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Section04-Phrasal-and-Syntactic-Models/section04-test.tex
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\section{基于语言学句法的模型}
%%%------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
%%% 句法树(层次短语)
\begin{frame}{层次短语规则推导的句法树表示}
\begin{itemize}
\item 层次短语规则的使用本质上是对(源语)句子建立树状结构，这反应了文法对于字符串分析得到的推导\\
\vspace{-0.4em}
\begin{displaymath}
\visible<2->{d = r_3}\visible<3->{\circ r_1}\visible<4->{ \circ r_4}\visible<5->{ \circ r_2}\visible<6->{ \circ r_5}\visible<7->{ \circ r_2}\visible<8->{ \circ r_7}\visible<9->{ \circ r_6}\visible<10->{ \circ r_2}
\end{displaymath}
\end{itemize}
\vspace{-1em}
\begin{center}
\begin{tikzpicture}
{\scriptsize
\begin{scope}[sibling distance=0pt, level distance = 27pt]
{\scriptsize
\Tree[.\node(n1){\textbf{S}};
[.\node(n2){\textbf{S}};
[.\node(n3){\textbf{S}};
[.\node(n4){\textbf{S}};
[.\node(n5){\textbf{X}}; \node(cw1){但}; ]
]
[.\node(n6){\textbf{X}}; \node(cw2){美国}; ]
]
[.\node(n7){\textbf{X}};
[. \node(cw3){并没有}; ]
[. \node(cw4){执行}; ]
]
]
[.\node(n8){\textbf{X}};
[. \node(cw5){世贸}; ]
[.\node(n9){\textbf{X}};
[. \node(cw6){组织}; ]
[. \node(cw7){的}; ]
]
[. \node(cw8){裁决}; ]
]
]
\node<10->[circle, inner sep = 0.5pt, fill=blue!90!white, anchor = west] (l1) at ([xshift=-0.3em]n1.north east) {{\color{white} \tiny{$r_2$}}};
\node<7->[circle, inner sep = 0.5pt, fill=blue!90!white, anchor = east] (l2) at ([xshift=0.3em]n2.north west) {{\color{white} \tiny{$r_2$}}};
\node<5->[circle, inner sep = 0.5pt, fill=blue!90!white, anchor = east] (l2) at ([xshift=0.3em]n3.north west) {{\color{white} \tiny{$r_2$}}};
\node<3->[circle, inner sep = 0.5pt, fill=blue!90!white, anchor = east] (l2) at ([xshift=0.3em]n4.north west) {{\color{white} \tiny{$r_1$}}};
\visible<2->{\node[circle, inner sep = 0.5pt, fill=blue!90!white, anchor = east] (l2) at ([xshift=0.3em]n5.north west) {{\color{white} \tiny{$r_3$}}};}
\node<4->[circle, inner sep = 0.5pt, fill=blue!90!white, anchor = west] (l1) at ([xshift=-0.3em]n6.south east) {{\color{white} \tiny{$r_4$}}};
\node<6->[circle, inner sep = 0.5pt, fill=blue!90!white, anchor = west] (l1) at ([xshift=-0.3em]n7.north east) {{\color{white} \tiny{$r_5$}}};
\node<9->[circle, inner sep = 0.5pt, fill=blue!90!white, anchor = west] (l1) at ([xshift=-0.3em]n8.north east) {{\color{white} \tiny{$r_6$}}};
\node<8->[circle, inner sep = 0.5pt, fill=blue!90!white, anchor = west] (l1) at ([xshift=-0.3em]n9.north east) {{\color{white} \tiny{$r_7$}}};
}
\end{scope}
\begin{scope}[xshift = 1.8in, yshift = 0.1in]
\node (rules) {\textbf{层次短语翻译规则:}};
\draw[-] (rules.south west)--([xshift=1.8in]rules.south west);
\node[anchor=north west] (r1) at ([yshift=-0.2em]rules.south west) {$r_1$};
\node[anchor=west] (rc1) at ([xshift=0.0em]r1.east) {$\textrm{S} \; \to \; \langle\ \textrm{X}_1, \; \; \textrm{X}_1\ \rangle$};
\node[anchor=north west] (r2) at ([yshift=-0.4em]r1.south west) {$r_2$};
\node[anchor=west] (rc2) at ([xshift=0em]r2.east) {$\textrm{S} \; \to \; \langle\ \textrm{S}_1 \; \textrm{X}_2, \; \; \textrm{S}_1 \; \textrm{X}_2\ \rangle$};
\node[anchor=north west] (r3) at ([yshift=-0.4em]r2.south west) {$r_3$};
\node[anchor=west] (rc3) at ([xshift=0em]r3.east) {$\textrm{X} \; \to \; \langle\ \text{但}, \; \; \text{but}\ \rangle$};
\node[anchor=north west] (r4) at ([yshift=-0.4em]r3.south west) {$r_4$};
\node[anchor=west] (rc4) at ([xshift=0em]r4.east) {$\textrm{X} \; \to \; \langle\ \text{美国}, \; \; \text{the U.S.}\ \rangle$};
\node[anchor=north west] (r5) at ([yshift=-0.4em]r4.south west) {$r_5$};
