum width=1.5em,fill=black] (pt43) at (t43.east) {{\color{white} 0.1}};
}
{
\node [anchor=north,rotate=90,inner sep=1pt,minimum width=1.5em,fill=black] (pt51) at (t51.east) {{\color{white} .3}};
\node [anchor=north,rotate=90,inner sep=1pt,minimum width=1.5em,fill=black] (pt52) at (t52.east) {{\color{white} .2}};
\node [anchor=north,rotate=90,inner sep=1pt,minimum width=1.5em,fill=black] (pt53) at (t53.east) {{\color{white} .2}};
\node [anchor=north,rotate=90,inner sep=1pt,minimum width=1.5em,fill=black] (pt51) at (t51.east) {{\color{white} 0.3}};
\node [anchor=north,rotate=90,inner sep=1pt,minimum width=1.5em,fill=black] (pt52) at (t52.east) {{\color{white} 0.2}};
\node [anchor=north,rotate=90,inner sep=1pt,minimum width=1.5em,fill=black] (pt53) at (t53.east) {{\color{white} 0.2}};
}
}
......@@ -283,7 +283,7 @@
\draw [-] (glabel.south west) -- ([xshift=3.5in]glabel.south west);
\node [anchor=center,rotate=90] (hlabel2) at ([xshift=-0.7em,yshift=-7.5em]glabel.west) {\tiny{$h$存放临时翻译结果}};
\node [anchor=north west] (foot2) at ([xshift=0.0em,yshift=-23.0em]translabel.south west) {\scriptsize{(d)\; 8: $best = \textrm{\textsc{PruneForTop1}}(h)$}};
\node [anchor=north west] (foot2) at ([xshift=-5.0em,yshift=-23.0em]translabel.south west) {\small{(d)\; 8: $best = \textrm{\textsc{PruneForTop1}}(h)$}};
}
......
Chapter5/Figures/figure-ibm-model-iteration-process-diagram.tex
......@@ -5,8 +5,8 @@
\begin{tikzpicture}
\node [anchor=west,inner sep=2pt,fill=red!20,minimum height=3em] (eq1) at (0,0) {$f(s_u|t_v)$};
\node [anchor=west,inner sep=2pt] (eq2) at ([xshift=-2pt]eq1.east) {$=$};
\node [anchor=west,inner sep=2pt] (eq3) at ([xshift=-2pt]eq2.east) {$\lambda_{t_v}^{-1}$};
\node [anchor=west,inner sep=2pt] (eq2) at ([xshift=-1pt]eq1.east) {$=$};
\node [anchor=west,inner sep=2pt] (eq3) at ([xshift=-1pt]eq2.east) {$\lambda_{t_v}^{-1}$};
\node [anchor=west,inner sep=2pt] (eq4) at ([xshift=-2pt]eq3.east) {$\frac{\varepsilon}{(l+1)^{m}}$};
\node [anchor=west,inner sep=2pt,fill=red!20,minimum height=3em] (eq5) at ([xshift=-2pt]eq4.east) {\footnotesize{$\prod\limits_{j=1}^{m} \sum\limits_{i=0}^{l} f(s_j|t_i)$}};
\node [anchor=west,inner sep=2pt] (eq6) at ([xshift=-2pt]eq5.east) {\footnotesize{$\sum\limits_{j=1}^{m} \delta(s_j,s_u) \sum\limits_{i=0}^{l} \delta(t_i,t_v)$}};
......
Chapter5/Figures/figure-scores-of-different-translation_model&language_model.tex
%%% outline
%-------------------------------------------------------------------------
\begin{tabular}{| l | l |}
\begin{tabular}{| c | l |}
\hline
& {\footnotesize{$\prod\limits_{(j,i) \in \hat{A}} \funp{P}(s_j,t_i)$} \color{red}{{\footnotesize{$\times\funp{P}_{\textrm{lm}}(\mathbf{t})$}}}} \\ \hline
\rule{0pt}{15pt} 源语言句子“我对你感到满意”的不同翻译结果& {\footnotesize{$\prod\limits_{(j,i) \in \hat{A}} \funp{P}(s_j,t_i)$} \color{red}{{\footnotesize{$\times\funp{P}_{\textrm{lm}}(\mathbf{t})$}}}} \\ \hline
\begin{tikzpicture}
......
Chapter5/Figures/figure-zh-en-translation-sentence-pairs&word-alignment-connection.tex
......@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@
\node [anchor=west] (s3) at ([xshift=0.5em]s2.east) {你\footnotesize{$_3$}};
\node [anchor=west] (s4) at ([xshift=0.5em]s3.east) {感到\footnotesize{$_4$}};
\node [anchor=west] (s5) at ([xshift=0.5em]s4.east) {满意\footnotesize{$_5$}};
\node [anchor=east] (s) at (s1.west) {$\mathbf{s}=$};
\node [anchor=east] (s) at (s1.west) {$\seq{s}=$};
\end{scope}
\begin{scope}[yshift=-3.0em]
......@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@
\node [anchor=west] (t3) at ([xshift=0.3em,yshift=0.1em]t2.east) {satisfied\footnotesize{$_3$}};
\node [anchor=west] (t4) at ([xshift=0.3em]t3.east) {with\footnotesize{$_4$}};
\node [anchor=west] (t5) at ([xshift=0.3em,yshift=-0.2em]t4.east) {you\footnotesize{$_5$}};
\node [anchor=east] (t) at ([xshift=-0.3em]t1.west) {$\mathbf{t}=$};
\node [anchor=east] (t) at ([xshift=-0.3em]t1.west) {$\seq{t}=$};
\end{scope}
......
Chapter6/Figures/figure-alignment-matrix-for-zh-to-en-translation.tex
......@@ -25,7 +25,7 @@
\node[anchor=west,inner sep=0pt,font=\footnotesize,rotate=45] at([xshift=0.1cm+\bc*2,yshift=0.4em]o.east){satisfied};
\node[anchor=west,inner sep=0pt,font=\footnotesize,rotate=45] at([xshift=0.1cm+\bc*3,yshift=0.4em]o.east){with};
\node[anchor=west,inner sep=0pt,font=\footnotesize,rotate=45] at([xshift=0.1cm+\bc*4,yshift=0.4em]o.east){you};
\node[anchor=east,inner sep=0pt,font=\footnotesize] at([xshift=\bc*4.5,yshift=-1.0cm-\bc*4]o.west){(a)对齐实例1};
\node[anchor=east,inner sep=0pt,font=\small] at([xshift=\bc*4.5,yshift=-1.0cm-\bc*4]o.west){(a)对齐实例1};
\end{scope}
\begin{scope}[xshift=15.0em]
\filldraw [fill=white,drop shadow] (0,0) rectangle (\bc*8,\bc*6);
......@@ -56,7 +56,7 @@
\node[anchor=west,inner sep=0pt,font=\footnotesize,rotate=45] at([xshift=0.1cm+\bc*5,yshift=0.4em]o.east){work};
\node[anchor=west,inner sep=0pt,font=\footnotesize,rotate=45] at([xshift=0.1cm+\bc*6,yshift=0.4em]o.east){every};
\node[anchor=west,inner sep=0pt,font=\footnotesize,rotate=45] at([xshift=0.1cm+\bc*7,yshift=0.4em]o.east){day};
\node[anchor=east,inner sep=0pt,font=\footnotesize] at([xshift=\bc*6.0,yshift=-1.0cm-\bc*5]o.west){(b)对齐实例2};
\node[anchor=east,inner sep=0pt,font=\small] at([xshift=\bc*6.0,yshift=-1.0cm-\bc*5]o.west){(b)对齐实例2};
\end{scope}
\end{tikzpicture}
%---------------------------------------------------------------------
\ No newline at end of file
Chapter6/Figures/figure-examples-of-sequential-translation-and-reorder-translation.tex
......@@ -24,7 +24,7 @@
\draw[line width=1.2pt,dashed] ([yshift=-0.3em]n14.south) -- ([yshift=0.2em]n24.north);
\draw[line width=1.2pt,dashed] ([yshift=-0.3em]n15.south) -- ([yshift=0.2em]n25.north);
\draw[line width=1.2pt,dashed] ([yshift=-0.3em]n16.south) -- ([yshift=0.2em]n26.north);
\node[anchor=west] at([xshift=5.5em,yshift=-3em]n21.east){(a)顺序翻译对齐结果};
\node[anchor=west] at([xshift=5.5em,yshift=-3em]n21.east){\small{(a)顺序翻译对齐结果}};
\end{scope}
\begin{scope}[yshift=-11.5em]
