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update chapter 8

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Chapter8/Figures/figure-an-example-of-phrase-system.tex 0 → 100644
%%%------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
%%% 短语系统的问题 - 一个实例
\begin{center}
\begin{tikzpicture}
\begin{scope}
\node [anchor=east] (shead) at (0,0) {源语:};
\node [anchor=west] (swords) at (shead.east) {澳洲\ \ 是\ \ 与\ \ 北韩\ \ 有\ \ 邦交\ \ 的\ \ 少数\ \ 国家\ \ 之一};
\node [anchor=north east] (thead) at ([yshift=-0.8em]shead.south east) {短语系统:};
\node [anchor=west] (twords) at (thead.east) {Australia is diplomatic relations with North Korea};
\node [anchor=north west] (twords2) at ([yshift=-0.2em]twords.south west) {is one of the few countries};
\node [anchor=north east] (rhead) at ([yshift=-2.2em]thead.south east) {参考译文:};
\node [anchor=west] (rwords) at (rhead.east) {Australia is one of the few countries that have};
\node [anchor=north west] (rwords2) at ([yshift=-0.2em]rwords.south west) {diplomatic relations with North Korea};
\begin{pgfonlayer}{background}
{
\draw[fill=red!20,draw=white] ([xshift=-5.4em]twords.north) rectangle ([xshift=10.8em]twords.south);
\draw[fill=blue!20,draw=white] ([xshift=-4.6em]twords2.north) rectangle ([xshift=6.1em]twords2.south);
\node [anchor=south east,inner sep=1pt,fill=black] (l1) at ([xshift=10.8em]twords.south) {\tiny{{\color{white} 1}}};
\node [anchor=south east,inner sep=1pt,fill=black] (l2) at ([xshift=6.1em]twords2.south) {\tiny{{\color{white} 2}}};
}
\end{pgfonlayer}
\end{scope}
\end{tikzpicture}
\end{center}
Chapter8/Figures/figure-based-on-tree-structure-generate-sentence-pairs.tex 0 → 100644
%%%------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
%%% 规则的组装对应翻译过程
\begin{tikzpicture}
% target side
\begin{scope}[xshift=-1em, level distance=25pt]
\node[scale=0.8] at (1.5, 2.2) {目标语言};
\node[scale=0.6, inner sep=0.1cm, draw,xshift=1em] (tfrag1) at
(0,0.05) {\Tree[.NP [.DT the ] [.NNS imports ]]};
{
\node[scale=0.6, inner sep=0.1cm, draw, sibling distance=100pt] (tfrag2) at
(1.4,1.4) {\Tree[.S [.NP ] [.VP ]]};
}
{
\node[scale=0.6, inner sep=0.1cm, draw, sibling distance=30pt] (tfrag3) at
(3,-0.2) {\Tree[.VP [.VBZ have ] [.ADVP [.RB ] [.VBN fallen ]]]};
}
{
\node[scale=0.6, inner sep=0.1cm, draw,xshift=-1.5em] (tfrag4) at
(2.8,-1.8) {\Tree[.RB drastically ]};
}
{\draw[*-*] (0.15,0.7) -- (0.15,1.05);}
{\draw[*-*] (2.7,0.7) -- (2.7,1.05);}
{\draw[*-*] (2.4,-1.4) .. controls +(north:0.6) and +(south:0.6) .. (3.0,-0.6);}
\end{scope}
% source side
\begin{scope}[scale=0.8, level distance=25pt, xshift=-20em, yshift=1em]
\node[scale=0.8] at (2.1, 2.45) {源语言};
{
\node[scale=0.6, inner sep=0.1cm, draw] (sfrag1) at
(0,0) {\Tree[.NN 进口 ]};
}
{
\node[scale=0.6, inner sep=0.1cm, draw, sibling distance=135pt] (sfrag2) at
(2.0,1.4) {\Tree[.IP [.NN ] [.VP ]]};
}
{
\node[scale=0.6, inner sep=0.1cm, xshift=1em, draw] (sfrag3) at
(4,-0.7) {\Tree[.VP [.AD ] [.ADVP [.VV 下降 ] [.AS 了 ]]]};
}
{
\node[scale=0.6, inner sep=0.1cm, draw] (sfrag4) at
(1.3,-1.3) {\Tree[.AD 大幅度 ]};
}
{\draw[*-*] (0.05,0.5) -- (0.05,0.95);}
{\draw[*-*] (4.15,0.5) -- (4.15,0.95);}
{\draw[*-*] (1.55,-0.95) .. controls +(east:1.0) and +(south:0.4) .. (3.5,-0.6);}
\draw[*-*] (-0.2,-2.5)--(0.3,-2.5) ;
\node[scale=0.6] (sfrag5) at
([xshift=2em,yshift=-3.2em]sfrag4) {{表示对变量的替换操作}};
\end{scope}
% rule 1
\begin{scope}[scale=0.6, xshift=-22em, yshift=-11em, level distance=20pt]
\begin{scope}[anchor=north east, xshift=-6em] \Tree[.NN 进口 ] \end{scope}
\draw[->] (-1.7,0.1) -- (-0.9,0.1);
\begin{scope}[anchor=north west] \Tree[.NP [.DT the ] [.NNS imports ]] \end{scope}
\end{scope}
% rule 2
\begin{scope}[scale=0.6, xshift=-11em, yshift=-11em, level distance=20pt]
\begin{scope}[anchor=north east, xshift=-6em] \Tree[.AD 大幅度 ] \end{scope}
\draw[->] (-1.7,0.1) -- (-0.9,0.1);
\begin{scope}[anchor=north west] \Tree[.RB drastically ] \end{scope}
\end{scope}
% rule 3
\begin{scope}[scale=0.6, xshift=2em, yshift=-11em, level distance=20pt]
\begin{scope}[anchor=north east, xshift=-7em] \Tree[.VP [.AD ] [.ADVP [.VV 下降 ] [.AS 了 ]]] \end{scope}
\draw[->] (-1.7,0.1) -- (-0.9,0.1);
\begin{scope}[anchor=north west, xshift=1em] \Tree[.VP [.VBZ have ] [.ADVP [.RB ] [.VBN fallen ]]] \end{scope}
\end{scope}
% rule 4
\begin{scope}[scale=0.6, xshift=16em, yshift=-11em, level distance=20pt]
\begin{scope}[anchor=north east, xshift=-6em] \Tree[.IP [.NN ] [.VP ]] \end{scope}
\draw[->] (-1.7,0.1) -- (-0.9,0.1);
\begin{scope}[anchor=north west,xshift=-1em] \Tree[.S [.NP ] [.VP ]] \end{scope}
\end{scope}
% red rule 1
\begin{scope}[scale=0.6, xshift=-22em, yshift=-11em, level distance=20pt]
{
\begin{scope}[anchor=north east, xshift=-6em] \Tree[.NN 进口 ] \end{scope}
\draw[->] (-1.7,0.1) -- (-0.9,0.1);
\begin{scope}[anchor=north west] \Tree[.NP [.DT the ] [.NNS imports ]] \end{scope}
}
\end{scope}
{
% red rule 2
\begin{scope}[scale=0.6, xshift=-11em, yshift=-11em, level distance=20pt]
\begin{scope}[anchor=north east, xshift=-6em] \Tree[.AD 大幅度 ] \end{scope}
\draw[->] (-1.7,0.1) -- (-0.9,0.1);
\begin{scope}[anchor=north west] \Tree[.RB drastically ] \end{scope}
\end{scope}
}
{
% red rule 3
\begin{scope}[scale=0.6, xshift=2em, yshift=-11em, level distance=20pt]
\begin{scope}[anchor=north east, xshift=-7em] \Tree[.VP [.AD ] [.ADVP [.VV 下降 ] [.AS 了 ]]] \end{scope}
\draw[->] (-1.7,0.1) -- (-0.9,0.1);
\begin{scope}[anchor=north west, xshift=1em] \Tree[.VP [.VBZ have ] [.ADVP [.RB ] [.VBN fallen ]]] \end{scope}
\end{scope}
}
{
% red rule 4
\begin{scope}[scale=0.6, xshift=16em, yshift=-11em, level distance=20pt]
\begin{scope}[anchor=north east, xshift=-6em] \Tree[.IP [.NN ] [.VP ]] \end{scope}
\draw[->] (-1.7,0.1) -- (-0.9,0.1);
\begin{scope}[anchor=north west,xshift=-1em] \Tree[.S [.NP ] [.VP ]] \end{scope}
\end{scope}
}
\end{tikzpicture}
\ No newline at end of file
Chapter8/Figures/figure-cky-algorithm.tex 0 → 100644
%------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
%%% CKY解码
% 看NiuTrans Manual
\begin{center}
\begin{tikzpicture}
\tikzstyle{alignmentnode} = [rectangle,fill=blue!30,minimum size=0.45em,text=white,inner sep=0.1pt]
\tikzstyle{selectnode} = [rectangle,fill=green!20,minimum height=1.5em,minimum width=1.5em,inner sep=1.2pt]
\tikzstyle{srcnode} = [anchor=south west]
\begin{scope}[scale=0.85]
\node[srcnode] (c1) at (0,0) {\normalsize{\textbf{Function} CKY-Algorithm($\textbf{s},G$)}};
\node[srcnode,anchor=north west] (c21) at ([xshift=1.5em,yshift=0.4em]c1.south west) {\normalsize{\textbf{for} $j=0$ to $ J - 1$}};
\node[srcnode,anchor=north west] (c22) at ([xshift=1.5em,yshift=0.4em]c21.south west) {\normalsize{$span[j,j+1 ]$.Add($A \to a \in G$)}};
\node[srcnode,anchor=north west] (c3) at ([xshift=-1.5em,yshift=0.4em]c22.south west) {\normalsize{\textbf{for} $l$ = 1 to $J$}};
\node[srcnode,anchor=west] (c31) at ([xshift=6em]c3.east) {\normalsize{// length of span}};
\node[srcnode,anchor=north west] (c4) at ([xshift=1.5em,yshift=0.4em]c3.south west) {\normalsize{\textbf{for} $j$ = 0 to $J-l$}};
\node[srcnode,anchor=north west] (c41) at ([yshift=0.4em]c31.south west) {\normalsize{// beginning of span}};
\node[srcnode,anchor=north west] (c5) at ([xshift=1.5em,yshift=0.4em]c4.south west) {\normalsize{\textbf{for} $k$ = $j$ to $j+l$}};
\node[srcnode,anchor=north west] (c51) at ([yshift=0.4em]c41.south west) {\normalsize{// partition of span}};
\node[srcnode,anchor=north west] (c6) at ([xshift=1.5em,yshift=0.4em]c5.south west) {\normalsize{$hypos$ = Compose($span[j, k], span[k, j+l]$)}};
\node[srcnode,anchor=north west] (c7) at ([yshift=0.4em]c6.south west) {\normalsize{$span[j, j+l]$.Update($hypos$)}};
\node[srcnode,anchor=north west] (c8) at ([xshift=-4.5em,yshift=0.4em]c7.south west) {\normalsize{\textbf{return} $span[0, J]$}};
\node[anchor=west] (c9) at ([xshift=-3.2em,yshift=1.7em]c1.west) {\small{\textrm{参数：}\textbf{s}为输入字符串。$G$为输入CFG。$J$为待分析字符串长度。}};
\node[anchor=west] (c10) at ([xshift=0em,yshift=1.3em]c9.west) {\small{\textrm{输出：字符串全部可能的语法分析结果}}};
\node[anchor=west] (c11) at ([xshift=0em,yshift=1.3em]c10.west) {\small{\textrm{输入：符合乔姆斯基范式的待分析字符串和一个上下文无关文法（CFG）}}};
\begin{pgfonlayer}{background}
\node [rectangle,inner sep=0.2em,rounded corners=1pt,fill=blue!10!white] [fit = (c1) (c21) (c3) (c6) (c7) (c8) (c11)] (gl1) {};
\end{pgfonlayer}
\end{scope}
\end{tikzpicture}
\end{center}
Chapter8/Figures/figure-classification-of-models-based-on-syntax.tex 0 → 100644
%%%------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
%%% 句法模型的分类
\begin{center}
\begin{tikzpicture}
\begin{scope}
\tikzstyle{cnode} = [minimum width=7.0em,minimum height=2.5em,rounded corners=0.2em];
\tikzstyle{xnode} = [minimum width=4.5em,minimum height=2.5em,rounded corners=0.2em];
\node[xnode,anchor=west,fill=red!25,align=left] (itg) at (0,0) {\footnotesize{反向转录}\\\footnotesize{文法}};
\node[xnode,anchor=west,fill=red!25,align=left] (hiero) at ([xshift=0.5em]itg.east) {\footnotesize{层次短语}\\\footnotesize{模型}};
\node[xnode,anchor=west,fill=blue!25,align=left] (s2t) at ([xshift=0.5em]hiero.east) {\footnotesize{串到树}\\\footnotesize{模型}};
\node[xnode,anchor=west,fill=blue!25,align=left] (t2s) at ([xshift=0.5em]s2t.east) {\footnotesize{树到串}\\\footnotesize{模型}};
\node[xnode,anchor=west,fill=blue!25,align=left] (t2t) at ([xshift=0.5em]t2s.east) {\footnotesize{树到树}\\\footnotesize{模型}};