\node[anchor=west] (rc5) at ([xshift=0em]r5.east) {$\textrm{X} \; \to \; \langle\ \text{并没有} \; \text{执行}, \; \; \text{}$};
\node[anchor=north west] (r52) at ([yshift=-0.4em]r5.south west) {{\color{white} $r_5$}};
\node[anchor=west] (rc52) at ([xshift=2.9em]r52.east) {$\text{has not implemented}\ \rangle$};
\node[anchor=north west] (r6) at ([yshift=-0.4em]r52.south west) {$r_6$};
\node[anchor=west] (rc6) at ([xshift=0em]r6.east) {$\textrm{X} \; \to \; \langle\ \text{世贸} \; \textrm{X}_1 \; \text{裁决}, $};
\node[anchor=north west] (r61) at ([yshift=-0.4em]r6.south west) {{\color{white} $r_6$}};
\node[anchor=west] (rc61) at ([xshift=2.9em]r61.east) {$\text{the decision} \; \textrm{X}_1 \; \text{the WTO}\ \rangle$};
\node[anchor=north west] (r7) at ([yshift=-0.4em]r61.south west) {$r_7$};
\node[anchor=west] (rc7) at ([xshift=0em]r7.east) {$\textrm{X} \; \to \; \langle\ \text{组织 的}, \; \; \text{of}\ \rangle$};
\end{scope}
}
\end{tikzpicture}
\end{center}
\end{frame}
%%%------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
%%% 句法树(语言学)
\begin{frame}{语言学句法树}
\begin{itemize}
\item x
\end{itemize}
\begin{center}
\begin{tikzpicture}
\begin{scope}[xshift = -0.3in, sibling distance=18pt, level distance = 27pt]
\Tree[.IP
[.ADVP
[.AD \node(cw1){但}; ]
]
[.NP
[.NR \node(cw2){美国}; ]
]
[.VP
[.ADVP
[.AD \node(cw3){并没有}; ]
]
[.VP
[.VP
[.VV \node(cw4){执行}; ]
]
[.NP
[.NP
[.NN \node(cw5){世贸}; ]
[.NN \node(cw6){组织}; ]
]
[.DEC \node(cw7){的}; ]
[.NP
[.NN \node(cw8){裁决}; ]
]
]
]
]
]
\node (labela) at (1in,-2.5in) {(a) The CTB-style parse tree of the input sentence};
\end{scope}
\end{tikzpicture}
\end{center}
\end{frame}
%%%------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
%%% 使用句法信息的一些思考
\begin{frame}{使用句法信息的一些思考}
\begin{itemize}
\item \textbf{句法树形式选择} - 句法的表示形式有很多，侧重点也不同，机器翻译需要何种句法信息？
\item \textbf{如何获取句法知识} - 句法信息由谁提供？
\begin{itemize}
\item 自动句法分析器可以提供句法信息，分析器可以从树库中自动学习(回忆第二章)，因此得到的句法分析结果和树库标注是一致的
\item 不使用句法分析器，而是让机器翻译自动学习适合翻译任务的句法结构
\end{itemize}
\end{itemize}
\end{frame}
%%%------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
%%% 在MT中使用句法带来的好处
\begin{frame}{使用句法的好处}
\begin{itemize}
\item 这里我们假设：
\begin{itemize}
\item 使用短语结构树表示句法信息
\item 句法树由句法分析器自动生成
\end{itemize}
\item 短语结构树可以仍容易进行远距离调序的建模，同时丰富的句法功能标记有助于翻译中的消歧和生成
\end{itemize}
\end{frame}
%%%------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
%%% 句法树中的一些基本概念
\begin{frame}{基本概念}
\begin{itemize}
\item 一些基本概念
\end{itemize}
\end{frame}
%%%------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
%%% 句法模型的分类
\begin{frame}{句法模型的分类}
\begin{itemize}
\item 句法模型分类
\item 各种变形
\end{itemize}
\end{frame}
%%%------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
%%% 对比
\begin{frame}{句法模型对比}
\begin{tabular}{l | l | l | l | l}
& 形式句法 & \multicolumn{3}{c}{语言学句法} \\ \cline{3-5}
& & 树到串 & 串到树 & 树到树 \\ \hline
源语句法 & No & Yes & No & Yes \\
目标语句法 & No & No & Yes & Yes \\
基于串的解码 & Yes & No & Yes & Yes \\
基于树的解码 & No & Yes & No & Yes \\
健壮性 & High & Mid & Mid & Low
\end{tabular}
\begin{itemize}
\item 下面，以树到串/串到树为例进行介绍，一些代表性论文\\
\begin{itemize}
\item \textbf{What's in a translation rule?}\\
\textbf{Galley et al., 2004, In Proc. of HLT-NAACL}
\item \textbf{Scalable Inference and Training of Context-Rich Syntactic Translation Models}\\
\textbf{Galley et al., 2006, In Proc. of ACL}
\item \textbf{Tree-to-String Alignment Template for Statistical Machine Translation}\\
\textbf{Liu et al., 2006, In Proc. of ACL}
\end{itemize}
\end{itemize}
\end{frame}
%%%------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
\subsection{基于树结构的文法}
%%%------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
......
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