\tikzstyle{cand} = [draw,inner sep=4pt,line width=1pt,align=center,drop shadow,minimum height =1.6em,minimum width=4.2em,fill=green!30]
......@@ -49,7 +49,7 @@
\draw[line width=1.2pt,dashed,out=-40,in=140] ([yshift=-0.3em]n14.south) to ([yshift=0.2em]n26.north);
\draw[line width=1.2pt,dashed,out=-140,in=40] ([yshift=-0.3em]n15.south) to ([yshift=0.2em]n23.north);
\draw[line width=1.2pt,dashed,out=-140,in=40] ([yshift=-0.3em]n16.south) to ([yshift=0.2em]n24.north);
\node[anchor=west] at([xshift=5.5em,yshift=-3em]n21.east){(b)调序翻译对齐结果};
\node[anchor=west] at([xshift=5.5em,yshift=-3em]n21.east){\small{(b)调序翻译对齐结果}};
\end{scope}
\end{tikzpicture}
%---------------------------------------------------------------------
\ No newline at end of file
Chapter7/Figures/figure-basic-process-of-translation.tex
......@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@
\node[anchor=east] (t0) at (-0.5em, -1.5) {$\seq{t}$：};
\node[anchor=north] (l) at ([xshift=7em,yshift=-0.5em]t0.south) {\footnotesize{(a)\ }};
\node[anchor=north] (l) at ([xshift=7em,yshift=-0.5em]t0.south) {\small{(a)\ }};
\end{scope}
......@@ -29,7 +29,7 @@
\path[<->, thick] (s2.south) edge (t1.north);
}
\node[anchor=north] (l) at ([xshift=7em,yshift=-0.5em]t0.south) {\footnotesize{(b)\ }};
\node[anchor=north] (l) at ([xshift=7em,yshift=-0.5em]t0.south) {\small{(b)\ }};
\end{scope}
......@@ -50,7 +50,7 @@
\node[anchor=west,fill=red!20] (t2) at ([xshift=1em]t1.east) {\footnotesize{an apple}};
\path[<->, thick] (s3.south) edge (t2.north);
}
\node[anchor=north] (l) at ([xshift=7em,yshift=-0.5em]t0.south) {\footnotesize{(c)\ }};
\node[anchor=north] (l) at ([xshift=7em,yshift=-0.5em]t0.south) {\small{(c)\ }};
\end{scope}
......@@ -76,6 +76,6 @@
\node[anchor=west,fill=red!20] (t3) at ([xshift=1em]t2.east) {\footnotesize{on the table}};
\path[<->, thick] (s1.south) edge (t3.north);
}
\node[anchor=north] (l) at ([xshift=7em,yshift=-0.5em]t0.south) {\footnotesize{(d)\ }};
\node[anchor=north] (l) at ([xshift=7em,yshift=-0.5em]t0.south) {\small{(d)\ }};
\end{scope}
\end{tikzpicture}
\ No newline at end of file
Chapter7/Figures/figure-example-of-stack-decode.tex
......@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@
{
\node [anchor=north,inner sep=2pt,fill=red!40,minimum height=2em,minimum width=3em] (h0) at (0,0) {\scriptsize{null}};
\node [anchor=north west,inner sep=1.5pt,fill=black] (hl0) at (h0.north west) {\scriptsize{{\color{white} \textbf{0}}}};
\node [anchor=north,rotate=90,inner sep=1pt,minimum width=2em,fill=black] (pt0) at (h0.east) {\scriptsize{{\color{white} \textbf{$\funp{P}$=1}}}};
\node [anchor=north,rotate=90,inner sep=1pt,minimum width=2em,fill=black] (pt0) at (h0.east) {\tiny{{\color{white} \textbf{$\funp{P}$=1}}}};
}
{
\node [anchor=west,inner sep=2pt,fill=red!40,minimum height=2em,minimum width=3em] (h13) at ([xshift=2.1em,yshift=6em]h0.east) {\scriptsize{there is}};
......@@ -17,8 +17,8 @@
\node [anchor=north west,inner sep=1.0pt,fill=black] (hl3) at (h13.north west) {\scriptsize{{\color{white} \textbf{3}}}};
\node [anchor=north,rotate=90,inner sep=1pt,minimum width=2em,fill=black] (pt1) at (h1.east) {\scriptsize{{\color{white} \textbf{$\funp{P}$=.2}}}};
\node [anchor=north,rotate=90,inner sep=1pt,minimum width=2em,fill=black] (pt3) at (h13.east) {\scriptsize{{\color{white} \textbf{$\funp{P}$=.5}}}};
\node [anchor=north,rotate=90,inner sep=1pt,minimum width=2em,fill=black] (pt1) at (h1.east) {\tiny{{\color{white} \textbf{$\funp{P}$=0.2}}}};
\node [anchor=north,rotate=90,inner sep=1pt,minimum width=2em,fill=black] (pt3) at (h13.east) {\tiny{{\color{white} \textbf{$\funp{P}$=0.5}}}};
\node [anchor=west,inner sep=2pt,fill=red!40,minimum height=2em,minimum width=3em] (h2) at ([xshift=2.1em]h1.east) {\scriptsize{have}};
\node [anchor=west,inner sep=2pt,minimum height=2em,minimum width=3em] (h22) at ([xshift=2.1em]h12.east) {\small{\textbf{...}}};
......@@ -32,10 +32,10 @@
\node [anchor=north west,inner sep=1.0pt,fill=black] (hl3) at (h3.north west) {\scriptsize{{\color{white} \textbf{2}}}};
\node [anchor=north west,inner sep=1.0pt,fill=black] (hl33) at (h33.north west) {\scriptsize{{\color{white} \textbf{4-5}}}};
\node [anchor=north,rotate=90,inner sep=1pt,minimum width=2em,fill=black] (pt2) at (h2.east) {\scriptsize{{\color{white} \textbf{$\funp{P}$=.5}}}};
\node [anchor=north,rotate=90,inner sep=1pt,minimum width=2em,fill=black] (pt23) at (h23.east) {\scriptsize{{\color{white} \textbf{$\funp{P}$=.5}}}};
\node [anchor=north,rotate=90,inner sep=1pt,minimum width=2em,fill=black] (pt3) at (h3.east) {\scriptsize{{\color{white} \textbf{$\funp{P}$=.5}}}};
\node [anchor=north,rotate=90,inner sep=1pt,minimum width=2em,fill=black] (pt33) at (h33.east) {\scriptsize{{\color{white} \textbf{$\funp{P}$=.5}}}};
\node [anchor=north,rotate=90,inner sep=1pt,minimum width=2em,fill=black] (pt2) at (h2.east) {\tiny{{\color{white} \textbf{$\funp{P}$=0.5}}}};
\node [anchor=north,rotate=90,inner sep=1pt,minimum width=2em,fill=black] (pt23) at (h23.east) {\tiny{{\color{white} \textbf{$\funp{P}$=0.5}}}};
\node [anchor=north,rotate=90,inner sep=1pt,minimum width=2em,fill=black] (pt3) at (h3.east) {\tiny{{\color{white} \textbf{$\funp{P}$=0.5}}}};
\node [anchor=north,rotate=90,inner sep=1pt,minimum width=2em,fill=black] (pt33) at (h33.east) {\tiny{{\color{white} \textbf{$\funp{P}$=0.5}}}};
}
\node [anchor=north] (l0) at ([xshift=0.2em,yshift=-0.7em]h0.south) {\small{\textbf{未译词}}};
\node [anchor=north] (l1) at ([xshift=0.3em,yshift=-0.7em]h1.south) {\small{\textbf{已译}1\textbf{词}}};
......
Chapter7/Figures/figure-judge-type-of-reorder-method.tex
......@@ -105,8 +105,8 @@
\node[anchor=north] (m1) at ([xshift=0.6em,yshift=0.1em]b05.east) {M};
}
\node[anchor=north] (l1) at ([xshift=1.8em,yshift=-0.5em]a10.south) {\scriptsize{基于词}};
\node[anchor=north] (l2) at ([xshift=2.2em,yshift=-0.5em]b10.south) {\scriptsize{基于短语}};
\node[anchor=north] (l1) at ([xshift=1.8em,yshift=-0.5em]a10.south) {\small{基于词}};
\node[anchor=north] (l2) at ([xshift=2.2em,yshift=-0.5em]b10.south) {\small{基于短语}};
\end{scope}
......