\node[cnode,anchor=south,fill=red!25,align=left] (cat1) at ([xshift=-0.2em,yshift=2em]hiero.north west) {\footnotesize{基于形式文法}\\\footnotesize{的模型}};
\node[cnode,anchor=south,fill=blue!25,align=left] (cat2) at ([xshift=-0.0em,yshift=2em]t2s.north) {\footnotesize{基于语言学}\\\footnotesize{句法的模型}};
\node[cnode,anchor=south,minimum width=10.0em,fill=green!25,align=center] (cat0) at ([xshift=-3em,yshift=2em]cat2.north west) {\footnotesize{(广义上)}\\\footnotesize{基于句法的模型}};
\draw [-,thick] ([yshift=0.1em,xshift=1em]cat1.north) -- ([xshift=-1.5em,yshift=-0.1em]cat0.south);
\draw [-,thick] ([yshift=0.1em,xshift=-1em]cat2.north) -- ([xshift=1.5em,yshift=-0.1em]cat0.south);
\draw [-,thick] ([yshift=0.1em]itg.north) -- ([xshift=-0.5em,yshift=-0.1em]cat1.south);
\draw [-,thick] ([yshift=0.1em]hiero.north) -- ([xshift=0.5em,yshift=-0.1em]cat1.south);
\draw [-,thick] ([yshift=0.1em]s2t.north) -- ([xshift=-0.8em,yshift=-0.1em]cat2.south);
\draw [-,thick] ([yshift=0.1em]t2s.north) -- ([xshift=-0.0em,yshift=-0.1em]cat2.south);
\draw [-,thick] ([yshift=0.1em]t2t.north) -- ([xshift=0.8em,yshift=-0.1em]cat2.south);
\node [anchor=north] (itglabel) at (itg.south) {\scriptsize{(Wu, 1995)}};
\node [anchor=north] (hierolabel) at (hiero.south) {\scriptsize{(Chiang, 2005)}};
\node [anchor=north,align=left] (s2tlabel) at (s2t.south) {\scriptsize{(Galley et al.,}\\\scriptsize{\ 2004; 2006)}};
\node [anchor=north,align=left] (t2slabel) at (t2s.south) {\scriptsize{(Liu et al.,}\\\scriptsize{\ 2006)}};
\node [anchor=north,align=left] (t2tlabel) at (t2t.south) {\scriptsize{(Eisner, 2003)}};
\end{scope}
\end{tikzpicture}
\end{center}
\ No newline at end of file
Chapter8/Figures/figure-combination-of-translation-with-different-rules.tex 0 → 100644
%------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
%%% 基于树的解码方法 - chart-based decoding
\begin{center}
\begin{tikzpicture}
\begin{scope}%[scale=0.2]
\node[anchor=north] (q1) at (0,0) {\scriptsize\sffamily\bfseries{输入字符串：}};
\node[anchor=west] (q2) at ([xshift=0em,yshift=-2em]q1.west) {\footnotesize{进口$\quad$和$\quad$出口$\quad$大幅度$\quad$下降$\quad$了}};
%\node[anchor=north,fill=blue!20,minimum height=1em,minimum width=1em] (f1) at ([xshift=-4.1em,yshift=-0.8em]q2.south) {};
\node[anchor=north,fill=blue!20,minimum height=4em,minimum width=1em] (f1) at ([xshift=2.2em,yshift=-0.7em]q2.south) {};
\node[anchor=east] (n1) at ([xshift=1em,yshift=-2em]q2.west) {\scriptsize\sffamily\bfseries{匹配规则：}};
\node[anchor=west] (n2) at ([xshift=0em,yshift=0em]n1.east) {\scriptsize{$\textrm{X} \to \langle\ \textrm{X}_1\ \text{大幅度}\ \text{下降}\ \text{了},\ \textrm{X}_1\ \textrm{have}\ \textrm{drastically}\ \textrm{fallen}\ \rangle$}};
\node[anchor=west] (n3) at ([xshift=0em,yshift=-1.5em]n2.west) {\scriptsize{$\textrm{X} \to \langle\ \textrm{X}_1\ \text{大幅度}\ \text{下降}\ \text{了},\ \textrm{X}_1\ \textrm{have}\ \textrm{fallen}\ \textrm{drastically}\ \rangle$}};
\node[anchor=west] (n4) at ([xshift=0em,yshift=-1.5em]n3.west) {\scriptsize{$\textrm{X} \to \langle\ \textrm{X}_1\ \text{大幅度}\ \text{下降}\ \text{了},\ \textrm{X}_1\ \textrm{has}\ \textrm{drastically}\ \textrm{fallen}\ \rangle$}};
\draw[decorate,decoration={mirror,brace}]([xshift=0.5em,yshift=-1em]q2.west) --([xshift=7em,yshift=-1em]q2.west) node [xshift=0em,yshift=-1em,align=center](label1) {};
{\scriptsize
\node[anchor=west] (h1) at ([xshift=1em,yshift=-12em]q2.west) {{Span[0,3]下的翻译假设：}};
\node[anchor=west] (h2) at ([xshift=0em,yshift=-1.3em]h1.west) {{X: imports and exports}};
\node[anchor=west] (h6) at ([xshift=0em,yshift=-1.3em]h2.west) {{S: the import and export}};
}
{\scriptsize
\node[anchor=west] (h21) at ([xshift=9em,yshift=2em]h1.east) {{替换$\textrm{X}_1$后生成的翻译假设：}};
\node[anchor=west] (h22) at ([xshift=0em,yshift=-1.3em]h21.west) {{X: imports and exports have drastically fallen}};
\node[anchor=west] (h23) at ([xshift=0em,yshift=-1.3em]h22.west) {{X: the import and export have drastically fallen}};
\node[anchor=west] (h24) at ([xshift=0em,yshift=-1.3em]h23.west) {{X: imports and exports have drastically fallen}};
\node[anchor=west] (h25) at ([xshift=0em,yshift=-1.3em]h24.west) {{X: the import and export have drastically fallen}};
\node[anchor=west] (h26) at ([xshift=0em,yshift=-1.3em]h25.west) {{X: imports and exports has drastically fallen}};
\node[anchor=west] (h27) at ([xshift=0em,yshift=-1.3em]h26.west) {{X: the import and export has drastically fallen}};
}
\node [rectangle,inner sep=0.1em,rounded corners=1pt,draw] [fit = (h1) (h5) (h6)] (gl1) {};
\node [rectangle,inner sep=0.1em,rounded corners=1pt,draw] [fit = (h21) (h25) (h27)] (gl2) {};
\draw [->,ublue,thick] ([xshift=0.6em,yshift=0.2em]n4.south) .. controls +(south:2em) and +(east:0em) .. ([xshift=-0em,yshift=2em]gl2.west);
\draw [->,ublue,thick] ([xshift=0em,yshift=0em]gl1.east) .. controls +(north:2.2em) and +(east:0em) .. ([xshift=-0em,yshift=2em]gl2.west);
\end{scope}
\end{tikzpicture}
\end{center}
Chapter8/Figures/figure-combine-minimum-rule-1.tex 0 → 100644
%%%------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
%%% 组合规则
\begin{minipage}[b]{0.42\textwidth}
{\small
\renewcommand*{\arraystretch}{1.3}
\begin{tabular}{l l}
{$r_1$} & {NP(PN(他)) $\to$ he} \\
{$r_5$} & {PP(P$_1$ NP$_2$) $\to$ P$_1$ NP$_2$} \\
{$r_6$} & {VP(PP$_1$ VP$_2$) $\to$ VP$_2$ PP$_1$} \\
{$r_7$} & {IP(NP$_1$ VP$_2$) $\to$ NP$_1$ VP$_2$} \\
{\red{$r_{1,7}$}} & {IP(NP(PN(他)) VP$_1$) $\to$} \\
& {he VP$_1$}\\
{\red{$r_{1,6,7}$}} & {IP(NP(PN(他)) VP(PP$_1$ VP$_2$))} \\
& {$\to$ he VP$_2$ PP$_1$}\\
{\red{$r_{1,5,6,7}$}} & {IP(NP(PN(他)) } \\
& {VP(P$_1$ NP$_2$ VP$_3$))}\\
& {$\to$ he VP$_3$ P$_1$ NP$_2$}\\
& \\
\end{tabular}
\renewcommand*{\arraystretch}{1.0}
}
\end{minipage}
Chapter8/Figures/figure-combine-minimum-rule-2.tex 0 → 100644
%%%------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
%%% 组合规则
\begin{minipage}[t]{0.47\textwidth}
\begin{tikzpicture}
{\scriptsize
\begin{scope}
{
\begin{scope}[level distance=20pt]
\node[scale=0.8, inner sep=0.1cm,align=center,draw] (cfrag1) at
(0,0.25) {\Tree[.\node(sn1){NP}; [.\node(sn2){PN}; 他 ]]};
\end{scope}
\begin{scope}[level distance=20pt]
\node[scale=0.8, inner sep=0.1cm,align=center,anchor=south west,draw] (cfrag2) at
([xshift=1.2em]cfrag1.south east) {\Tree[.\node(sn3){P}; 对 ]};
\end{scope}
\begin{scope}[level distance=20pt]
\node[scale=0.8, inner sep=0.1cm,align=center,anchor=south west,draw] (cfrag3) at
([xshift=1.2em]cfrag2.south east) {\Tree[.\node(sn4){NP}; [.NN 回答 ]]};
\end{scope}
\begin{scope}[sibling distance=15pt,level distance=20pt]
\node[scale=0.8, inner sep=0.1cm,align=center,anchor=south west,draw] (cfrag4) at
([xshift=1.4em]cfrag3.south east) {\Tree[.\node(sn5){VP}; [.\node(sn6){VV}; 表示 ] [.\node(sn7){NN}; 满意 ]]};
\end{scope}
\begin{scope}[sibling distance=20pt,,level distance=25pt]
\node[scale=0.8, inner sep=0.1cm,align=center,anchor=south west,draw] (cfrag5) at
([xshift=0.3em,yshift=2.5em]cfrag2.north west) {\Tree[.\node(sn8){PP}; [.\node(sn9){P}; ] [.\node(sn10){NP}; ]]};
\end{scope}
\begin{scope}[sibling distance=60pt]
\node[scale=0.8, inner sep=0.1cm,align=center,anchor=south west,draw] (cfrag6) at
([xshift=1.6em,yshift=0.8em]cfrag5.north west) {\Tree[.\node(sn11){VP}; [.\node(sn12){PP}; ] [.\node(sn13){VP}; ]]};
\end{scope}
\begin{scope}[sibling distance=80pt,level distance=18pt]
\node[scale=0.8, inner sep=0.1cm,align=center,anchor=south east,draw] (cfrag7) at
([xshift=-3.6em,yshift=0.8em]cfrag6.north east) {\Tree[.\node(sn14){IP}; [.\node(sn15){NP}; ] [.\node(sn16){VP}; ]]};
\end{scope}
\node[scale=0.9,anchor=north,minimum size=18pt] (tw11) at ([xshift=-0.3em,yshift=-1.2em]cfrag1.south){he};
\node[scale=0.9,anchor=west,minimum size=18pt] (tw12) at ([yshift=-0.1em,xshift=0.5em]tw11.east){was};
\node[scale=0.9,anchor=west,minimum size=18pt] (tw13) at ([yshift=0.1em,xshift=0.5em]tw12.east){satisfied};
\node[scale=0.9,anchor=west,minimum size=18pt] (tw14) at ([xshift=0.5em]tw13.east){with};
\node[scale=0.9,anchor=west,minimum size=18pt] (tw15) at ([xshift=0.5em]tw14.east){the};
\node[scale=0.9,anchor=west,minimum size=18pt] (tw16) at ([yshift=-0.1em,xshift=0.5em]tw15.east){answer};
\draw[dashed] ([xshift=-0.3em]cfrag1.south) -- ([yshift=-0.3em]tw11.north);
\draw[dashed] (cfrag2.south) -- ([yshift=-0.4em]tw14.north);
\draw[dashed] (cfrag3.south) -- ([yshift=-0.4em]tw15.north);
\draw[dashed] (cfrag3.south) -- ([yshift=-0.4em]tw16.north);
\draw[dashed] (cfrag4.south) .. controls +(south:0.6) and +(north:0.6) .. ([yshift=-0.4em]tw13.north);
\draw[*-*] ([xshift=0.0em,yshift=-0.2em]cfrag1.north) -- ([xshift=0.0em,yshift=11.3em]cfrag1.north);
\draw[*-*] ([xshift=0.1em,yshift=-0.2em]cfrag2.north) -- ([xshift=0.1em,yshift=2.9em]cfrag2.north);
\draw[*-*] ([xshift=0.1em,yshift=-0.4em]cfrag3.north) -- ([xshift=0.1em,yshift=0.9em]cfrag3.north);
\draw[*-*] ([xshift=0.0em,yshift=-0.2em]cfrag4.north) -- ([xshift=0.0em,yshift=5.7em]cfrag4.north);
\draw[*-*] ([xshift=0.1em,yshift=-0.2em]cfrag5.north) -- ([xshift=0.1em,yshift=1em]cfrag5.north);
\draw[*-*] ([xshift=0.0em,yshift=-0.2em]cfrag6.north) -- ([xshift=0.0em,yshift=1em]cfrag6.north);
{
\node [fill=blue,circle,inner sep=2pt] (rlabel1) at (cfrag1.south east) {{\color{white} \tiny{1}}};