Chapter7/Figures/figure-search-space-representation-of-feature-weight.tex
......@@ -27,7 +27,7 @@
\node[anchor=north] (label3) at ([xshift=0em,yshift=-2.5em]label2.north) {取值};
}
\node[anchor=north] (l1) at ([xshift=0em,yshift=-2.5em]x3.south) {\footnotesize{(a)搜索空间}};
\node[anchor=north] (l1) at ([xshift=0em,yshift=-2.5em]x3.south) {\small{(a)搜索空间}};
\end{scope}
\begin{scope}[scale=0.55,xshift=3.2in]
......@@ -68,7 +68,7 @@
\node[anchor=north] (e4) at ([xshift=0,yshift=-0.2em]e3.south) {$w_M = 1.00$};
}
\node[anchor=north] (l1) at ([xshift=0em,yshift=-2.5em]x3.south) {\footnotesize{(b)一条搜索路径}};
\node[anchor=north] (l1) at ([xshift=0em,yshift=-2.5em]x3.south) {\small{(b)一条搜索路径}};
\end{scope}
\begin{scope}[scale=0.55,xshift=6.8in]
......@@ -119,6 +119,6 @@
\node[anchor=north] (label2) at ([xshift=0em,yshift=-2.5em]label1.north) {种组合};
}
\node[anchor=north] (l1) at ([xshift=0em,yshift=-2.5em]x3.south) {\footnotesize{(c)多条搜索路径}};
\node[anchor=north] (l1) at ([xshift=0em,yshift=-2.5em]x3.south) {\small{(c)多条搜索路径}};
\end{scope}
\end{tikzpicture}
\ No newline at end of file
Chapter7/Figures/figure-translation-hypothesis-extension.tex
......@@ -5,24 +5,24 @@
\begin{scope}
{
\node [anchor=north,inner sep=2pt,fill=red!40,minimum height=2em,minimum width=3.5em] (h0) at (0,0) {\small{null}};
\node [anchor=north west,inner sep=1.5pt,fill=black] (hl0) at (h0.north west) {\scriptsize{{\color{white} \textbf{0}}}};
\node [anchor=north,rotate=90,inner sep=1pt,minimum width=2em,fill=black] (pt0) at (h0.east) {\footnotesize{{\color{white} \textbf{$\funp{P}$=1}}}};
\node [anchor=north west,inner sep=1.5pt,fill=black] (hl0) at (h0.north west) {\tiny{{\color{white} \textbf{0}}}};
\node [anchor=north,inner sep=1pt,minimum width=3.5em,fill=black] (pt0) at (h0.south) {\footnotesize{{\color{white} \textbf{$\funp{P}$=1}}}};
}
{
\node [anchor=west,inner sep=2pt,fill=red!40,minimum height=2em,minimum width=3.5em] (h1) at ([xshift=3em]h0.east) {\small{on}};
\node [anchor=west,inner sep=2pt,fill=red!40,minimum height=2em,minimum width=3.5em] (h2) at ([xshift=3em,yshift=3em]h0.east) {\small{table}};
\node [anchor=west,inner sep=2pt,fill=red!40,minimum height=2em,minimum width=3.5em] (h3) at ([xshift=3em,yshift=-3em]h0.east) {\small{there is}};
\node [anchor=north west,inner sep=1.5pt,fill=black] (hl1) at (h1.north west) {\scriptsize{{\color{white} \textbf{2}}}};
\node [anchor=north west,inner sep=1.5pt,fill=black] (hl2) at (h2.north west) {\scriptsize{{\color{white} \textbf{1}}}};
\node [anchor=north west,inner sep=1.5pt,fill=black] (hl3) at (h3.north west) {\scriptsize{{\color{white} \textbf{3}}}};
\node [anchor=north,rotate=90,inner sep=1pt,minimum width=2em,fill=black] (pt1) at (h1.east) {\footnotesize{{\color{white} \textbf{$\funp{P}$=.2}}}};
\node [anchor=north,rotate=90,inner sep=1pt,minimum width=2em,fill=black] (pt2) at (h2.east) {\footnotesize{{\color{white} \textbf{$\funp{P}$=.3}}}};
\node [anchor=north,rotate=90,inner sep=1pt,minimum width=2em,fill=black] (pt3) at (h3.east) {\footnotesize{{\color{white} \textbf{P=.5}}}};
\node [anchor=north west,inner sep=1.5pt,fill=black] (hl1) at (h1.north west) {\tiny{{\color{white} \textbf{2}}}};
\node [anchor=north west,inner sep=1.5pt,fill=black] (hl2) at (h2.north west) {\tiny{{\color{white} \textbf{1}}}};
\node [anchor=north west,inner sep=1.5pt,fill=black] (hl3) at (h3.north west) {\tiny{{\color{white} \textbf{3}}}};
\node [anchor=north,inner sep=1pt,minimum width=3.5em,fill=black] (pt1) at (h1.south) {\footnotesize{{\color{white} \textbf{$\funp{P}$=0.2}}}};
\node [anchor=north,inner sep=1pt,minimum width=3.5em,fill=black] (pt2) at (h2.south) {\footnotesize{{\color{white} \textbf{$\funp{P}$=0.3}}}};
\node [anchor=north,inner sep=1pt,minimum width=3.5em,fill=black] (pt3) at (h3.south) {\footnotesize{{\color{white} \textbf{P=0.5}}}};
\draw [->,very thick,ublue] ([xshift=0.1em]pt0.south) -- ([xshift=-0.1em]h1.west);
\draw [->,very thick,ublue] ([xshift=0.1em]pt0.south) -- ([xshift=-0.1em]h2.west);
\draw [->,very thick,ublue] ([xshift=0.1em]pt0.south) -- ([xshift=-0.1em]h3.west);
\draw [->,very thick,ublue] ([xshift=0.1em]h0.east) -- ([xshift=-0.1em]h1.west);
\draw [->,very thick,ublue] ([xshift=0.1em]h0.east) -- ([xshift=-0.1em]h2.west);
\draw [->,very thick,ublue] ([xshift=0.1em]h0.east) -- ([xshift=-0.1em]h3.west);
}
{
......@@ -32,40 +32,40 @@
\node [anchor=west,inner sep=2pt,fill=red!40,minimum height=2em,minimum width=4em] (h7) at ([xshift=3em,yshift=1.2em]h5.east) {\small{on the table}};
\node [anchor=west,inner sep=2pt,fill=red!40,minimum height=2em,minimum width=4.6em] (h8) at ([xshift=3em,yshift=-2em]h5.east) {\small{\ \;apple}};
\node [anchor=north west,inner sep=1.5pt,fill=black] (hl4) at (h4.north west) {\scriptsize{{\color{white} \textbf{4}}}};
\node [anchor=north west,inner sep=1.5pt,fill=black] (hl5) at (h5.north west) {\scriptsize{{\color{white} \textbf{4-5}}}};
\node [anchor=north west,inner sep=1.5pt,fill=black] (hl6) at (h6.north west) {\scriptsize{{\color{white} \textbf{1}}}};
\node [anchor=north west,inner sep=1.5pt,fill=black] (hl7) at (h7.north west) {\scriptsize{{\color{white} \textbf{1-2}}}};
\node [anchor=north west,inner sep=1.5pt,fill=black] (hl8) at (h8.north west) {\scriptsize{{\color{white} \textbf{5}}}};
\node [anchor=north west,inner sep=1.5pt,fill=black] (hl4) at (h4.north west) {\tiny{{\color{white} \textbf{4}}}};
\node [anchor=north west,inner sep=1.5pt,fill=black] (hl5) at (h5.north west) {\tiny{{\color{white} \textbf{4-5}}}};
\node [anchor=north west,inner sep=1.5pt,fill=black] (hl6) at (h6.north west) {\tiny{{\color{white} \textbf{1}}}};
\node [anchor=north west,inner sep=1.5pt,fill=black] (hl7) at (h7.north west) {\tiny{{\color{white} \textbf{1-2}}}};
\node [anchor=north west,inner sep=1.5pt,fill=black] (hl8) at (h8.north west) {\tiny{{\color{white} \textbf{5}}}};
\node [anchor=north,rotate=90,inner sep=1pt,minimum width=2em,fill=black] (pt4) at (h4.east) {\footnotesize{{\color{white} \textbf{$\funp{P}$=.1}}}};
\node [anchor=north,rotate=90,inner sep=1pt,minimum width=2em,fill=black] (pt5) at (h5.east) {\footnotesize{{\color{white} \textbf{$\funp{P}$=.4}}}};
\node [anchor=north,rotate=90,inner sep=1pt,minimum width=2em,fill=black] (pt6) at (h6.east) {\footnotesize{{\color{white} \textbf{$\funp{P}$=.3}}}};
\node [anchor=north,rotate=90,inner sep=1pt,minimum width=2em,fill=black] (pt7) at (h7.east) {\footnotesize{{\color{white} \textbf{$\funp{P}$=.4}}}};
\node [anchor=north,rotate=90,inner sep=1pt,minimum width=2em,fill=black] (pt8) at (h8.east) {\footnotesize{{\color{white} \textbf{$\funp{P}$=.2}}}};
\node [anchor=north,inner sep=1pt,minimum width=3.5em,fill=black] (pt4) at (h4.south) {\footnotesize{{\color{white} \textbf{$\funp{P}$=0.1}}}};
\node [anchor=north,inner sep=1pt,minimum width=3.5em,fill=black] (pt5) at (h5.south) {\footnotesize{{\color{white} \textbf{$\funp{P}$=0.4}}}};
\node [anchor=north,inner sep=1pt,minimum width=3.5em,fill=black] (pt6) at (h6.south) {\footnotesize{{\color{white} \textbf{$\funp{P}$=0.3}}}};
\node [anchor=north,inner sep=1pt,minimum width=4.6em,fill=black] (pt7) at (h7.south) {\footnotesize{{\color{white} \textbf{$\funp{P}$=0.4}}}};
\node [anchor=north,inner sep=1pt,minimum width=4.6em,fill=black] (pt8) at (h8.south) {\footnotesize{{\color{white} \textbf{$\funp{P}$=0.2}}}};
\draw [->,very thick,ublue] ([xshift=0.1em]pt1.south) -- ([xshift=1em,yshift=0.7em]pt1.south);
\draw [->,very thick,ublue] ([xshift=0.1em]h6.east) -- ([xshift=1em,yshift=0.7em]h6.east);
\draw [->,very thick,ublue] ([xshift=0.1em]h6.east) -- ([xshift=1em,yshift=-0.7em]h6.east);
\draw [->,very thick,ublue] ([xshift=0.1em]pt2.south) -- ([xshift=1em,yshift=-0.7em]pt2.south);
\draw [->,very thick,ublue] ([xshift=0.1em]pt2.south) -- ([xshift=1em,yshift=0.7em]pt2.south);
\draw [->,very thick,ublue] ([xshift=0.1em]h2.east) -- ([xshift=1em,yshift=0.7em]h2.east);
\draw [->,very thick,ublue] ([xshift=0.1em]h2.east) -- ([xshift=1em,yshift=-0.7em]h2.east);
\draw [->,very thick,ublue] ([xshift=0.1em]pt6.south) -- ([xshift=1em,yshift=-0.7em]pt6.south);
\draw [->,very thick,ublue] ([xshift=0.1em]pt6.south) -- ([xshift=1em,yshift=0.7em]pt6.south);
\draw [->,very thick,ublue] ([xshift=0.1em]h1.east) -- ([xshift=1em,yshift=0.7em]h1.east);
\draw [->,very thick,ublue] ([xshift=0.1em]pt3.south) -- ([xshift=-0.1em]h4.west);
\draw [->,very thick,ublue] ([xshift=0.1em]pt3.south) -- ([xshift=-0.1em]h5.west);
\draw [->,very thick,ublue] ([xshift=0.1em]pt3.south) -- ([xshift=-0.1em]h6.west);
\draw [->,very thick,ublue] ([xshift=0.1em]h3.east) -- ([xshift=-0.1em]h4.west);
\draw [->,very thick,ublue] ([xshift=0.1em]h3.east) -- ([xshift=-0.1em]h5.west);
\draw [->,very thick,ublue] ([xshift=0.1em]h3.east) -- ([xshift=-0.1em]h6.west);
\draw [->,very thick,ublue] ([xshift=0.1em]pt5.south) -- ([xshift=-0.1em]h7.west);
\draw [->,very thick,ublue] ([xshift=0.1em]pt5.south) -- ([xshift=1em,yshift=-0.7em]pt5.south);
\draw [->,very thick,ublue] ([xshift=0.1em]h5.east) -- ([xshift=-0.1em]h7.west);
\draw [->,very thick,ublue] ([xshift=0.1em]h5.east) -- ([xshift=1em,yshift=-0.7em]h5.east);
\draw [->,very thick,ublue] ([xshift=0.1em]pt4.south) -- ([xshift=-0.1em]h8.west);
\draw [->,very thick,ublue] ([xshift=0.1em]pt4.south) -- ([xshift=1em,yshift=-0.7em]pt4.south);
\draw [->,very thick,ublue] ([xshift=0.1em]h4.east) -- ([xshift=-0.1em]h8.west);
\draw [->,very thick,ublue] ([xshift=0.1em]h4.east) -- ([xshift=1em,yshift=-0.7em]h4.east);
}
{
\draw [->,ultra thick,red,line width=2pt,opacity=0.7] ([xshift=-0.5em,yshift=-0.5em]h0.west) -- ([xshift=0.7em,yshift=-0.5em]h0.east) -- ([xshift=-0.2em,yshift=-0.5em]h3.west) -- ([xshift=0.8em,yshift=-0.5em]h3.east) -- ([xshift=-0.2em,yshift=-0.5em]h5.west) -- ([xshift=0.8em,yshift=-0.5em]h5.east) -- ([xshift=-0.2em,yshift=-0.5em]h7.west) -- ([xshift=1.5em,yshift=-0.5em]h7.east);
\node [anchor=north west] (wtranslabel) at ([yshift=-3em]h0.south west) {\small{翻译路径：}};
\draw [->,ultra thick,red,line width=2pt,opacity=0.7] ([xshift=-0.5em,yshift=-0.6em]h0.west) -- ([xshift=0.0em,yshift=-0.6em]h0.east) -- ([xshift=-0.2em,yshift=-0.6em]h3.west) -- ([xshift=0.0em,yshift=-0.6em]h3.east) -- ([xshift=-0.2em,yshift=-0.6em]h5.west) -- ([xshift=0.0em,yshift=-0.6em]h5.east) -- ([xshift=-0.2em,yshift=-0.6em]h7.west) -- ([xshift=1.5em,yshift=-0.6em]h7.east);
\node [anchor=north west] (wtranslabel) at ([yshift=-4.3em]h0.south west) {\small{翻译路径：}};
\draw [->,ultra thick,red,line width=1.5pt,opacity=0.7] (wtranslabel.east) -- ([xshift=1.5em]wtranslabel.east);
}
\end{scope}
......