\draw[*-*,red,thick] ([xshift=0.0em,yshift=-0.2em]cfrag1.north) -- ([xshift=0.0em,yshift=11.3em]cfrag1.north);
}
{
\node [fill=blue,circle,inner sep=2pt] (rlabel5) at (cfrag5.north west) {{\color{white} \tiny{5}}};
\draw[*-*,red] ([xshift=0.1em,yshift=-0.2em]cfrag5.north) -- ([xshift=0.1em,yshift=1em]cfrag5.north);
}
{
\node [fill=blue,circle,inner sep=2pt] (rlabel6) at (cfrag6.north east) {{\color{white} \tiny{6}}};
\draw[*-*,red] ([xshift=0.0em,yshift=-0.2em]cfrag6.north) -- ([xshift=0.0em,yshift=1em]cfrag6.north);
}
{
\node [fill=blue,circle,inner sep=2pt] (rlabel7) at (cfrag7.south west) {{\color{white} \tiny{7}}};
}
\begin{pgfonlayer}{background}
{
\node [fill=green!20,inner sep=0pt] (cfrag1back) [fit = (cfrag1)] {};
\node [fill=green!20,inner sep=0pt] (cfrag1back) [fit = (cfrag7)] {};
}
{
\node [fill=green!20,inner sep=0pt] (cfrag1back) [fit = (cfrag6)] {};
}
{
\node [fill=green!20,inner sep=0pt] (cfrag1back) [fit = (cfrag5)] {};
}
\end{pgfonlayer}
}
\end{scope}
}
\end{tikzpicture}
\end{minipage}
\ No newline at end of file
Chapter8/Figures/figure-content-of-chart-in-tree-based-decoding.tex 0 → 100644
%%%------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
%%% 基于树的解码方法 - chart-based decoding
{
\begin{center}
\begin{tikzpicture}
\begin{scope}
\tikzstyle{chartnode2}=[rectangle,minimum size=1.3em,fill=orange!20,draw]
\node [chartnode2,anchor=north west] (cell11) at (0,0) {};
\node [chartnode2,anchor=north west] (cell21) at ([yshift=0.04em]cell11.south west) {};
\node [chartnode2,anchor=west] (cell22) at ([xshift=-0.04em]cell21.east) {};
\node [chartnode2,anchor=north west] (cell31) at ([yshift=0.04em]cell21.south west) {};
\node [chartnode2,anchor=west] (cell32) at ([xshift=-0.04em]cell31.east) {};
\node [chartnode2,anchor=west] (cell33) at ([xshift=-0.04em]cell32.east) {};
\node [chartnode2,anchor=north west] (cell41) at ([yshift=0.04em]cell31.south west) {};
\node [chartnode2,anchor=west] (cell42) at ([xshift=-0.04em]cell41.east) {};
\node [chartnode2,anchor=west] (cell43) at ([xshift=-0.04em]cell42.east) {};
\node [chartnode2,anchor=west] (cell44) at ([xshift=-0.04em]cell43.east) {};
\node [anchor=east] (s1) at (cell11.west) {\scriptsize{猫}};
\node [anchor=east] (s2) at (cell21.west) {\scriptsize{喜欢}};
\node [anchor=east] (s3) at (cell31.west) {\scriptsize{吃}};
\node [anchor=east] (s4) at (cell41.west) {\scriptsize{鱼}};
\node [anchor=north] (t5) at (cell41.south) {\tiny{$l$=1}};
\node [anchor=north] (t5) at (cell42.south) {\tiny{$l$=2}};
\node [anchor=north] (t5) at (cell43.south) {\tiny{$l$=3}};
\node [anchor=north] (t5) at (cell44.south) {\tiny{$l$=4}};
\node [anchor=north] (chartlabel) at ([yshift=-1em]cell42.south east) {\footnotesize{\textbf{chart}}};
{\footnotesize
\node [anchor=north west] (w1) at ([yshift=-2.5em,xshift=-1.0em]cell41.south west) {猫};
\node [anchor=west] (w2) at ([xshift=0.3em]w1.east) {喜欢};
\node [anchor=west] (w3) at ([xshift=0.3em]w2.east) {吃};
\node [anchor=west] (w4) at ([xshift=0.3em]w3.east) {鱼};
\node [anchor=north east] (p0) at ([xshift=0.3em]w1.south west) {\blue{0}};
\node [anchor=north east] (p1) at ([xshift=0.3em]w2.south west) {\blue{1}};
\node [anchor=north east] (p2) at ([xshift=0.3em]w3.south west) {\blue{2}};
\node [anchor=north east] (p3) at ([xshift=0.3em]w4.south west) {\blue{3}};
\node [anchor=north west] (p4) at ([xshift=-0.4em]w4.south east) {\blue{4}};
\node [anchor=north] (slabel) at ([yshift=-0.6em]p2.south) {\scriptsize{\textbf{源语言句子}}};
}
\end{scope}
{\normalsize
\node[anchor=north](t1) at (4.5,0.3){{\scriptsize{序号}}};
\node[anchor=south](k1) at ([xshift=3em,yshift=0em]t1.south){{\scriptsize{跨度}}};
\node[anchor=south](b1) at ([xshift=3em,yshift=0em]k1.south){{\scriptsize{标记}}};
\node[anchor=south](y1) at ([xshift=5em,yshift=0em]b1.south){{\scriptsize{源语句子片段}}};
}
\draw [-] ([xshift=-0em,yshift=0em]t1.south west) -- ([xshift=13em,yshift=0em]t1.south);
{\scriptsize
\node[anchor=west](t2) at ([xshift=0.2em,yshift=-1.7em]t1.west){{1}};
\node[anchor=west](t3) at ([xshift=0em,yshift=-1.5em]t2.west){{2}};
\node[anchor=west](t4) at ([xshift=0em,yshift=-1.5em]t3.west){{3}};
\node[anchor=west](t5) at ([xshift=0em,yshift=-1.5em]t4.west){{4}};
\node[anchor=west](t6) at ([xshift=0em,yshift=-1.5em]t5.west){{5}};
\node[anchor=west](t7) at ([xshift=0em,yshift=-1.5em]t6.west){{6}};
\node[anchor=west](t8) at ([xshift=0em,yshift=-1.5em]t7.west){{7}};
\node[anchor=west](t9) at ([xshift=0em,yshift=-1.5em]t8.west){{8}};
\node[anchor=west](t10) at ([xshift=0em,yshift=-1.5em]t9.west){{9}};
\node[anchor=west](t11) at ([xshift=0em,yshift=-1.5em]t10.west){{10}};
\node[anchor=west](k2) at ([xshift=0.2em,yshift=-1.7em]k1.west){{[0,1]}};
\node[anchor=west](k3) at ([xshift=0em,yshift=-1.5em]k2.west){{[1,2]}};
\node[anchor=west](k4) at ([xshift=0em,yshift=-1.5em]k3.west){{[2,5]}};
\node[anchor=west](k5) at ([xshift=0em,yshift=-1.5em]k4.west){{[3,6]}};
\node[anchor=west](k6) at ([xshift=0em,yshift=-1.5em]k5.west){{[0,2]}};
\node[anchor=west](k7) at ([xshift=0em,yshift=-1.5em]k6.west){{[1,3]}};
\node[anchor=west](k8) at ([xshift=0em,yshift=-1.5em]k7.west){{[2,4]}};
\node[anchor=west](k9) at ([xshift=0em,yshift=-1.5em]k8.west){{[0,3]}};
\node[anchor=west](k10) at ([xshift=0em,yshift=-1.5em]k9.west){{[1,4]}};
\node[anchor=west](k11) at ([xshift=0em,yshift=-1.5em]k10.west){{[0,4]}};
\node[anchor=west](b2) at ([xshift=0.2em,yshift=-1.7em]b1.west){{NN \& NP}};
\node[anchor=west](b3) at ([xshift=0em,yshift=-1.5em]b2.west){{VV}};
\node[anchor=west](b4) at ([xshift=0em,yshift=-1.5em]b3.west){{VV}};
\node[anchor=west](b5) at ([xshift=0em,yshift=-1.5em]b4.west){{NN \& NP}};
\node[anchor=west](b6) at ([xshift=0em,yshift=-1.5em]b5.west){{N/A}};
\node[anchor=west](b7) at ([xshift=0em,yshift=-1.5em]b6.west){{N/A}};
\node[anchor=west](b8) at ([xshift=0em,yshift=-1.5em]b7.west){{VP}};
\node[anchor=west](b9) at ([xshift=0em,yshift=-1.5em]b8.west){{N/A}};
\node[anchor=west](b10) at ([xshift=0em,yshift=-1.5em]b9.west){{VP}};
\node[anchor=west](b11) at ([xshift=0em,yshift=-1.5em]b10.west){{IP ({\red root})}};
\node[anchor=west](y2) at ([xshift=0.2em,yshift=-1.7em]y1.west){{猫}};
\node[anchor=west](y3) at ([xshift=0em,yshift=-1.5em]y2.west){{喜欢}};
\node[anchor=west](y4) at ([xshift=0em,yshift=-1.5em]y3.west){{吃}};
\node[anchor=west](y5) at ([xshift=0em,yshift=-1.5em]y4.west){{鱼}};
\node[anchor=west](y6) at ([xshift=0em,yshift=-1.5em]y5.west){{猫喜欢}};
\node[anchor=west](y7) at ([xshift=0em,yshift=-1.5em]y6.west){{喜欢吃}};
\node[anchor=west](y8) at ([xshift=0em,yshift=-1.5em]y7.west){{吃鱼}};
\node[anchor=west](y9) at ([xshift=0em,yshift=-1.5em]y8.west){{猫喜欢吃}};
\node[anchor=west](y10) at ([xshift=0em,yshift=-1.5em]y9.west){{喜欢吃鱼}};
\node[anchor=west](y11) at ([xshift=0em,yshift=-1.5em]y10.west){{猫喜欢吃鱼}};
}
\draw[-] ([xshift=-0.3em,yshift=-0.3em]k1.north west) -- ([xshift=-0.3em,yshift=-10.7em]k1.south west);
%\draw[-] ([xshift=-0.3em,yshift=-0.3em]b1.north west) -- ([xshift=-0.3em,yshift=-10.7em]b1.south west);
%\draw[-] ([xshift=-0em,yshift=-0.3em]y1.north west) -- ([xshift=-0em,yshift=-10.7em]y1.south west);
\end{tikzpicture}
\end{center}
}
\ No newline at end of file
Chapter8/Figures/figure-cut-different-positions-of-word-string.tex 0 → 100644
%%%------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
%%% 基于串的解码 - 连续变量的匹配，复杂度增加
\begin{center}
\begin{tikzpicture}
\begin{scope}
{\small
\node [anchor=west] (sw11) at (0,0) {阿都拉$_1$};
\node [anchor=west] (sw12) at ([xshift=0.1em]sw11.east) {对$_2$};
\node [anchor=west,fill=red!20] (sw13) at ([xshift=0.1em]sw12.east) {自己$_3$ 四$_4$\ 个$_5$\ 多$_6$\ 月$_7$\ 以来$_8$\ 的$_9$\ 施政$_{10}$\ 表现$_{11}$ 感到$_{12}$ };
\node [anchor=west,fill=blue!20] (sw14) at ([xshift=0.2em]sw13.east) {满意$_{13}$};
\node [anchor=north west] (sw21) at ([yshift=-0.3em]sw11.south west) {阿都拉$_1$};
\node [anchor=west] (sw22) at ([xshift=0.1em]sw21.east) {对$_2$};
\node [anchor=west,fill=red!20] (sw23) at ([xshift=0.1em]sw22.east) {自己$_3$ 四$_4$\ 个$_5$\ 多$_6$\ 月$_7$\ 以来$_8$\ 的$_9$\ 施政$_{10}$\ 表现$_{11}$};
\node [anchor=west,fill=blue!20] (sw24) at ([xshift=0.2em]sw23.east) {感到$_{12}$ 满意$_{13}$};
\node [anchor=north west] (sw31) at ([yshift=-0.3em]sw21.south west) {阿都拉$_1$};
\node [anchor=west] (sw32) at ([xshift=0.1em]sw31.east) {对$_2$};
\node [anchor=west,fill=red!20] (sw33) at ([xshift=0.1em]sw32.east) {自己$_3$ 四$_4$\ 个$_5$\ 多$_6$\ 月$_7$\ 以来$_8$\ 的$_9$\ 施政$_{10}$};
\node [anchor=west,fill=blue!20] (sw34) at ([xshift=0.2em]sw33.east) {表现$_{11}$ 感到$_{12}$ 满意$_{13}$};
\node [anchor=north] (dots) at ([yshift=-0.5em]sw33.south) {...};
\node [anchor=north west] (sw41) at ([yshift=-1.8em]sw31.south west) {阿都拉$_1$};
\node [anchor=west] (sw42) at ([xshift=0.1em]sw41.east) {对$_2$};
\node [anchor=west,fill=red!20] (sw43) at ([xshift=0.1em]sw42.east) {自己$_3$ };
\node [anchor=west,fill=blue!20] (sw44) at ([xshift=0.2em]sw43.east) {四$_4$\ 个$_5$\ 多$_6$\ 月$_7$\ 以来$_8$\ 的$_9$ 施政$_{10}$ 表现$_{11}$ 感到$_{12}$ 满意$_{13}$};
\node [anchor=south] (label) at ([yshift=0.3em]sw13.north) {\footnotesize{在跨度[{\blue 0},{\blue 13}]上匹配``NP 对 NP VP''}};
\node [anchor=north west,minimum size=1.2em,fill=red!20] (np) at ([yshift=-1.0em,xshift=0.3em]sw41.south west) {};
\node [anchor=west] (nplabel) at (np.east) {NP（第二个）};
\node [anchor=west,minimum size=1.2em,fill=blue!20] (vp) at ([xshift=1.0em]nplabel.east) {};