Chapter7/Figures/figure-word-translation-regard-as-path.tex
......@@ -20,15 +20,15 @@
{\small
\node [anchor=north,inner sep=2pt,fill=red!20,minimum height=1.5em,minimum width=2.5em] (t11) at ([yshift=-1em]s1.south) {I};
\node [anchor=north,inner sep=2pt,fill=red!20,minimum height=1.5em,minimum width=2.5em] (t12) at ([yshift=-0.2em]t11.south) {me};
\node [anchor=north,inner sep=2pt,fill=red!20,minimum height=1.5em,minimum width=2.5em] (t13) at ([yshift=-0.2em]t12.south) {I'm};
\node [anchor=north,inner sep=2pt,fill=red!20,minimum height=1.5em,minimum width=2.5em] (t12) at ([yshift=-0.8em]t11.south) {me};
\node [anchor=north,inner sep=2pt,fill=red!20,minimum height=1.5em,minimum width=2.5em] (t13) at ([yshift=-0.8em]t12.south) {I'm};
\node [anchor=north west,inner sep=1pt,fill=black] (tl11) at (t11.north west) {\tiny{{\color{white} \textbf{1}}}};
\node [anchor=north west,inner sep=1pt,fill=black] (tl12) at (t12.north west) {\tiny{{\color{white} \textbf{1}}}};
\node [anchor=north west,inner sep=1pt,fill=black] (tl13) at (t13.north west) {\tiny{{\color{white} \textbf{1}}}};
\node [anchor=north,inner sep=2pt,fill=green!20,minimum height=1.5em,minimum width=2.5em] (t21) at ([yshift=-1em]s2.south) {to};
\node [anchor=north,inner sep=2pt,fill=green!20,minimum height=1.5em,minimum width=2.5em] (t22) at ([yshift=-0.2em]t21.south) {with};
\node [anchor=north,inner sep=2pt,fill=green!20,minimum height=1.5em,minimum width=2.5em] (t23) at ([yshift=-0.2em]t22.south) {for};
\node [anchor=north,inner sep=2pt,fill=green!20,minimum height=1.5em,minimum width=2.5em] (t22) at ([yshift=-0.8em]t21.south) {with};
\node [anchor=north,inner sep=2pt,fill=green!20,minimum height=1.5em,minimum width=2.5em] (t23) at ([yshift=-0.8em]t22.south) {for};
\node [anchor=north west,inner sep=1pt,fill=black] (tl21) at (t21.north west) {\tiny{{\color{white} \textbf{2}}}};
\node [anchor=north west,inner sep=1pt,fill=black] (tl22) at (t22.north west) {\tiny{{\color{white} \textbf{2}}}};
\node [anchor=north west,inner sep=1pt,fill=black] (tl23) at (t23.north west) {\tiny{{\color{white} \textbf{2}}}};
......@@ -37,13 +37,13 @@
\node [anchor=north west,inner sep=1pt,fill=black] (tl31) at (t31.north west) {\tiny{{\color{white} \textbf{3}}}};
\node [anchor=north,inner sep=2pt,fill=orange!20,minimum height=1.5em,minimum width=3em] (t41) at ([yshift=-1em]s4.south) {$\phi$};
\node [anchor=north,inner sep=2pt,fill=orange!20,minimum height=1.5em,minimum width=3em] (t42) at ([yshift=-0.2em]t41.south) {show};
\node [anchor=north,inner sep=2pt,fill=orange!20,minimum height=1.5em,minimum width=3em] (t42) at ([yshift=-0.8em]t41.south) {show};
\node [anchor=north west,inner sep=1pt,fill=black] (tl41) at (t41.north west) {\tiny{{\color{white} \textbf{4}}}};
\node [anchor=north west,inner sep=1pt,fill=black] (tl42) at (t42.north west) {\tiny{{\color{white} \textbf{4}}}};
\node [anchor=north,inner sep=2pt,fill=purple!20,minimum height=1.5em,minimum width=4.5em] (t51) at ([yshift=-1em]s5.south) {satisfy};
\node [anchor=north,inner sep=2pt,fill=purple!20,minimum height=1.5em,minimum width=4.5em] (t52) at ([yshift=-0.2em]t51.south) {satisfied};
\node [anchor=north,inner sep=2pt,fill=purple!20,minimum height=1.5em,minimum width=4.5em] (t53) at ([yshift=-0.2em]t52.south) {satisfies};
\node [anchor=north,inner sep=2pt,fill=purple!20,minimum height=1.5em,minimum width=4.5em] (t52) at ([yshift=-0.8em]t51.south) {satisfied};
\node [anchor=north,inner sep=2pt,fill=purple!20,minimum height=1.5em,minimum width=4.5em] (t53) at ([yshift=-0.8em]t52.south) {satisfies};
\node [anchor=north west,inner sep=1pt,fill=black] (tl51) at (t51.north west) {\tiny{{\color{white} \textbf{5}}}};
\node [anchor=north west,inner sep=1pt,fill=black] (tl52) at (t52.north west) {\tiny{{\color{white} \textbf{5}}}};
\node [anchor=north west,inner sep=1pt,fill=black] (tl53) at (t53.north west) {\tiny{{\color{white} \textbf{5}}}};
......@@ -52,22 +52,22 @@
{\tiny
\node [anchor=north,rotate=90,inner sep=1pt,minimum width=2.55em,fill=black] (pt11) at (t11.east) {{\color{white} \textbf{$\funp{P}$=.4}}};
\node [anchor=north,rotate=90,inner sep=1pt,minimum width=2.55em,fill=black] (pt12) at (t12.east) {{\color{white} \textbf{$\funp{P}$=.2}}};
\node [anchor=north,rotate=90,inner sep=1pt,minimum width=2.55em,fill=black] (pt13) at (t13.east) {{\color{white} \textbf{$\funp{P}$=.4}}};
\node [anchor=north,inner sep=1pt,minimum width=4.2em,fill=black] (pt11) at (t11.south) {{\color{white} \textbf{$\funp{P}$=0.4}}};
\node [anchor=north,inner sep=1pt,minimum width=4.2em,fill=black] (pt12) at (t12.south) {{\color{white} \textbf{$\funp{P}$=0.2}}};
\node [anchor=north,inner sep=1pt,minimum width=4.2em,fill=black] (pt13) at (t13.south) {{\color{white} \textbf{$\funp{P}$=0.4}}};
\node [anchor=north,rotate=90,inner sep=1pt,minimum width=2.55em,fill=black] (pt21) at (t21.east) {{\color{white} \textbf{$\funp{P}$=.4}}};
\node [anchor=north,rotate=90,inner sep=1pt,minimum width=2.55em,fill=black] (pt22) at (t22.east) {{\color{white} \textbf{$\funp{P}$=.3}}};
\node [anchor=north,rotate=90,inner sep=1pt,minimum width=2.55em,fill=black] (pt23) at (t23.east) {{\color{white} \textbf{$\funp{P}$=.3}}};
\node [anchor=north,inner sep=1pt,minimum width=4.2em,fill=black] (pt21) at (t21.south) {{\color{white} \textbf{$\funp{P}$=0.4}}};
\node [anchor=north,inner sep=1pt,minimum width=4.2em,fill=black] (pt22) at (t22.south) {{\color{white} \textbf{$\funp{P}$=0.3}}};
\node [anchor=north,inner sep=1pt,minimum width=4.2em,fill=black] (pt23) at (t23.south) {{\color{white} \textbf{$\funp{P}$=0.3}}};
\node [anchor=north,rotate=90,inner sep=1pt,minimum width=2.55em,fill=black] (pt31) at (t31.east) {{\color{white} \textbf{$\funp{P}$=1}}};
\node [anchor=north,inner sep=1pt,minimum width=4.2em,fill=black] (pt31) at (t31.south) {{\color{white} \textbf{$\funp{P}$=1}}};
\node [anchor=north,rotate=90,inner sep=1pt,minimum width=2.55em,fill=black] (pt41) at (t41.east) {{\color{white} \textbf{$\funp{P}$=.5}}};
\node [anchor=north,rotate=90,inner sep=1pt,minimum width=2.55em,fill=black] (pt42) at (t42.east) {{\color{white} \textbf{$\funp{P}$=.5}}};
\node [anchor=north,inner sep=1pt,minimum width=5em,fill=black] (pt41) at (t41.south) {{\color{white} \textbf{$\funp{P}$=0.5}}};
\node [anchor=north,inner sep=1pt,minimum width=5em,fill=black] (pt42) at (t42.south) {{\color{white} \textbf{$\funp{P}$=0.5}}};
\node [anchor=north,rotate=90,inner sep=1pt,minimum width=2.55em,fill=black] (pt51) at (t51.east) {{\color{white} \textbf{$\funp{P}$=.5}}};
\node [anchor=north,rotate=90,inner sep=1pt,minimum width=2.55em,fill=black] (pt52) at (t52.east) {{\color{white} \textbf{$\funp{P}$=.4}}};
\node [anchor=north,rotate=90,inner sep=1pt,minimum width=2.55em,fill=black] (pt53) at (t53.east) {{\color{white} \textbf{$\funp{P}$=.1}}};
\node [anchor=north,inner sep=1pt,minimum width=7.5em,fill=black] (pt51) at (t51.south) {{\color{white} \textbf{$\funp{P}$=0.5}}};
\node [anchor=north,inner sep=1pt,minimum width=7.5em,fill=black] (pt52) at (t52.south) {{\color{white} \textbf{$\funp{P}$=0.4}}};
\node [anchor=north,inner sep=1pt,minimum width=7.5em,fill=black] (pt53) at (t53.south) {{\color{white} \textbf{$\funp{P}$=0.1}}};
}
......