\node [anchor=west] (vplabel) at (vp.east) {VP};
}
\end{scope}
\end{tikzpicture}
\end{center}
\ No newline at end of file
Chapter8/Figures/figure-derivation-of-hierarchical-phrase-and-tree-structure-model.tex 0 → 100644
%------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
%%% 句法树(层次短语)
\begin{tikzpicture}
{\scriptsize
\begin{scope}[sibling distance=0pt, level distance = 27pt]
{\scriptsize
\Tree[.\node(n1){\textbf{S}};
[.\node(n2){\textbf{S}};
[.\node(n3){\textbf{S}};
[.\node(n4){\textbf{S}};
[.\node(n5){\textbf{X}}; \node(cw1){但}; ]
]
[.\node(n6){\textbf{X}}; \node(cw2){美国}; ]
]
[.\node(n7){\textbf{X}};
[. \node(cw3){并没有}; ]
[. \node(cw4){执行}; ]
]
]
[.\node(n8){\textbf{X}};
[. \node(cw5){世贸}; ]
[.\node(n9){\textbf{X}};
[. \node(cw6){组织}; ]
[. \node(cw7){的}; ]
]
[. \node(cw8){裁决}; ]
]
]
\node[circle, inner sep = 0.5pt, fill=blue!90!white, anchor = west] (l1) at ([xshift=-0.3em]n1.north east) {{\color{white} \tiny{$r_2$}}};
\node[circle, inner sep = 0.5pt, fill=blue!90!white, anchor = east] (l2) at ([xshift=0.3em]n2.north west) {{\color{white} \tiny{$r_2$}}};
\node[circle, inner sep = 0.5pt, fill=blue!90!white, anchor = east] (l2) at ([xshift=0.3em]n3.north west) {{\color{white} \tiny{$r_2$}}};
\node[circle, inner sep = 0.5pt, fill=blue!90!white, anchor = east] (l2) at ([xshift=0.3em]n4.north west) {{\color{white} \tiny{$r_1$}}};{\node[circle, inner sep = 0.5pt, fill=blue!90!white, anchor = east] (l2) at ([xshift=0.3em]n5.north west) {{\color{white} \tiny{$r_3$}}};}
\node[circle, inner sep = 0.5pt, fill=blue!90!white, anchor = west] (l1) at ([xshift=-0.3em]n6.south east) {{\color{white} \tiny{$r_4$}}};
\node[circle, inner sep = 0.5pt, fill=blue!90!white, anchor = west] (l1) at ([xshift=-0.3em]n7.north east) {{\color{white} \tiny{$r_5$}}};
\node[circle, inner sep = 0.5pt, fill=blue!90!white, anchor = west] (l1) at ([xshift=-0.3em]n8.north east) {{\color{white} \tiny{$r_6$}}};
\node[circle, inner sep = 0.5pt, fill=blue!90!white, anchor = west] (l1) at ([xshift=-0.3em]n9.north east) {{\color{white} \tiny{$r_7$}}};
}
\end{scope}
\begin{scope}[xshift = 1.8in, yshift = 0.1in]
\node (rules) {\textbf{层次短语翻译规则:}};
\draw[-] (rules.south west)--([xshift=1.8in]rules.south west);
\node[anchor=north west] (r1) at ([yshift=-0.2em]rules.south west) {$r_1$};
\node[anchor=west] (rc1) at ([xshift=0.0em]r1.east) {$\textrm{S} \; \to \; \langle\ \textrm{X}_1, \; \; \textrm{X}_1\ \rangle$};
\node[anchor=north west] (r2) at ([yshift=-0.4em]r1.south west) {$r_2$};
\node[anchor=west] (rc2) at ([xshift=0em]r2.east) {$\textrm{S} \; \to \; \langle\ \textrm{S}_1 \; \textrm{X}_2, \; \; \textrm{S}_1 \; \textrm{X}_2\ \rangle$};
\node[anchor=north west] (r3) at ([yshift=-0.4em]r2.south west) {$r_3$};
\node[anchor=west] (rc3) at ([xshift=0em]r3.east) {$\textrm{X} \; \to \; \langle\ \text{但}, \; \; \text{but}\ \rangle$};
\node[anchor=north west] (r4) at ([yshift=-0.4em]r3.south west) {$r_4$};
\node[anchor=west] (rc4) at ([xshift=0em]r4.east) {$\textrm{X} \; \to \; \langle\ \text{美国}, \; \; \text{the U.S.}\ \rangle$};
\node[anchor=north west] (r5) at ([yshift=-0.4em]r4.south west) {$r_5$};
\node[anchor=west] (rc5) at ([xshift=0em]r5.east) {$\textrm{X} \; \to \; \langle\ \text{并没有} \; \text{执行}, \; \; \text{}$};
\node[anchor=north west] (r52) at ([yshift=-0.4em]r5.south west) {{\color{white} $r_5$}};
\node[anchor=west] (rc52) at ([xshift=2.9em]r52.east) {$\text{has not implemented}\ \rangle$};
\node[anchor=north west] (r6) at ([yshift=-0.4em]r52.south west) {$r_6$};
\node[anchor=west] (rc6) at ([xshift=0em]r6.east) {$\textrm{X} \; \to \; \langle\ \text{世贸} \; \textrm{X}_1 \; \text{裁决}, $};
\node[anchor=north west] (r61) at ([yshift=-0.4em]r6.south west) {{\color{white} $r_6$}};
\node[anchor=west] (rc61) at ([xshift=2.9em]r61.east) {$\text{the decision} \; \textrm{X}_1 \; \text{the WTO}\ \rangle$};
\node[anchor=north west] (r7) at ([yshift=-0.4em]r61.south west) {$r_7$};
\node[anchor=west] (rc7) at ([xshift=0em]r7.east) {$\textrm{X} \; \to \; \langle\ \text{组织 的}, \; \; \text{of}\ \rangle$};
\end{scope}
\node[anchor=south] (l1) at ([xshift=-9em,yshift=1em]rules.north) {\normalsize{${d = r_3}{\circ r_1}{ \circ r_4}{ \circ r_2}{ \circ r_5}{ \circ r_2}{ \circ r_7}{ \circ r_6}{ \circ r_2}$}};
}
\end{tikzpicture}
Chapter8/Figures/figure-different-representations-of-syntax-tree.tex 0 → 100644
%%%------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
%%% 树结构的表示
\begin{tikzpicture}
{\small
\begin{scope}[sibling distance=3pt, level distance = 22pt]
\Tree[.S [.NN ] [.VP [.AD ] [.VP [.VV ] [.AS ] ] ] ]
\end{scope}
\begin{scope}[xshift=1.25in,yshift=0.25in]
\node [anchor=north west,align=left] (string1) at (0,0) {[S \\\hspace{1em}NN\\\hspace{1em}VP[\\\hspace{2.5em}AD \\\hspace{2.5em}VP[\\\hspace{4em}VV \\\hspace{4em}AS]]]};
\end{scope}
\begin{scope}[xshift=2.78in,yshift=-0.80in]
\node [anchor=west,align=left] (string2) at (0,0) {(S NN VP(AD \\ VP(VV AS)))};
\end{scope}
\node [anchor=north west] (cap1) at (-1.5em,-1in) {{(a) 树状表示}};
\node [anchor=west] (cap2) at ([xshift=0.5in]cap1.east) {{(b) 序列表示(缩进)}};
\node [anchor=west] (cap3) at ([xshift=0.5in]cap2.east) {{(c) 序列表示}};
}
\end{tikzpicture}
\ No newline at end of file
Chapter8/Figures/figure-example-of-cky-algorithm-execution-label.tex 0 → 100644
%------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
%%% 基于树的解码方法 - chart-based decoding
\begin{center}
\begin{tikzpicture}\footnotesize
\begin{scope}[scale=0.2]
\node[anchor=south east] (g1) at (0,0) {\small{$\textrm{S} \to \textrm{AB}\ \ \ \textrm{A} \to \textrm{CD}\ \vert \ \textrm{CF}\ \ \ \textrm{B} \to \textrm{c}\ \vert \ \textrm{BE}$}};
\node[anchor=north west] (g2) at ([yshift=0.3em]g1.south west) {\small{$\textrm{C} \to \textrm{a}\ \ \ \ \textrm{D} \to \textrm{b}\ \ \ \ \textrm{E} \to \textrm{c}\ \ \ \ \textrm{F} \to \textrm{AD}$}};
\begin{pgfonlayer}{background}
\node [rectangle,inner sep=0.1em,rounded corners=1pt,fill=green!10,drop shadow,draw=ugreen] [fit = (g1) (g2)] (gl1) {};
\end{pgfonlayer}
\end{scope}
\end{tikzpicture}
\end{center}
Chapter8/Figures/figure-example-of-hyper-graph.tex 0 → 100644
%------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
%%% 基于树的解码方法 - chart-based decoding
\begin{center}
\begin{tikzpicture}\footnotesize
\begin{scope}[scale=0.7]
\node [anchor=center,draw,thick,circle,inner sep=13pt,ublue] (s1) at (0,0) {};
\node [anchor=north] (t11) at ([yshift=-0.8em]s1.north) {VP};
\node [anchor=north] (t12) at ([yshift=-0.3em]t11.south) {[0,2]};
\node [anchor=center,draw,thick,circle,inner sep=13pt,ublue] (s2) at ([xshift=12em,yshift=-5em]s1.north) {};
\node [anchor=north] (t21) at ([yshift=-0.8em]s2.north) {NP};
\node [anchor=north] (t22) at ([yshift=-0.3em]t21.south) {[0,2]};
\node [anchor=center,draw,thick,circle,inner sep=13pt,ublue] (s3) at ([xshift=-6em,yshift=-13em]s1.south) {};
\node [anchor=north] (t31) at ([yshift=-0.8em]s3.north) {VV};
\node [anchor=north] (t32) at ([yshift=-0.3em]t31.south) {[0,1]};
\node [anchor=center,draw,thick,circle,inner sep=13pt,ublue] (s4) at ([xshift=13em,yshift=2.9em]s3.south) {};
\node [anchor=north] (t41) at ([yshift=-0.8em]s4.north) {NN};
\node [anchor=north] (t42) at ([yshift=-0.3em]t41.south) {[1,2]};
\node [anchor=center,draw,thick,circle,inner sep=13pt,ublue] (s5) at ([xshift=13em,yshift=2.9em]s4.south) {};
\node [anchor=north] (t51) at ([yshift=-0.8em]s5.north) {NP};
\node [anchor=north] (t52) at ([yshift=-0.3em]t51.south) {[1,2]};
{
\draw [->,red!50,very thick] ([xshift=-1em,yshift=-0.3em]s3.north) .. controls +(north:10em) and +(south:10em) .. ([xshift=0em,yshift=0em]s1.south);
\draw [->,red!50,very thick] ([xshift=-1em,yshift=-0.3em]s5.north) .. controls +(north:8em) and +(south:14em) .. ([xshift=0em,yshift=0em]s1.south);
}
{
\draw [->,blue!50,very thick] ([xshift=-1em,yshift=-0.3em]s4.north) .. controls +(north:8em) and +(south:8em) .. ([xshift=0em,yshift=0em]s2.south);
\draw [->,blue!50,very thick] ([xshift=1em,yshift=-0.3em]s5.north) .. controls +(north:9em) and +(south:7em) .. ([xshift=0em,yshift=0em]s2.south);
}
\node [anchor=north] (t51) at ([yshift=7em]s3.north) {edge1};
\node [anchor=north] (t52) at ([xshift=-2em,yshift=7.5em]s5.north) {edge2};
\end{scope}
\end{tikzpicture}
\end{center}
Chapter8/Figures/figure-example-of-tree-structure-correspondence.tex 0 → 100644
%%%------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
%%% 规则实例(树到树)
\begin{center}
\begin{tikzpicture}
{\small
\begin{scope}[sibling distance=5pt, level distance = 22pt]
\Tree[.\node(s1){VP}; [.\node(s2){PP}; ] [.\node(s3){VP}; [.\node(s4){VV}; \node[fill=white](w1){表示}; ] [.\node(s5){NN}; ] ] ]
\end{scope}
\begin{scope}[xshift=2in,sibling distance=5pt, level distance = 22pt]
\Tree[.\node(t1){VP}; [.\node(t2){VBZ}; \node(w2){was}; ] [.\node(t3){VP}; [.\node(t4){VBN}; ] [.\node(t5){PP}; ] ] ]
\end{scope}
\begin{pgfonlayer}{background}
\node [anchor=west] (arrow) at ([xshift=3em]s5.east) {\Large{\textbf{$\to$}}};{
\node [inner sep=0,fill=blue!20] [fit = (s2)] (snode1) {};
\node [inner sep=0,fill=red!20] [fit = (s5)] (snode2) {};
\node [inner sep=0,fill=red!20] [fit = (t4)] (tnode1) {};
\node [inner sep=0,fill=blue!20] [fit = (t5)] (tnode2) {};
\draw [<->,dotted,thick] (snode2.south) ..controls +(south:2.5em) and +(south:2.5em).. (tnode1.south);
\draw [<->,dotted,thick] (snode1.south) ..controls +(south:8em) and +(south:4.5em).. (tnode2.south);
}
\end{pgfonlayer}
}
\end{tikzpicture}
\end{center}
\ No newline at end of file
Chapter8/Figures/figure-example-of-tree-to-string-rule-and-word-alignment.tex 0 → 100644
%%%------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
%%% 翻译规则抽取本质上是要完成对树结构的切割
\begin{center}
\begin{tikzpicture}
{\small
\begin{scope}[sibling distance=25pt, level distance=20pt]
\Tree[.\node(n1){IP};
[.\node(n2){NP}; [.\node(n3){PN}; \node(cw1){他}; ]]
[.\node(n4){VP};
[.\node(n5){PP};
[.\node(n6){P}; \node(cw2){对}; ]
[.\node(n7){NP};
[.\node(n8){NN}; \node(cw3){回答}; ]
]
]
[.\node(n9){VP};
[.\node(n10){VV}; \node(cw4){表示}; ]
[.\node(n11){NN}; \node(cw5){满意}; ]
]
]
]
\node[anchor=north,minimum size=18pt] (tw1) at ([yshift=-6.0em]cw1.south){he};
\node[anchor=west,minimum size=18pt] (tw2) at ([yshift=-0.1em,xshift=1.1em]tw1.east){was};
\node[anchor=west,minimum size=18pt] (tw3) at ([yshift=0.1em,xshift=1.1em]tw2.east){satisfied};
\node[anchor=west,minimum size=18pt] (tw4) at ([xshift=1.1em]tw3.east){with};
\node[anchor=west,minimum size=18pt] (tw5) at ([xshift=1.1em]tw4.east){the};
\node[anchor=west,minimum size=18pt] (tw6) at ([yshift=-0.1em,xshift=1.1em]tw5.east){answer};
\node[anchor=north,minimum size=18pt] (empty) at ([xshift=-2.0em]cw1.south){};
\draw[dashed] (cw1.south) -- ([yshift=-0.4em]tw1.north);
\draw[dashed] (cw2.south) .. controls +(south:1.6) and +(north:0.6) .. ([yshift=-0.4em]tw4.north);
\draw[dashed] (cw3.south) -- ([yshift=-0.4em]tw5.north);
\draw[dashed] (cw3.south) -- ([yshift=-0.4em]tw6.north);
\draw[dashed] (cw4.south) .. controls +(south:2.0) and +(north:0.6) .. ([yshift=-0.4em]tw3.north);
\draw[dashed] (cw5.south) .. controls +(south:2.0) and +(north:0.6) .. ([yshift=-0.4em]tw3.north);
\begin{pgfonlayer}{background}
{
\node [rectangle,inner sep=0em,fill=red!20] [fit = (cw2) (cw3) (n5)] (rule1s) {};
\node [rectangle,inner sep=0em,fill=red!20] [fit = (tw4) (tw5) (tw6)] (rule1t) {};
}
{
\node [rectangle,inner sep=0em,fill=blue!20] [fit = (cw5) (n11)] (rule2s) {};
\node [rectangle,inner sep=0em,fill=blue!20] [fit = (tw3)] (rule2t) {};
}
\end{pgfonlayer}
{
\node [anchor=south] (rule1label) at ([xshift=1em]rule1s.north west) {{\footnotesize\red{正确的规则}}};
}
{
\node [anchor=north west,align=left] (rule2label) at (rule2s.north east) {\footnotesize{{\color{blue} 错误的规则}}\\\footnotesize{因为``satisfied''会}\\\footnotesize{对齐到规则外，}\\\footnotesize{也就是这条规则}\\\footnotesize{与词对齐不相容}};
}
\end{scope}
}
\end{tikzpicture}
\end{center}
\ No newline at end of file
Chapter8/Figures/figure-examples-of-translation-with-complex-ordering.tex 0 → 100644
%------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
%%% 在MT中使用句法带来的好处
\begin{tikzpicture}
\begin{scope}[yshift=-0in]
{\scriptsize
\node[anchor=west] (ref) at (0,0) {{\sffamily\bfseries{参考答案:}} The Chinese star performance troupe presented a wonderful Peking opera as well as singing and dancing };
\node[anchor=north west] (ref2) at (ref.south west) {{\color{white} \sffamily\bfseries{Reference:}} performance to Hong Kong audience .};
\node[anchor=north west] (hifst) at (ref2.south west) {{\sffamily\bfseries{层次短语系统:}} Star troupe of China, highlights of Peking opera and dance show to the audience of Hong Kong .};
\node[anchor=north west] (synhifst) at (hifst.south west) {{\sffamily\bfseries{句法系统:}} Chinese star troupe};
\node[anchor=west, fill=green!20!white, inner sep=0.25em] (synhifstpart2) at (synhifst.east) {presented};
\node[anchor=west, fill=blue!20!white, inner sep=0.25em] (synhifstpart3) at ([xshift=0.2em]synhifstpart2.east) {a wonderful Peking opera singing and dancing};
\node[anchor=west, fill=red!20!white, inner sep=0.40em] (synhifstpart4) at ([xshift=0.2em]synhifstpart3.east) {to};
\node[anchor=west, fill=purple!20!white, inner sep=0.25em] (synhifstpart5) at ([xshift=0.2em]synhifstpart4.east) {Hong Kong audience};
\node[anchor=west] (synhifstpart6) at (synhifstpart5.east) {.};
\node[anchor=north west] (input) at ([yshift=-6.5em]synhifst.south west) {\sffamily\bfseries{源语句法树:}};
\begin{scope}[scale = 0.9, grow'=up, sibling distance=5pt, level distance=30pt, xshift=3.49in, yshift=-3.1in]
\Tree[.\node(tn1){IP};
[.\node(tn2){NP}; \edge[roof]; \node[](seg1){中国$_1$ 明星$_2$ 艺术团$_3$}; ]
[.\node(tn3){VP};
[.\node(tn4){BA}; \node[fill=red!20!white](seg2){将$_4$}; ]
[.\node(tn5){NP}; \edge[roof]; \node[fill=blue!20!white](seg3){一$_5$ 台$_6$ 精彩$_7$ 的$_8$ 京剧$_9$ 歌舞$_{10}$}; ]
[.\node(tn6){VP};
[.\node(tn7){VV}; \node[fill=green!20!white](seg4){呈现$_{11}$}; ]
]
[.\node(tn8){PP};
[.\node(tn9){P}; \node[fill=red!20!white](seg5){给$_{12}$}; ]
[.\node(tn10){NP}; \edge[roof]; \node[fill=purple!20!white](seg6){香港$_{13}$ 观众$_{14}$}; ]
]
]
[.\node(tn11){.}; ]
]
\end{scope}
\path [draw,thick,->,dashed] (seg2.north) .. controls +(north:1.0) and +(south:1.5) .. (synhifstpart4.south);
\path [draw,thick,->,dashed] (seg3.north) -- (synhifstpart3.south);
\path [draw,thick,->,dashed] (seg4.north) -- (synhifstpart2.south);
\path [draw,thick,->,dashed] (seg5.north) .. controls +(north:0.5) .. (synhifstpart4.south);
\path [draw,thick,->,dashed] (seg6.north) -- (synhifstpart5.south);
}
\end{scope}
\end{tikzpicture}
\ No newline at end of file
Chapter8/Figures/figure-extract-hierarchical-phrase-rules.tex 0 → 100644
%------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
%%% 翻译规则抽取
% 还是David Chiang的论文
\begin{center}
\begin{tikzpicture}
\tikzstyle{elementnode} = [rectangle,text=white,anchor=center]
\tikzstyle{srcnode} = [rotate=45,font=\small,anchor=south west]
\tikzstyle{tgtnode} = [left,font=\small,anchor=north east]
\tikzstyle{alignmentnode} = [rectangle,draw,minimum height=3.6*1.1cm,minimum width=0.36*1.1cm]
\tikzstyle{probnode} = [fill=blue!30,minimum width=0.4*1.1cm]
\tikzstyle{labelnode} = [above]
% alignment matrix
\begin{scope}[scale=1.0,yshift=0.12in]
\foreach \i / \j / \c in
{0/5/0.15, 1/5/0.15, 2/5/0.15, 3/5/0.15, 4/5/0.15, 5/5/0.15, 6/5/0.15, 7/5/0.15,
0/4/0.15, 1/4/0.15, 2/4/0.15, 3/4/0.15, 4/4/0.15, 5/4/0.15, 6/4/0.15, 7/4/0.15,
0/3/0.15, 1/3/0.15, 2/3/0.15, 3/3/0.15, 4/3/0.15, 5/3/0.15, 6/3/0.15, 7/3/0.15,
0/2/0.15, 1/2/0.15, 2/2/0.15, 3/2/0.15, 4/2/0.15, 5/2/0.15, 6/2/0.15, 7/2/0.15,
0/1/0.15, 1/1/0.15, 2/1/0.15, 3/1/0.15, 4/1/0.15, 5/1/0.15, 6/1/0.15, 7/1/0.15,
0/0/0.15, 1/0/0.15, 2/0/0.15, 3/0/0.15, 4/0/0.15, 5/0/0.15, 6/0/0.15, 7/0/0.15}
\node[elementnode,minimum size=0.6*1.1cm*\c,inner sep=0.1pt,fill=blue] (a\i\j) at (0.5*1.1cm*\i-5.4*0.5*1.1cm,0.5*1.1cm*\j-0.05*1.1cm) {};
% source
\node[srcnode] (src1) at (-5.4*0.5*1.1cm,-1.05*1.1cm+7.5*0.5*1.1cm) {\scriptsize{The}};
\node[srcnode] (src2) at ([xshift=0.5*1.1cm]src1.south west) {\scriptsize{weather}};
\node[srcnode] (src3) at ([xshift=0.5*1.1cm]src2.south west) {\scriptsize{is}};
\node[srcnode] (src4) at ([xshift=0.5*1.1cm]src3.south west) {\scriptsize{very}};
\node[srcnode] (src5) at ([xshift=0.5*1.1cm]src4.south west) {\scriptsize{good}};
\node[srcnode] (src6) at ([xshift=0.5*1.1cm]src5.south west) {\scriptsize{today}};
\node[srcnode] (src7) at ([xshift=0.5*1.1cm]src6.south west) {\scriptsize{.}};
\node[srcnode] (src8) at ([xshift=0.5*1.1cm]src7.south west) {\scriptsize{EOS}};
% target
\node[tgtnode] (tgt1) at (-6.0*0.5*1.1cm,-1.05*1.1cm+7.5*0.5*1.1cm) {\scriptsize{今天}};
\node[tgtnode] (tgt2) at ([yshift=-0.5*1.1cm]tgt1.north east) {\scriptsize{天气}};
\node[tgtnode] (tgt3) at ([yshift=-0.5*1.1cm]tgt2.north east) {\scriptsize{真}};
\node[tgtnode] (tgt4) at ([yshift=-0.5*1.1cm]tgt3.north east) {\scriptsize{好}};
\node[tgtnode] (tgt5) at ([yshift=-0.5*1.1cm]tgt4.north east) {\scriptsize{。}};
\node[tgtnode] (tgt6) at ([yshift=-0.5*1.1cm]tgt5.north east) {\scriptsize{EOS}};
% word alignment
\node[align=center,elementnode,minimum size=0.3cm,inner sep=0.1pt,fill=blue!50] (l04) at (a04) {};
\node[align=center,elementnode,minimum size=0.3cm,inner sep=0.1pt,fill=blue!50] (l14) at (a14) {};
\node[align=center,elementnode,minimum size=0.3cm,inner sep=0.1pt,fill=blue!50] (l55) at (a55) {};
\node[align=center,elementnode,minimum size=0.3cm,inner sep=0.1pt,fill=blue!50] (l33) at (a33) {};
\node[align=center,elementnode,minimum size=0.3cm,inner sep=0.1pt,fill=blue!50] (l42) at (a42) {};
\node[align=center,elementnode,minimum size=0.3cm,inner sep=0.1pt,fill=blue!50] (l61) at (a61) {};
\node[align=center,elementnode,minimum size=0.3cm,inner sep=0.1pt,fill=blue!50] (l70) at (a70) {};
\begin{pgfonlayer}{background}
{
\node [rectangle,draw=red,thick,inner sep=0.6em,fill=white,drop shadow] [fit = (a04) (a14) (a24) (a33) (a42)] (phrase1) {};
}
{
\node [rectangle,draw=ugreen,thick,inner sep=0.4em,fill=white,drop shadow] [fit = (a04) (a14)] (phrase2) {};
}
\end{pgfonlayer}
\end{scope}
\begin{scope}[xshift = 1.3in, yshift = 1.8in]
{\scriptsize
\node (phrase) {\textbf{抽取得到的短语:}};
\draw[-] (phrase.south west)--([xshift=1.9in]phrase.south west);
\node[anchor=north west] (rules) at ([yshift=-7.5em]phrase.south west) {\textbf{抽取得到的规则:}};
\draw[-] (rules.south west)--([xshift=1.9in]rules.south west);
{
\node[anchor=north west] (p1) at ([yshift=-0.3em]phrase.south west) {天气\ \ 真好 -- The weather is very good};
}
{
\node[anchor=north west] (r1) at ([yshift=-0.3em]rules.south west) {$\mathrm{X_1}$\ \ 真好 -- $\mathrm{X_1}$ is very good};