Chapter7/chapter7.tex
......@@ -206,7 +206,7 @@ p_4 &=& \text{问题}\nonumber
\parinterval 图\ref{fig:7-10}给出了一个由三个双语短语$\{(\bar{s}_{\bar{a}_1},\bar{t}_1),(\bar{s}_{\bar{a}_2},\bar{t}_2),(\bar{s}_{\bar{a}_3},\bar{t}_3)\}$ 构成的汉英互译句对，其中短语对齐信息为$\bar{a}_1 = 1$，$\bar{a}_2 = 2$，$\bar{a}_3 = 3$。这里，可以把这三个短语对的组合看作是翻译推导，形式化表示为如下公式：
\begin{eqnarray}
d = {(\bar{s}_{\bar{a}_1},\bar{t}_1)} \circ {(\bar{s}_{\bar{a}_2},\bar{t}_2)} \circ {(\bar{s}_{\bar{a}_3},\bar{t}_3)}
d & = & {(\bar{s}_{\bar{a}_1},\bar{t}_1)} \circ {(\bar{s}_{\bar{a}_2},\bar{t}_2)} \circ {(\bar{s}_{\bar{a}_3},\bar{t}_3)}
\label{eq:7-1}
\end{eqnarray}
......@@ -245,7 +245,7 @@ d = {(\bar{s}_{\bar{a}_1},\bar{t}_1)} \circ {(\bar{s}_{\bar{a}_2},\bar{t}_2)} \c
\parinterval 对于统计机器翻译，其目的是找到输入句子的可能性最大的译文：
\begin{eqnarray}
\hat{\seq{t}} = \argmax_{\seq{t}} \funp{P}(\seq{t}|\seq{s})
\hat{\seq{t}} & = & \argmax_{\seq{t}} \funp{P}(\seq{t}|\seq{s})
\label{eq:7-2}
\end{eqnarray}
......@@ -261,7 +261,7 @@ d = {(\bar{s}_{\bar{a}_1},\bar{t}_1)} \circ {(\bar{s}_{\bar{a}_2},\bar{t}_2)} \c
\parinterval 基于短语的翻译模型假设$\seq{s}$到$\seq{t}$的翻译可以用翻译推导进行描述，这些翻译推导都是由双语短语组成。于是，两个句子之间的映射就可以被看作是一个个短语的映射。显然短语翻译的建模要比整个句子翻译的建模简单得多。从模型上看，可以把翻译推导$d$当作是从$\seq{s}$到$\seq{t}$翻译的一种隐含结构。这种结构定义了对问题的一种描述，即翻译由一系列短语组成。根据这个假设，可以把句子的翻译概率定义为：
\begin{eqnarray}
\funp{P}(\seq{t}|\seq{s}) = \sum_{d} \funp{P}(d,\seq{t}|\seq{s})
\funp{P}(\seq{t}|\seq{s}) & = & \sum_{d} \funp{P}(d,\seq{t}|\seq{s})
\label{eq:7-3}
\end{eqnarray}
......@@ -282,25 +282,25 @@ d = {(\bar{s}_{\bar{a}_1},\bar{t}_1)} \circ {(\bar{s}_{\bar{a}_2},\bar{t}_2)} \c
\parinterval 另一种常用的方法是直接用$\funp{P}(d,\seq{t}|\seq{s})$的最大值代表整个翻译推导的概率和。这种方法假设翻译概率是非常尖锐的，“最好”的推导会占有概率的主要部分。它被形式化为：
\begin{eqnarray}
\funp{P}(\seq{t}|\seq{s}) \approx \max \funp{P}(d,\seq{t}|\seq{s})
\funp{P}(\seq{t}|\seq{s}) & \approx & \max \funp{P}(d,\seq{t}|\seq{s})
\label{eq:7-6}
\end{eqnarray}
\parinterval 于是，翻译的目标可以被重新定义：
\begin{eqnarray}
\hat{\seq{t}} = \arg\max_{\seq{t}} (\max \funp{P}(d,\seq{t}|\seq{s}))
\hat{\seq{t}} & = & \arg\max_{\seq{t}} (\max \funp{P}(d,\seq{t}|\seq{s}))
\label{eq:7-7}
\end{eqnarray}
\parinterval 值得注意的是，翻译推导中蕴含着译文的信息，因此每个翻译推导都与一个译文对应。因此可以把公式\eqref{eq:7-7}所描述的问题重新定义为：
\begin{eqnarray}
\hat{d} = \arg\max_{d} \funp{P}(d,\seq{t}|\seq{s})
\hat{d} & = & \arg\max_{d} \funp{P}(d,\seq{t}|\seq{s})
\label{eq:7-8}
\end{eqnarray}
\parinterval 也就是，给定一个输入句子$\seq{s}$，找到从它出发的最优翻译推导$\hat{d}$，把这个翻译推导所对应的目标语词串看作最优的译文。假设函数$t(\cdot)$可以返回一个推导的目标语词串，则最优译文也可以被看作是：
\begin{eqnarray}
\hat{\seq{t}} = t(\hat{d})
\hat{\seq{t}} & = & t(\hat{d})
\label{eq:7-9}
\end{eqnarray}
......@@ -474,7 +474,7 @@ d = {(\bar{s}_{\bar{a}_1},\bar{t}_1)} \circ {(\bar{s}_{\bar{a}_2},\bar{t}_2)} \c
\parinterval 抽取双语短语之后，需要对每个双语短语的质量进行评价。这样，在使用这些双语短语时，可以更有效地估计整个句子翻译的好坏。在统计机器翻译中，一般用双语短语出现的可能性大小来度量双语短语的好坏。这里，使用相对频次估计对短语的翻译条件概率进行计算，公式如下：
\begin{eqnarray}
\funp{P}(\bar{t}|\bar{s}) = \frac{c(\bar{s},\bar{t})}{c(\bar{s})}
\funp{P}(\bar{t}|\bar{s}) & = & \frac{c(\bar{s},\bar{t})}{c(\bar{s})}
\label{eq:7-13}
\end{eqnarray}
......@@ -482,7 +482,7 @@ d = {(\bar{s}_{\bar{a}_1},\bar{t}_1)} \circ {(\bar{s}_{\bar{a}_2},\bar{t}_2)} \c
\parinterval 当遇到低频短语时，短语翻译概率的估计可能会不准确。例如，短语$\bar{s}$和$\bar{t}$在语料中只出现了一次，且在一个句子中共现，那么$\bar{s}$到$\bar{t}$的翻译概率为$\funp{P}(\bar{t}|\bar{s})=1$，这显然是不合理的，因为$\bar{s}$和$\bar{t}$的出现完全可能是偶然事件。既然直接度量双语短语的好坏会面临数据稀疏问题，一个自然的想法就是把短语拆解成单词，利用双语短语中单词翻译的好坏间接度量双语短语的好坏。为了达到这个目的，可以使用{\small\bfnew{词汇化翻译概率}}\index{词汇化翻译概率}（Lexical Translation Probability）\index{Lexical Translation Probability}。前面借助词对齐信息完成了双语短语的抽取，因此，词对齐信息本身就包含了短语内部单词之间的对应关系。因此同样可以借助词对齐来计算词汇翻译概率，公式如下：
\begin{eqnarray}
\funp{P}_{\textrm{lex}}(\bar{t}|\bar{s}) = \prod_{j=1}^{|\bar{s}|} \frac{1}{|\{j|a(j,i) = 1\}|} \sum_{\forall(j,i):a(j,i) = 1} \sigma (t_i|s_j)
\funp{P}_{\textrm{lex}}(\bar{t}|\bar{s}) & = & \prod_{j=1}^{|\bar{s}|} \frac{1}{|\{j|a(j,i) = 1\}|} \sum_{\forall(j,i):a(j,i) = 1} \sigma (t_i|s_j)
\label{eq:7-14}
\end{eqnarray}
......@@ -541,7 +541,7 @@ d = {(\bar{s}_{\bar{a}_1},\bar{t}_1)} \circ {(\bar{s}_{\bar{a}_2},\bar{t}_2)} \c
\parinterval 基于距离的调序方法的核心思想就是度量当前翻译结果与顺序翻译之间的差距。对于译文中的第$i$个短语，令$\rm{start}_i$表示它所对应的源语言短语中第一个词所在的位置，$\rm{end}_i$表示它所对应的源语言短语中最后一个词所在的位置。于是，这个短语（相对于前一个短语）的调序距离为：
\begin{eqnarray}
dr = {\rm{start}}_i-{\rm{end}}_{i-1}-1
dr & = & {\rm{start}}_i-{\rm{end}}_{i-1}-1
\label{eq:7-15}
\end{eqnarray}
......@@ -579,7 +579,7 @@ dr = {\rm{start}}_i-{\rm{end}}_{i-1}-1
\parinterval 对于每种调序类型，都可以定义一个调序概率，如下：
\begin{eqnarray}
\funp{P}(\seq{o}|\seq{s},\seq{t},\seq{a}) = \prod_{i=1}^{K} \funp{P}(o_i| \bar{s}_{a_i}, \bar{t}_i, a_{i-1}, a_i)
\funp{P}(\seq{o}|\seq{s},\seq{t},\seq{a}) & = & \prod_{i=1}^{K} \funp{P}(o_i| \bar{s}_{a_i}, \bar{t}_i, a_{i-1}, a_i)
\label{eq:7-16}
\end{eqnarray}
......@@ -654,13 +654,13 @@ dr = {\rm{start}}_i-{\rm{end}}_{i-1}-1
\parinterval 这里介绍一种更加高效的特征权重调优方法$\ \dash \ ${\small\bfnew{最小错误率训练}}\index{最小错误率训练}（Minimum Error Rate Training\index{Minimum Error Rate Training}，MERT）。最小错误率训练是统计机器翻译发展中代表性工作，也是机器翻译领域原创的重要技术方法之一\upcite{DBLP:conf/acl/Och03}。最小错误率训练假设：翻译结果相对于标准答案的错误是可度量的，进而可以通过降低错误数量的方式来找到最优的特征权重。假设有样本集合$S = \{(s_1,\seq{r}_1),...,(s_N,\seq{r}_N)\}$，$s_i$为样本中第$i$个源语言句子，$\seq{r}_i$为相应的参考译文。注意，$\seq{r}_i$ 可以包含多个参考译文。$S$通常被称为{\small\bfnew{调优集合}}\index{调优集合}（Tuning Set）\index{Tuning Set}。对于$S$中的每个源语句子$s_i$，机器翻译模型会解码出$n$-best推导$\hat{\seq{d}}_{i} = \{\hat{d}_{ij}\}$，其中$\hat{d}_{ij}$表示对于源语言句子$s_i$得到的第$j$个最好的推导。$\{\hat{d}_{ij}\}$可以被定义如下：
\begin{eqnarray}
\{\hat{d}_{ij}\} = \arg\max_{\{d_{ij}\}} \sum_{i=1}^{M} \lambda_i \cdot h_i (d,\seq{t},\seq{s})
\{\hat{d}_{ij}\} & = & \arg\max_{\{d_{ij}\}} \sum_{i=1}^{M} \lambda_i \cdot h_i (d,\seq{t},\seq{s})
\label{eq:7-17}
\end{eqnarray}
\parinterval 对于每个样本都可以得到$n$-best推导集合，整个数据集上的推导集合被记为$\hat{\seq{D}} = \{\hat{\seq{d}}_{1},...,\hat{\seq{d}}_{s}\}$。进一步，令所有样本的参考译文集合为$\seq{R} = \{\seq{r}_1,...,\seq{r}_N\}$。最小错误率训练的目标就是降低$\hat{\seq{D}}$相对于$\seq{R}$的错误。也就是，通过调整不同特征的权重$\lambda = \{ \lambda_i \}$，让错误率最小，形式化描述为：
\begin{eqnarray}
\hat{\lambda} = \arg\min_{\lambda} \textrm{Error}(\hat{\seq{D}},\seq{R})
\hat{\lambda} & = & \arg\min_{\lambda} \textrm{Error}(\hat{\seq{D}},\seq{R})
\label{eq:7-18}
\end{eqnarray}
%公式--------------------------------------------------------------------
......