\node[anchor=east] (r2) at ([yshift=-2.65cm]p1.east) {};
}
\begin{pgfonlayer}{background}
{
\node [rectangle,thick,inner sep=0.1em,fill=red!20] [fit = (p1)] (pb1) {};
}
{
\node [rectangle,thick,inner sep=0.1em,fill=ugreen!20] [fit = (r1)] (rb1) {};
\draw [->,thick,dotted] ([xshift=0.1em]phrase1.east) .. controls +(east:2) and +(west:1.5) .. ([xshift=-0.1em]r1.west);
}
{
\node [rectangle,thick,inner sep=0.1em,fill=red!20] [fit = (p1)] (pb2) {};
\node [rectangle,thick,inner sep=0.1em,fill=ugreen!20] [fit = (r1) (r2)] (rb2) {};
}
\end{pgfonlayer}
}
\end{scope}
\end{tikzpicture}
\end{center}
\ No newline at end of file
Chapter8/Figures/figure-hierarchical-phrase-rule-match-generate.tex 0 → 100644
%------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
%%% 基于树的解码方法 - chart-based decoding
\begin{center}
\begin{tikzpicture}
\begin{scope}%[scale=0.2]
\node[anchor=north] (q1) at (0,0) {\scriptsize\sffamily\bfseries{输入字符串：}};
\node[anchor=west] (q2) at ([xshift=0em,yshift=-2em]q1.west) {\footnotesize{进口$\quad$和$\quad$出口$\quad$大幅度$\quad$下降$\quad$了}};
\node[anchor=north,fill=blue!20,minimum height=1em,minimum width=1em] (f1) at ([xshift=-4.1em,yshift=-0.8em]q2.south) {};
\node[anchor=east] (n1) at ([xshift=1em,yshift=-2em]q2.west) {\scriptsize\sffamily\bfseries{匹配规则：}};
\node[anchor=west] (n2) at ([xshift=0em,yshift=0em]n1.east) {\scriptsize{$\textrm{X} \to \langle\ \textrm{X}_1\ \text{大幅度}\ \text{下降}\ \text{了},\ \textrm{X}_1\ \textrm{have}\ \textrm{drastically}\ \textrm{fallen}\ \rangle$}};
\draw[decorate,decoration={mirror,brace}]([xshift=0.5em,yshift=-1em]q2.west) --([xshift=7em,yshift=-1em]q2.west) node [xshift=0em,yshift=-1em,align=center](label1) {};
{\scriptsize
\node[anchor=west] (h1) at ([xshift=1em,yshift=-7em]q2.west) {{Span[0,3]下的翻译假设：}};
\node[anchor=west] (h2) at ([xshift=0em,yshift=-1.3em]h1.west) {{X: the imports and exports}};
\node[anchor=west] (h3) at ([xshift=0em,yshift=-1.3em]h2.west) {{X: imports and exports}};
\node[anchor=west] (h4) at ([xshift=0em,yshift=-1.3em]h3.west) {{X: exports and imports}};
\node[anchor=west] (h5) at ([xshift=0em,yshift=-1.3em]h4.west) {{X: the imports and the exports}};
\node[anchor=west] (h6) at ([xshift=0em,yshift=-1.3em]h5.west) {{S: the import and export}};
}
{\scriptsize
\node[anchor=west] (h21) at ([xshift=9em,yshift=0em]h1.east) {{替换$\textrm{X}_1$后生成的翻译假设：}};
\node[anchor=west] (h22) at ([xshift=0em,yshift=-1.3em]h21.west) {{X: the imports and exports have drastically fallen}};
\node[anchor=west] (h23) at ([xshift=0em,yshift=-1.3em]h22.west) {{X: imports and exports have drastically fallen}};
\node[anchor=west] (h24) at ([xshift=0em,yshift=-1.3em]h23.west) {{X: exports and imports have drastically fallen}};
\node[anchor=west] (h25) at ([xshift=0em,yshift=-1.3em]h24.west) {{X: the imports and the exports have drastically fallen}};
}
\node [rectangle,inner sep=0.1em,rounded corners=1pt,draw] [fit = (h1) (h5) (h6)] (gl1) {};
\node [rectangle,inner sep=0.1em,rounded corners=1pt,draw] [fit = (h21) (h25)] (gl2) {};
\draw [->,ublue,thick] ([xshift=0.6em,yshift=0.2em]n2.south) .. controls +(south:2em) and +(east:0em) .. ([xshift=-0em,yshift=2em]gl2.west);
\draw [->,ublue,thick] ([xshift=0em,yshift=1em]gl1.east) .. controls +(north:2.2em) and +(east:0em) .. ([xshift=-0em,yshift=2em]gl2.west);
\end{scope}
\end{tikzpicture}
\end{center}
Chapter8/Figures/figure-hyper-graph-representation-of-machine-translation-derivation.tex 0 → 100644
%%%------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
%%% 机器翻译推导的超图表示
\begin{center}
\begin{tikzpicture}
{\footnotesize
{
\node [anchor=north,inner sep=0.2em,draw,minimum height=1.4em,minimum width=13.5em] (n1) at (0,0) {X | 0,4 | the answer | a question };
\node [anchor=west,inner sep=0.2em,draw,minimum height=1.4em,minimum width=13.5em] (n2) at ([xshift=5em,yshift=0em]n1.east) {X | 0,4 | a question | the answer };
\node [anchor=north,inner sep=0.2em,draw,minimum height=1.4em,minimum width=10.5em] (n3) at ([xshift=-3em,yshift=-12em]n1.south) {X | 0,2 | the answer | NA };
\node [anchor=west,inner sep=0.2em,draw,minimum height=1.4em,minimum width=10.5em] (n4) at ([xshift=14em,yshift=0em]n3.east) {X | 3,4 | a question | NA};
\node [anchor=south,inner sep=0.2em,draw,minimum height=1.4em,minimum width=4.3em] (s1) at ([xshift=9.3em,yshift=4em]n1.north) {goal item};
\node [anchor=north] (n5) at ([xshift=0em,yshift=-3em]n3.south) {$\textrm{对}_0 \textrm{回答}_1$};
\node [anchor=north] (n51) at ([xshift=0em,yshift=0em]n5.south) {with the answer};
\node [anchor=west] (n6) at ([xshift=9em,yshift=0em]n5.east) {$\textrm{有}_2$};
\node [anchor=north] (n61) at ([xshift=0em,yshift=0em]n6.south) {have};
\node [anchor=north] (n7) at ([xshift=0em,yshift=-3em]n4.south) {$\textrm{疑问}_3$};
\node [anchor=north] (n71) at ([xshift=0em,yshift=0em]n7.south) {a question};
\draw[->,thick] ([xshift=-3em,yshift=0em]n1.north) .. controls +(north:3em) and +(south:1em) .. ([xshift=-1em,yshift=0em]s1.south);
\draw[->, dotted, thick] ([xshift=4em,yshift=0em]n2.north) .. controls +(north:3em) and +(south:1em) .. ([xshift=1em,yshift=0em]s1.south);
}
{\tiny
\node [anchor=south] (s1) at ([xshift=0em,yshift=1.5em]n5.north) {$\textrm{NP} \to \langle\ \textrm{NP}(\textrm{NN}(\textrm{回答})), \textrm{回答} \rangle$};
\node [anchor=south] (s2) at ([xshift=0em,yshift=1.5em]n7.north) {$\textrm{NP} \to \langle\ \textrm{NP}(\textrm{疑问}), \textrm{疑问} \rangle$};
\node [anchor=south] (s3) at ([xshift=-2em,yshift=6em]n3.north) {$\textrm{NP} \to \langle\ \textrm{VP}(\textrm{NP}_1\ \textrm{VP}(\textrm{VV}(\textrm{有})\ \textrm{NN}_2)), $};
\node [anchor=west] (s31) at ([xshift=0em,yshift=-1.5em]s3.west) {$\textrm{have}\ \textrm{NP}_1\ \textrm{NN}_2 \rangle$};
\node [anchor=south] (s4) at ([xshift=14em,yshift=1em]s3.north) {$\textrm{NP} \to \langle\ \textrm{VP}(\textrm{NP}_1\ \textrm{VP}(\textrm{VV}(\textrm{有})\ \textrm{NN}_2)), $};
\node [anchor=west] (s41) at ([xshift=8.8em,yshift=-1.3em]s4.west) {$\textrm{NP}_1\ \textrm{possess}\ \textrm{NN}_2 \rangle$};
\node [anchor=south] (s5) at ([xshift=14em,yshift=1em]s4.north) {$\textrm{NP} \to \langle\ \textrm{VP}(\textrm{NP}_1\ \textrm{VP}(\textrm{VV}(\textrm{有})\ \textrm{NN}_2)), $};
\node [anchor=west] (s51) at ([xshift=8.8em,yshift=-1.2em]s5.west) {$\textrm{NP}_1\ \textrm{exist}\ \textrm{NN}_2 \rangle$};
\node [anchor=south] (s6) at ([xshift=14em,yshift=-6em]s5.north) {$\textrm{NP} \to \langle\ \textrm{VP}(\textrm{NP}_1\ \textrm{VP}(\textrm{VV}(\textrm{有})\ \textrm{NN}_2)), $};
\node [anchor=west] (s61) at ([xshift=8.8em,yshift=-1.4em]s6.west) {$\textrm{there is}\ \textrm{NP}_1\ \textrm{NN}_2 \rangle$};
\node [anchor=south] (s7) at ([xshift=4em,yshift=1em]n1.north) {$\textrm{S} \to \langle\ \textrm{NP}_1,\textrm{NP}_1 \rangle$};
\node [anchor=south] (s8) at ([xshift=-4em,yshift=1em]n2.north) {$\textrm{S} \to \langle\ \textrm{NN}_2,\textrm{NN}_2 \rangle$};
}
{
\draw[->, dash dot dot, thick] ([xshift=-1.5em,yshift=0em]n3.north) .. controls +(north:1.4em) and +(south:3em) .. ([xshift=2em,yshift=-0em]s3.south);
\draw[->, dash dot dot, thick] ([xshift=0em,yshift=0em]n6.north west) .. controls +(north:8em) and +(south:2.5em) .. ([xshift=2em,yshift=-0em]s3.south);
\draw[->, dash dot dot, thick] ([xshift=0em,yshift=0em]n4.west) .. controls +(north:3em) and +(south:1em) .. ([xshift=2em,yshift=-0em]s3.south);
\draw[->, thick] ([xshift=2em,yshift=0em]n3.north) .. controls +(north:3em) and +(south:3em) .. (s41.south);
\draw[->, thick] ([xshift=-0.5em,yshift=0em]n6.north) .. controls +(north:8em) and +(south:2em) .. (s41.south);
\draw[->, thick] ([xshift=1em,yshift=0em]n4.north west) .. controls +(north:4em) and +(south:3em) .. (s41.south);
\draw[->, dashed, thick] ([xshift=-1em,yshift=0em]n3.north east) .. controls +(north:4em) and +(south:4em) .. ([xshift=-3em,yshift=0em]s51.south);
\draw[->, dashed, thick] ([xshift=0em,yshift=0em]n6.north) .. controls +(north:10em) and +(south:4em) .. ([xshift=-3em,yshift=0em]s51.south);
\draw[->, dashed, thick] ([xshift=-2em,yshift=0em]n4.north) .. controls +(north:4em) and +(south:3em) .. ([xshift=-3em,yshift=0em]s51.south);
\draw[->, dotted, thick] ([xshift=0em,yshift=0em]n3.east) .. controls +(north:3em) and +(south:2em) .. ([xshift=-3em,yshift=0em]s6.south);
\draw[->, dotted, thick] ([xshift=0.5em,yshift=0em]n6.north) .. controls +(north:7.5em) and +(south:2.5em) .. ([xshift=-3em,yshift=0em]s6.south);
\draw[->, dotted, thick] ([xshift=1.5em,yshift=0em]n4.north) .. controls +(north:1.4em) and +(south:3em) .. ([xshift=-3em,yshift=0em]s6.south);
\draw[->, dash dot dot, thick] ([xshift=2em,yshift=0em]s3.north) .. controls +(north:2.5em) and +(south:3em) .. ([xshift=0em,yshift=0em]n1.south);
\draw[->, thick] ([xshift=2em,yshift=0em]s4.north) .. controls +(north:1em) and +(south:2em) .. ([xshift=2em,yshift=0em]n1.south);
\draw[->, dashed, thick] ([xshift=0em,yshift=0em]s5.north) .. controls +(north:0.5em) and +(south:1em) .. ([xshift=-2em,yshift=0em]n2.south);
\draw[->, dotted, thick] ([xshift=-2.8em,yshift=0em]s6.north) .. controls +(north:2.5em) and +(south:3em) .. ([xshift=0em,yshift=0em]n2.south);
}
\draw [->] ([xshift=0em,yshift=0em]n5.north) -- ([xshift=0em,yshift=0em]s1.south);
\draw [->] ([xshift=0em,yshift=0em]s1.north) -- ([xshift=0em,yshift=0em]n3.south);