Chapter8/Figures/figure-different-representations-of-syntax-tree.tex
......@@ -16,6 +16,6 @@
\node [anchor=north west] (cap1) at (-1.5em,-1in) {{(a) 树状表示}};
\node [anchor=west] (cap2) at ([xshift=0.5in]cap1.east) {{(b) 序列表示（缩进）}};
\node [anchor=west] (cap3) at ([xshift=0.5in]cap2.east) {{(c) 序列表示}};
\node [anchor=west] (cap3) at ([xshift=0.3in]cap2.east) {{(c) 序列表示}};
}
\end{tikzpicture}
\ No newline at end of file
Chapter8/Figures/figure-example-of-cky-algorithm-execution.tex
......@@ -35,7 +35,7 @@
\node [anchor=north] (l3) at ([yshift=-1em]cell53.south) {\tiny{$l$=3}};
\node [anchor=north] (l4) at ([yshift=-1em]cell54.south) {\tiny{$l$=4}};
\node [anchor=north] (l5) at ([yshift=-1em]cell55.south) {\tiny{$l$=5}};
\node [anchor=north] (caption1) at ([xshift=0.0em,yshift=0.0em]l5.south) {(a)};
\node [anchor=north] (caption1) at ([xshift=0.0em,yshift=0.0em]l5.south) {\small{(a)}};
\node [anchor=center] (y1) at ([xshift=-2.1em,yshift=2em]cell11.center) {\tiny{\blue 0}};
\node [anchor=center] (y2) at ([xshift=-2.1em,yshift=2em]cell21.center) {\tiny{\blue 1}};
......@@ -88,7 +88,7 @@
\node [anchor=north] (l3) at ([yshift=-1em]cell53.south) {\tiny{$l$=3}};
\node [anchor=north] (l4) at ([yshift=-1em]cell54.south) {\tiny{$l$=4}};
\node [anchor=north] (l5) at ([yshift=-1em]cell55.south) {\tiny{$l$=5}};
\node [anchor=north] (caption2) at ([xshift=0.0em,yshift=0.0em]l5.south) {(b)};
\node [anchor=north] (caption2) at ([xshift=0.0em,yshift=0.0em]l5.south) {\small{(b)}};
\node [anchor=center] (y1) at ([xshift=-2.1em,yshift=2em]cell11.center) {\tiny{\blue 0}};
\node [anchor=center] (y2) at ([xshift=-2.1em,yshift=2em]cell21.center) {\tiny{\blue 1}};
......@@ -170,7 +170,7 @@
\node [anchor=north] (l3) at ([yshift=-1em]cell53.south) {\tiny{$l$=3}};
\node [anchor=north] (l4) at ([yshift=-1em]cell54.south) {\tiny{$l$=4}};
\node [anchor=north] (l5) at ([yshift=-1em]cell55.south) {\tiny{$l$=5}};
\node [anchor=north] (caption3) at ([xshift=0.0em,yshift=0.0em]l5.south) {(c)};
\node [anchor=north] (caption3) at ([xshift=0.0em,yshift=0.0em]l5.south) {\small{(c)}};
\node [anchor=center] (y1) at ([xshift=-2.1em,yshift=2em]cell11.center) {\tiny{\blue 0}};
\node [anchor=center] (y2) at ([xshift=-2.1em,yshift=2em]cell21.center) {\tiny{\blue 1}};
......@@ -267,7 +267,7 @@
\node [anchor=north] (l3) at ([yshift=-1em]cell53.south) {\tiny{$l$=3}};
\node [anchor=north] (l4) at ([yshift=-1em]cell54.south) {\tiny{$l$=4}};
\node [anchor=north] (l5) at ([yshift=-1em]cell55.south) {\tiny{$l$=5}};
\node [anchor=north] (caption4) at ([xshift=0.0em,yshift=0.0em]l5.south) {(d)};
\node [anchor=north] (caption4) at ([xshift=0.0em,yshift=0.0em]l5.south) {\small{(d)}};
\node [anchor=center] (y1) at ([xshift=-2.1em,yshift=2em]cell11.center) {\tiny{\blue 0}};
\node [anchor=center] (y2) at ([xshift=-2.1em,yshift=2em]cell21.center) {\tiny{\blue 1}};
......
Chapter8/Figures/figure-execution-of-cube-pruning.tex
......@@ -40,7 +40,7 @@
\draw [->,thick] ([xshift=-1.0em,yshift=1.0em]alig1.north west)--([xshift=-1.0em,yshift=-0.7em]alig4.south west);
\draw [->,thick] ([xshift=-1.0em,yshift=1.0em]alig1.north west)--([xshift=0.8em,yshift=1.0em]alig13.north east);
\node[anchor=north] (l) at ([xshift=0em,yshift=-1.5em]alig4.south) {\scriptsize{(a)}};
\node[anchor=north] (l) at ([xshift=0em,yshift=-1.5em]alig4.south) {\small{(a)}};
\end{scope}
%图2
......@@ -87,7 +87,7 @@
\draw [->,thick] ([xshift=-1.0em,yshift=1.0em]alig1.north west)--([xshift=-1.0em,yshift=-0.7em]alig4.south west);
\draw [->,thick] ([xshift=-1.0em,yshift=1.0em]alig1.north west)--([xshift=0.8em,yshift=1.0em]alig13.north east);
\node[anchor=north] (l) at ([xshift=0em,yshift=-1.5em]alig4.south) {\scriptsize{(b)}};
\node[anchor=north] (l) at ([xshift=0em,yshift=-1.5em]alig4.south) {\small{(b)}};
\end{scope}
%图3
......@@ -137,7 +137,7 @@
\draw [->,thick] ([xshift=-1.0em,yshift=1.0em]alig1.north west)--([xshift=-1.0em,yshift=-0.7em]alig4.south west);
\draw [->,thick] ([xshift=-1.0em,yshift=1.0em]alig1.north west)--([xshift=0.8em,yshift=1.0em]alig13.north east);
\node[anchor=north] (l) at ([xshift=0em,yshift=-1.5em]alig4.south) {\scriptsize{(c)}};
\node[anchor=north] (l) at ([xshift=0em,yshift=-1.5em]alig4.south) {\small{(c)}};
\end{scope}
......@@ -194,7 +194,7 @@
\draw [->,thick] ([xshift=-1.0em,yshift=1.0em]alig1.north west)--([xshift=-1.0em,yshift=-0.7em]alig4.south west);
\draw [->,thick] ([xshift=-1.0em,yshift=1.0em]alig1.north west)--([xshift=0.8em,yshift=1.0em]alig13.north east);
\node[anchor=north] (l) at ([xshift=0em,yshift=-1.5em]alig4.south) {\scriptsize{(d)}};
\node[anchor=north] (l) at ([xshift=0em,yshift=-1.5em]alig4.south) {\small{(d)}};
\end{scope}
......