\draw [->,dashed] ([xshift=0em,yshift=0em]n7.north) -- ([xshift=0em,yshift=0em]s2.south);
\draw [->,dashed] ([xshift=0em,yshift=0em]s2.north) -- ([xshift=0em,yshift=0em]n4.south);
}
\end{tikzpicture}
\end{center}
\ No newline at end of file
Chapter8/Figures/figure-minimum-rule-from-tree-cutting-1.tex 0 → 100644
%%%------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
%%% 最小规则
\begin{minipage}[b]{0.38\textwidth}
{\small
\renewcommand*{\arraystretch}{1.3}
\begin{tabular}{l l}
{$r_1$} & {NP(PN(他)) $\to$ he} \\
{$r_2$} & {P(对) $\to$ with} \\
{$r_3$} & {NP(NN(回答)) $\to$ the answer} \\
{$r_4$} & {VP(VV(表示) NN(满意) $\to$} \\
& {satisfied} \\
{$r_5$} & {PP(P$_1$ NP$_2$) $\to$} \\
& {P$_1$ NP$_2$} \\
{$r_6$} & {VP(PP$_1$ VP$_2$) $\to$} \\
& {VP$_2$ PP$_1$} \\
{$r_7$} & {IP(NP$_1$ VP$_2$) $\to$} \\
& {NP$_1$ VP$_2$} \\
& \\
\end{tabular}
\renewcommand*{\arraystretch}{1.0}
}
\end{minipage}
\ No newline at end of file
Chapter8/Figures/figure-minimum-rule-from-tree-cutting-2.tex 0 → 100644
%%%------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
%%% 最小规则
\begin{minipage}[t]{0.47\textwidth}
\begin{tikzpicture}
{\scriptsize
\begin{scope}
{
\begin{scope}[level distance=20pt]
\node[scale=0.8, inner sep=0.1cm,align=center,draw] (cfrag1) at
(0,0.25) {\Tree[.\node(sn1){NP}; [.\node(sn2){PN}; 他 ]]};
\end{scope}
\begin{scope}[level distance=20pt]
\node[scale=0.8, inner sep=0.1cm,align=center,anchor=south west,draw] (cfrag2) at
([xshift=1.2em]cfrag1.south east) {\Tree[.\node(sn3){P}; 对 ]};
\end{scope}
\begin{scope}[level distance=20pt]
\node[scale=0.8, inner sep=0.1cm,align=center,anchor=south west,draw] (cfrag3) at
([xshift=1.2em]cfrag2.south east) {\Tree[.\node(sn4){NP}; [.NN 回答 ]]};
\end{scope}
\begin{scope}[sibling distance=15pt,level distance=20pt]
\node[scale=0.8, inner sep=0.1cm,align=center,anchor=south west,draw] (cfrag4) at
([xshift=1.4em]cfrag3.south east) {\Tree[.\node(sn5){VP}; [.\node(sn6){VV}; 表示 ] [.\node(sn7){NN}; 满意 ]]};
\end{scope}
\begin{scope}[sibling distance=20pt,,level distance=25pt]
\node[scale=0.8, inner sep=0.1cm,align=center,anchor=south west,draw] (cfrag5) at
([xshift=0.3em,yshift=2.5em]cfrag2.north west) {\Tree[.\node(sn8){PP}; [.\node(sn9){P}; ] [.\node(sn10){NP}; ]]};
\end{scope}
\begin{scope}[sibling distance=60pt]
\node[scale=0.8, inner sep=0.1cm,align=center,anchor=south west,draw] (cfrag6) at
([xshift=1.6em,yshift=0.8em]cfrag5.north west) {\Tree[.\node(sn11){VP}; [.\node(sn12){PP}; ] [.\node(sn13){VP}; ]]};
\end{scope}
\begin{scope}[sibling distance=80pt,level distance=18pt]
\node[scale=0.8, inner sep=0.1cm,align=center,anchor=south east,draw] (cfrag7) at
([xshift=-3.6em,yshift=0.8em]cfrag6.north east) {\Tree[.\node(sn14){IP}; [.\node(sn15){NP}; ] [.\node(sn16){VP}; ]]};
\end{scope}
\node[scale=0.9,anchor=north,minimum size=18pt] (tw11) at ([xshift=-0.3em,yshift=-1.2em]cfrag1.south){he};
\node[scale=0.9,anchor=west,minimum size=18pt] (tw12) at ([yshift=-0.1em,xshift=0.5em]tw11.east){was};
\node[scale=0.9,anchor=west,minimum size=18pt] (tw13) at ([yshift=0.1em,xshift=0.5em]tw12.east){satisfied};
\node[scale=0.9,anchor=west,minimum size=18pt] (tw14) at ([xshift=0.5em]tw13.east){with};
\node[scale=0.9,anchor=west,minimum size=18pt] (tw15) at ([xshift=0.5em]tw14.east){the};
\node[scale=0.9,anchor=west,minimum size=18pt] (tw16) at ([yshift=-0.1em,xshift=0.5em]tw15.east){answer};
\draw[dashed] ([xshift=-0.3em]cfrag1.south) -- ([yshift=-0.3em]tw11.north);
\draw[dashed] (cfrag2.south) -- ([yshift=-0.4em]tw14.north);
\draw[dashed] (cfrag3.south) -- ([yshift=-0.4em]tw15.north);
\draw[dashed] (cfrag3.south) -- ([yshift=-0.4em]tw16.north);
\draw[dashed] (cfrag4.south) .. controls +(south:0.6) and +(north:0.6) .. ([yshift=-0.4em]tw13.north);
\draw[*-*] ([xshift=0.0em,yshift=-0.2em]cfrag1.north) -- ([xshift=0.0em,yshift=11.3em]cfrag1.north);
\draw[*-*] ([xshift=0.1em,yshift=-0.2em]cfrag2.north) -- ([xshift=0.1em,yshift=2.9em]cfrag2.north);
\draw[*-*] ([xshift=0.1em,yshift=-0.4em]cfrag3.north) -- ([xshift=0.1em,yshift=0.9em]cfrag3.north);
\draw[*-*] ([xshift=0.0em,yshift=-0.2em]cfrag4.north) -- ([xshift=0.0em,yshift=5.7em]cfrag4.north);
\draw[*-*] ([xshift=0.1em,yshift=-0.2em]cfrag5.north) -- ([xshift=0.1em,yshift=1em]cfrag5.north);
\draw[*-*] ([xshift=0.0em,yshift=-0.2em]cfrag6.north) -- ([xshift=0.0em,yshift=1em]cfrag6.north);
{
\node [fill=blue,circle,inner sep=2pt] (rlabel1) at (cfrag1.south east) {{\color{white} \tiny{1}}};
}
{
\node [fill=blue,circle,inner sep=2pt] (rlabel2) at (cfrag2.south east) {{\color{white} \tiny{2}}};
}
{
\node [fill=blue,circle,inner sep=2pt] (rlabel3) at (cfrag3.south east) {{\color{white} \tiny{3}}};
}
{
\node [fill=blue,circle,inner sep=2pt] (rlabel4) at (cfrag4.south east) {{\color{white} \tiny{4}}};
}
{
\node [fill=blue,circle,inner sep=2pt] (rlabel5) at (cfrag5.north west) {{\color{white} \tiny{5}}};
\node [fill=blue,circle,inner sep=2pt] (rlabel6) at (cfrag6.north east) {{\color{white} \tiny{6}}};
\node [fill=blue,circle,inner sep=2pt] (rlabel7) at (cfrag7.south west) {{\color{white} \tiny{7}}};
}
}
\end{scope}
}
\end{tikzpicture}
\end{minipage}
\ No newline at end of file
Chapter8/Figures/figure-one-best-node-alignment-and-alignment-matrix.tex 0 → 100644
\newcommand{\PreserveBackslash}[1]{\let\temp=\\#1\let\\=\temp}
\newcolumntype{C}[1]{>{\PreserveBackslash\centering}p{#1}}
\newcolumntype{R}[1]{>{\PreserveBackslash\raggedleft}p{#1}}
\newcolumntype{L}[1]{>{\PreserveBackslash\raggedright}p{#1}}
\begin{flushright}
\begin{tikzpicture}
\begin{scope}[scale=0.47]
{\Large
\begin{scope}[sibling distance=17pt, level distance = 35pt]
\Tree[.\node(en1){VP$^{[1]}$};
[.\node(en2){VBZ$^{[2]}$}; have ]
[.\node(en3){ADVP$^{[3]}$};
[.\node(en4){RB$^{[4]}$}; drastically ]
[.\node(en5){VBN$^{[5]}$}; fallen ]
]
]
\end{scope}
\begin{scope}[grow'=up, yshift=-3.3in, sibling distance=32pt, level distance = 35pt]
\Tree[.\node(cn1){VP$^{[1]}$};
[.\node(cn2){AD$^{[2]}$}; 大幅度 ]
[.\node(cn3){VP$^{[3]}$};
[.\node(cn4){VV$^{[4]}$}; 减少 ]
[.\node(cn5){AS$^{[5]}$}; 了 ]
]
]
\end{scope}
}
\begin{scope}[xshift=2.3in, yshift=-0.3in]
\node[anchor=west, rotate=60] at (0.8,-0.6) {VP$^{[1]}$};
\node[anchor=west, rotate=60] at (1.8,-0.6) {VBZ$^{[2]}$};
\node[anchor=west, rotate=60] at (2.8,-0.6) {ADVP$^{[3]}$};
\node[anchor=west, rotate=60] at (3.8,-0.6) {RB$^{[4]}$};
\node[anchor=west, rotate=60] at (4.8,-0.6) {VBN$^{[5]}$};
\node[] at (6.5,-1) {VP$^{[1]}$};
\node[] at (6.5,-2) {AD$^{[2]}$};
\node[] at (6.5,-3) {VP$^{[3]}$};
\node[] at (6.5,-4) {VV$^{[4]}$};
\node[] at (6.5,-5) {AS$^{[5]}$};
\foreach \i in {1,...,5}{
\foreach \j in {-5,...,-1}{
\node[fill=blue!40,scale=0.2] at (\i,\j) {};
}
}
\node[fill=blue!40, scale=1.1, inner sep=1pt, minimum size=12pt] at (1,-1) {{\color{white} 1}};
\node[fill=blue!40, scale=1.1, inner sep=1pt, minimum size=12pt] at (2,-5) {{\color{white} 1}};
\node[fill=blue!40, scale=1.1, inner sep=1pt, minimum size=12pt] at (4,-2) {{\color{white} 1}};
\node[fill=blue!40, scale=1.1, inner sep=1pt, minimum size=12pt] at (5,-4) {{\color{white} 1}};
\node[] at (4,-6.3) {{\color{blue!40} $\blacksquare$} = fixed alignment};
\node[] at (4,-7.2) {Matrix 1: 1-best alignment};
\end{scope}
\begin{scope}[xshift=6.1in, yshift=-0.3in]
\node[anchor=west, rotate=60] at (0.8,-0.6) {VP$^{[1]}$};
\node[anchor=west, rotate=60] at (1.8,-0.6) {VBZ$^{[2]}$};
\node[anchor=west, rotate=60] at (2.8,-0.6) {ADVP$^{[3]}$};
\node[anchor=west, rotate=60] at (3.8,-0.6) {RB$^{[4]}$};
\node[anchor=west, rotate=60] at (4.8,-0.6) {VBN$^{[5]}$};
\node[] at (6.5,-1) {VP$^{[1]}$};
\node[] at (6.5,-2) {AD$^{[2]}$};
\node[] at (6.5,-3) {VP$^{[3]}$};
\node[] at (6.5,-4) {VV$^{[4]}$};
\node[] at (6.5,-5) {AS$^{[5]}$};
\foreach \i in {1,...,5}{
\foreach \j in {-5,...,-1}{
\node[fill=blue!40,scale=0.2] at (\i,\j) {};
}
}
\node[fill=blue!40, scale=1.1, inner sep=1pt, minimum size=12pt] at (1,-1) {{\color{white} \small{.9}}};
\node[fill=blue!40, scale=0.5, inner sep=1pt, minimum size=12pt] at (1,-3) {{\color{white} \small{.1}}};
\node[fill=blue!40, scale=0.5, inner sep=1pt, minimum size=12pt] at (2,-2) {{\color{white} \small{.1}}};
\node[fill=blue!40, scale=0.8, inner sep=1pt, minimum size=12pt] at (2,-3) {{\color{white} \small{.6}}};
\node[fill=blue!40, scale=0.8, inner sep=1pt, minimum size=12pt] at (2,-5) {{\color{white} \small{.6}}};
\node[fill=blue!40, scale=0.5, inner sep=1pt, minimum size=12pt] at (3,-1) {{\color{white} \small{.1}}};
\node[fill=blue!40, scale=0.5, inner sep=1pt, minimum size=12pt] at (3,-2) {{\color{white} \small{.1}}};
\node[fill=blue!40, scale=0.5, inner sep=1pt, minimum size=12pt] at (3,-3) {{\color{white} \small{.1}}};
\node[fill=blue!40, scale=1.0, inner sep=1pt, minimum size=12pt] at (4,-2) {{\color{white} \small{.8}}};
\node[fill=blue!40, scale=0.6, inner sep=1pt, minimum size=12pt] at (5,-3) {{\color{white} \small{.2}}};
\node[fill=blue!40, scale=0.7, inner sep=1pt, minimum size=12pt] at (5,-5) {{\color{white} \small{.4}}};
\node[fill=blue!40, scale=0.65, inner sep=1pt, minimum size=12pt] at (3,-4) {{\color{white} \small{.3}}};
\node[fill=blue!40, scale=0.9, inner sep=1pt, minimum size=12pt] at (5,-4) {{\color{white} \small{.7}}};
\node[] at (4,-6.3) {{\color{blue!40} $\blacksquare$} = possible alignment};
\node[] at (4,-7.2) {Matrix 2: posterior};