Chapter8/Figures/figure-structure-of-chart.tex
......@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@
\begin{tikzpicture}
\begin{scope}
\node [anchor=south west,draw,fill=ugreen!20,minimum width=2.8em,minimum height=2.8em,inner sep=1pt] (cell11) at (0,0) {\scriptsize{cell[1,2]}};
\node [anchor=south west,draw,fill=green!20,minimum width=2.8em,minimum height=2.8em,inner sep=1pt] (cell11) at (0,0) {\scriptsize{cell[1,2]}};
\node [anchor=south west,draw,fill=red!20,minimum width=2.8em,minimum height=2.8em,inner sep=1pt] (cell12) at (cell11.south east) {\scriptsize{cell[0,2]}};
\node [anchor=south west,draw,fill=orange!30,minimum width=2.8em,minimum height=2.8em,inner sep=1pt] (cell21) at (cell11.north west) {\scriptsize{cell[0,1]}};
\node [anchor=south west,draw,fill=gray!20,minimum width=2.8em,minimum height=2.8em,inner sep=1pt] (cell22) at (cell21.south east) {\scriptsize{N/A}};
......@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@
\draw [->,thick] ([xshift=-1em,yshift=1em]cell21.north west)--([xshift=1em,yshift=1em]cell22.north east);
\node [anchor=north west,fill=orange!30,draw,drop shadow,align=left,minimum width=4em] (cell11label) at ([xshift=4em,yshift=1em]cell22.north east) {\footnotesize{VV[0,1]}};
\node [anchor=north west,fill=ugreen!20,draw,drop shadow,align=left,minimum width=4em] (cell12label) at ([yshift=-1em]cell11label.south west) {\footnotesize{NN[1,2]}\\\footnotesize{NP[1,2]}};
\node [anchor=north west,fill=green!20,draw,drop shadow,align=left,minimum width=4em] (cell12label) at ([yshift=-1em]cell11label.south west) {\footnotesize{NN[1,2]}\\\footnotesize{NP[1,2]}};
\node [anchor=north west,fill=red!20,draw,drop shadow,align=left,minimum width=4em] (cell21label) at ([yshift=-1em]cell12label.south west) {\footnotesize{VP[0,2]}\\\footnotesize{NP[0,2]}};
\draw [->,very thick,dotted] ([yshift=0.3em]cell11label.west) .. controls +(west:2em) and +(north:1.5em) .. ([xshift=1em,yshift=-0.5em]cell21.north);
......
Chapter8/chapter8.tex
......@@ -266,7 +266,7 @@ r_4:\quad \funp{X}\ &\to\ &\langle \ \text{了},\quad \textrm{have}\ \rangle \no
\noindent 其中，每使用一次规则就会同步替换源语言和目标语言符号串中的一个非终结符，替换结果用红色表示。通常，可以把上面这个过程称作翻译推导，记为：
\begin{eqnarray}
d = {r_1} \circ {r_2} \circ {r_3} \circ {r_4}
d & = & {r_1} \circ {r_2} \circ {r_3} \circ {r_4}
\label{eq:8-1}
\end{eqnarray}
......@@ -402,19 +402,19 @@ y&=&\beta_0 y_{\pi_1} \beta_1 y_{\pi_2} ... \beta_{m-1} y_{\pi_m} \beta_m
\parinterval 这些特征可以被具体描述为：
\begin{eqnarray}
h_i (d,\seq{t},\seq{s})=\sum_{r \in d}h_i (r)
h_i (d,\seq{t},\seq{s}) & = & \sum_{r \in d}h_i (r)
\label{eq:8-4}
\end{eqnarray}
\parinterval 公式\eqref{eq:8-4}中，$r$表示推导$d$中的一条规则，$h_i (r)$表示规则$r$上的第$i$个特征。可以看出，推导$d$的特征值就是所有包含在$d$中规则的特征值的和。进一步，可以定义
\begin{eqnarray}
\textrm{rscore}(d,\seq{t},\seq{s})=\sum_{i=1}^7 \lambda_i \cdot h_i (d,\seq{t},\seq{s})
\textrm{rscore}(d,\seq{t},\seq{s}) & = & \sum_{i=1}^7 \lambda_i \cdot h_i (d,\seq{t},\seq{s})
\label{eq:8-5}
\end{eqnarray}
\parinterval 最终，模型得分被定义为：
\begin{eqnarray}
\textrm{score}(d,\seq{t},\seq{s})=\textrm{rscore}(d,\seq{t},\seq{s})+ \lambda_8 \textrm{log}⁡(\funp{P}_{\textrm{lm}}(\seq{t}))+\lambda_9 \mid \seq{t} \mid
\textrm{score}(d,\seq{t},\seq{s}) & = & \textrm{rscore}(d,\seq{t},\seq{s})+ \lambda_8 \textrm{log}⁡(\funp{P}_{\textrm{lm}}(\seq{t}))+\lambda_9 \mid \seq{t} \mid
\label{eq:8-6}
\end{eqnarray}
......@@ -438,14 +438,14 @@ h_i (d,\seq{t},\seq{s})=\sum_{r \in d}h_i (r)
\parinterval 层次短语模型解码的目标是找到模型得分最高的推导，即：
\begin{eqnarray}
\hat{d} = \argmax_{d}\ \textrm{score}(d,\seq{t},\seq{s})
\hat{d} & = & \argmax_{d}\ \textrm{score}(d,\seq{t},\seq{s})
\label{eq:8-7}
\end{eqnarray}
\noindent 这里，$\hat{d}$的目标语部分即最佳译文$\hat{\seq{t}}$。令函数$t(\cdot)$返回翻译推导的目标语词串，于是有：
\begin{eqnarray}
\hat{\seq{t}}=t(\hat{d})
\hat{\seq{t}} & = & t(\hat{d})
\label{eq:8-8}
\end{eqnarray}
......@@ -1408,15 +1408,15 @@ r_9: \quad \textrm{IP(}\textrm{NN}_1\ \textrm{VP}_2) \rightarrow \textrm{S(}\tex
\parinterval 从句法分析的角度看，超图最大程度地复用了局部的分析结果，使得分析可以“结构化”。比如，有两个推导：
\begin{eqnarray}
d_1 = {r_1} \circ {r_2} \circ {r_3} \circ {r_4} \label{eqa4.30}\\
d_2 = {r_1} \circ {r_2} \circ {r_3} \circ {r_5}
d_1 & = & {r_1} \circ {r_2} \circ {r_3} \circ {r_4} \label{eqa4.30}\\
d_2 & = & {r_1} \circ {r_2} \circ {r_3} \circ {r_5}
\label{eq:8-10}
\end{eqnarray}
\noindent 其中，$r_1 - r_5$分别表示不同的规则。${r_1} \circ {r_2} \circ {r_3}$是两个推导的公共部分。在超图表示中，${r_1} \circ {r_2} \circ {r_3}$可以对应一个子图，显然这个子图也是一个推导，记为${d'}= {r_1} \circ {r_2} \circ {r_3}$。这样，$d_1$和$d_2$不需要重复记录${r_1} \circ {r_2} \circ {r_3}$，重新写作：
\begin{eqnarray}
d_1 = {d'} \circ {r_4} \label{eqa4.32}\\
d_1 = {d'} \circ {r_5}
d_1 & = & {d'} \circ {r_4} \label{eqa4.32}\\
d_1 & = & {d'} \circ {r_5}
\label{eq:8-12}
\end{eqnarray}
......@@ -1458,7 +1458,7 @@ d_1 = {d'} \circ {r_5}
\parinterval 解码的目标是找到得分score($d$)最高的推导$d$。这个过程通常被描述为：
\begin{eqnarray}
\hat{d} = \argmax_d\ \textrm{score} (d,\seq{s},\seq{t})
\hat{d} & = & \argmax_d\ \textrm{score} (d,\seq{s},\seq{t})
\label{eq:8-13}
\end{eqnarray}
......
mt-book-xelatex.tex
......@@ -147,9 +147,10 @@
%\include{Chapter13/chapter13}
%\include{Chapter14/chapter14}
%\include{Chapter15/chapter15}
\include{Chapter16/chapter16}
%\include{Chapter16/chapter16}
%\include{Chapter17/chapter17}
%\include{Chapter18/chapter18}
\include{Chapter18/chapter18}
\include{Chapter19/chapter19}
%\include{ChapterAppend/chapterappend}
......
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