\node[] at (9,-7.2) {};%占位符
\end{scope}
\end{scope}
\end{tikzpicture}
\\[0.8em]
\end{flushright}
\begin{center}
\vspace{-1em}
\footnotesize{(a)节点对齐矩阵（1-best vs. Matrix）}
\end{center}
\begin{center}
\begin{tabular}[t]{C{0.48\linewidth} C{0.48\linewidth} }
\begin{tabular}{l L{150pt}}
\multicolumn{2}{l}{\textbf{\footnotesize{Minimal Rules}}} \\
\multicolumn{2}{l}{\textbf{\footnotesize{Extracted from Matrix 1 (1-best)}}} \\
\hline
\footnotesize{$r_3$} & \footnotesize{AD(大幅度) $\rightarrow$ RB(drastically)} \\
\footnotesize{$r_4$} & \footnotesize{VV(减少) $\rightarrow$ VBN(fallen)} \\
\footnotesize{$r_6$} & \footnotesize{AS(了) $\rightarrow$ VBZ(have)} \\
\footnotesize{$r_8$} & \footnotesize{VP(AD$_1$ VP(VV$_2$ AS$_3$)) $\rightarrow$} \\
& \footnotesize{VP(VBZ$_3$ ADVP(RB$_1$ VBN$_2$)} \\
\rule{0pt}{11pt} \\
\\
\\
\end{tabular}
&
\begin{tabular}{l L{150pt}}
\multicolumn{2}{l}{\textbf{\small{Minimal Rules}}} \\
\multicolumn{2}{l}{\textbf{\small{Extracted from Matrix 2 (posterior)}}} \\
\hline
\footnotesize{$r_3$} & \footnotesize{AD(大幅度) $\rightarrow$ RB(drastically)} \\
\footnotesize{$r_4$} & \footnotesize{VV(减少) $\rightarrow$ VBN(fallen)} \\
\footnotesize{$r_6$} & \footnotesize{AS(了) $\rightarrow$ VBZ(have)} \\
\footnotesize{$r_8$} & \footnotesize{VP(AD$_1$ VP(VV$_2$ AS$_3$)) $\rightarrow$} \\
& \footnotesize{VP(VBZ$_3$ ADVP(RB$_1$ VBN$_2$)} \\
\footnotesize{$r_{10}$} & \footnotesize{VP(VV(减少) AS(了)) $\rightarrow$ VBN(fallen)} \\
\footnotesize{$r_{11}$} & \footnotesize{VP(AD$_1$ VP$_2$) $\rightarrow$ VP(VBZ$_1$ ADVP$_2$)} \\
\footnotesize{...}\\
\end{tabular}
\\
\end{tabular}
\begin{center}
\vspace{-2em}
\footnotesize{(b) 抽取得到的树到树翻译规则}
\end{center}
\end{center}
Chapter8/Figures/figure-operation-of-tree-replace.tex 0 → 100644
%%%------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
%%% 规则实例(树到树)
\begin{center}
\begin{tikzpicture}
{
\begin{scope}[sibling distance=5pt, level distance = 22pt]
\Tree[.\node(s1){VP}; [.\node(s2){PP}; ] [.\node(s3){VP}; [.\node(s4){VV}; \node[fill=white](w1){表示}; ] [.\node(s5){NN}; ] ] ]
\end{scope}
\begin{scope}[xshift=1.2in, yshift=-0.2in, sibling distance=5pt, level distance = 22pt]
\Tree[.\node(ws1){NN}; \node(ws2){满意}; ]
\end{scope}
\node (anchor=west] (arrow) at ([xshift=0.4in]ws2.east) {\large{$\Rightarrow$}};
\begin{pgfonlayer}{background}
\node [inner sep=0,fill=red!20] [fit = (ws1)] (snode1) {};
\node [inner sep=0,fill=red!20] [fit = (s5)] (snode2) {};
\draw [<-,thick,dotted] ([xshift=0.1em]s5.east) ..controls +(east:3em) and +(west:3em).. ([xshift=-0.1em]ws1.west);
\end{pgfonlayer}
\begin{scope}[xshift=2.5in, sibling distance=5pt, level distance = 22pt]
\Tree[.\node(s1){VP}; [.\node(s2){PP}; ] [.\node(s3){VP}; [.\node(s4){VV}; \node[fill=white](w1){表示}; ] [.\node(s5){NN}; \node(w2){满意}; ] ] ]
\end{scope}
}
\end{tikzpicture}
\end{center}
\ No newline at end of file
Chapter8/Figures/figure-phrase-structure-tree-and-dependency-tree.tex 0 → 100644
%------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
%%% 使用句法信息的一些思考
\begin{tikzpicture}
{\small
\begin{scope}[xshift = -0.3in, sibling distance=3pt, level distance = 18pt]
\Tree[.S
[.NP
[.NNP \node(w1){Messi}; ]
]
[.VP
[.VBD \node(w2){hit}; ]
[.NP
[.DT \node(w3){the}; ]
[.NN \node(w4){ball}; ]
]
]
]
\node [anchor=north west] (cap1) at ([yshift=-2.0em,xshift=2.0em]w1.south west) {\small{(a) 短语结构树}};
\node [anchor=west] (t1) at ([xshift=4em,]w4.east) {Messi};
\node [anchor=west] (t2) at ([xshift=0.5em,]t1.east) {hit};
\node [anchor=west] (t3) at ([xshift=0.5em,]t2.east) {the};
\node [anchor=west] (t4) at ([xshift=0.5em,]t3.east) {ball};
\draw [->] ([xshift=0em]t3.north) .. controls +(north:1em) and +(north:1em) .. ([xshift=-0.2em]t4.north);
\draw [->] ([xshift=0.2em]t4.north) .. controls +(north:2.5em) and +(north:2.5em) .. ([xshift=0.2em]t2.north);
\draw [->] ([xshift=0.0em]t1.north) .. controls +(north:2.5em) and +(north:2.5em) .. ([xshift=-0.2em]t2.north);
\node [anchor=north west] (cap2) at ([yshift=-0.2em,xshift=-0.5em]t2.south west) {\small{(b) 依存树}};
\end{scope}
}
\end{tikzpicture}
Chapter8/Figures/figure-processing-of-hierarchical-phrase-system.tex 0 → 100644
%------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
%%% 文法驱动的统计机器翻译流程
\begin{center}
\begin{tikzpicture}
\begin{scope}
\tikzstyle{datanode} = [minimum width=7em,minimum height=1.7em,fill=blue!20,rounded corners=0.3em];
\tikzstyle{modelnode} = [minimum width=7em,minimum height=1.7em,fill=red!20,rounded corners=0.3em];
\tikzstyle{decodingnode} = [minimum width=7em,minimum height=1.7em,fill=green!20,rounded corners=0.3em];
\node [datanode,anchor=north west,minimum height=1.7em,minimum width=8em] (bitext) at (0,0) {{ \small{训练用双语数据}}};
\node [modelnode, anchor=north west,minimum height=1.7em,minimum width=8em] (gi) at ([xshift=2em,yshift=-0.2em]bitext.south east) {{ \small{文法(规则)抽取}}};
\node [datanode,anchor=north east,minimum height=1.7em,minimum width=8em] (birules) at ([xshift=-2em,yshift=-0.2em]gi.south west) {{ \small{同步翻译文法}}};
\node [modelnode, anchor=north west,minimum height=1.7em,minimum width=8em] (training) at ([xshift=2em,yshift=-0.2em]birules.south east) {{ \small{特征值学习}}};
\node [datanode,anchor=north east,minimum height=1.7em,minimum width=8em] (model) at ([xshift=-2em,yshift=-0.2em]training.south west) {{ \small{翻译模型}}};
\node [decodingnode, anchor=north west,minimum height=1.7em,minimum width=8em] (tuning) at ([xshift=2em,yshift=-0.2em]model.south east) {{ \small{特征权重调优}}};
\node [datanode,anchor=north east,minimum height=1.7em,minimum width=8em] (tuningdata) at ([xshift=-2em,yshift=-0.2em]tuning.south west) {{ \small{调优用双语数据}}};
\node [decodingnode, anchor=north west,minimum height=1.7em,minimum width=8em] (decoding) at ([xshift=2em,yshift=-0.2em]tuningdata.south east) {{ \small{解码新句子}}};
\node [datanode,anchor=south west,minimum height=1.7em,minimum width=8em] (monotext) at ([xshift=2em,yshift=0.2em]training.north east) {{ \small{目标语数据}}};
\node [modelnode,anchor=south west,minimum height=1.7em,minimum width=8em] (lm) at ([xshift=2em,yshift=0.2em]tuning.north east) {{ \small{$n$-gram语言建模}}};
\node [datanode,anchor=south west,minimum height=1.7em,minimum width=8em] (lmmodel) at ([xshift=2em,yshift=0.2em]decoding.north east) {{ \small{语言模型}}};
\draw [->,very thick] ([yshift=-0.3em,xshift=0.1em]bitext.east) -- ([yshift=0.1em]gi.north west);
\draw [->,very thick] ([yshift=-0.1em]gi.south west) -- ([yshift=0.3em,xshift=0.1em]birules.east);
\draw [->,very thick] ([yshift=-0.3em,xshift=0.1em]birules.east) -- ([yshift=0.1em]training.north west);
\draw [->,very thick] ([yshift=-0.1em]training.south west) -- ([yshift=0.3em,xshift=0.1em]model.east);
\draw [->,very thick] ([yshift=-0.3em,xshift=0.1em]model.east) -- ([yshift=0.1em]tuning.north west);
\draw [->,very thick] ([yshift=-0.1em]tuning.south) -- ([yshift=0.1em]decoding.north);
\draw [->,very thick] ([yshift=0.3em,xshift=0.1em]tuningdata.east) -- ([yshift=-0.1em]tuning.south west);
\draw [->,very thick] ([yshift=-0.1em]monotext.south) -- ([yshift=0.1em]lm.north);
\draw [->,very thick] ([yshift=-0.1em]lm.south) -- ([yshift=0.1em]lmmodel.north);
\draw [->,very thick] ([yshift=0.3em,xshift=-0.1em]lmmodel.west) -- ([yshift=-0.1em]tuning.south east);
\draw [->,very thick] ([yshift=-0.3em,xshift=-0.1em]lmmodel.west) -- ([yshift=0.1em]decoding.north east);
\end{scope}
\end{tikzpicture}
\end{center}
Chapter8/Figures/figure-result-of-tree-binarization.tex 0 → 100644
%%%------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
%%% tree binarization (cont.)
\begin{center}
\begin{tikzpicture}
{\footnotesize
\begin{scope}[sibling distance=4pt, level distance=25pt]
\Tree[.\node(n1){NP};
[.NNP \node(sw1){美国}; ]
[.NN \node(sw2){总统}; ]
[.NN \node(sw3){唐纳德}; ]
[.NN \node(sw4){特朗普}; ]
]
\node [anchor=north] (tw1) at ([yshift=-2em]sw1.south) {U.S.};
\node [anchor=north] (tw2) at ([yshift=-2em]sw2.south) {President};
\node [anchor=north] (tw3) at ([yshift=-2em]sw3.south) {Trump};
\draw [-,dashed] (sw1.south) -- (tw1.north);
\draw [-,dashed] (sw2.south) -- (tw2.north);
\draw [-,dashed] (sw3.south) -- (tw3.north);
\draw [-,dashed] (sw4.south) -- (tw3.north);
\draw [->,very thick] ([xshift=1em]sw4.east) -- ([xshift=5em]sw4.east) node [pos=0.5,above] {\scriptsize{二叉化}};
\end{scope}
\begin{scope}[xshift=2.2in,sibling distance=10pt, level distance=15pt]
\Tree[.\node(n1){NP};
[.NNP \node(sw1){美国}; ]
[.NP-BAR
[.NN \node(sw2){总统}; ]
[.NP-BAR
[.NN \node(sw3){唐纳德}; ]
[.NN \node(sw4){特朗普}; ]
]
]
]
\node [anchor=north] (tw1) at ([yshift=-4.5em]sw1.south) {U.S.};
\node [anchor=north] (tw2) at ([yshift=-2.75em]sw2.south) {President};
\node [anchor=north] (tw3) at ([yshift=-1em]sw3.south) {Trump};
\draw [-,dashed] (sw1.south) -- (tw1.north);
\draw [-,dashed] (sw2.south) -- (tw2.north);
\draw [-,dashed] (sw3.south) -- (tw3.north);
\draw [-,dashed] (sw4.south) -- (tw3.north);
\end{scope}
}
\end{tikzpicture}
\end{center}
\ No newline at end of file
Chapter8/Figures/figure-role-of-syntax-tree-in-different-decoding-methods.tex 0 → 100644
%%%------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
%%% 基于串的解码方法
\begin{center}
\begin{tikzpicture}
\begin{scope}[scale=0.9,level distance=30pt,sibling distance=7pt]
{\small
\Tree[.\node(bsn0){IP};
[.\node(bsn1){NP};
[.\node(bsn2){NN}; \node(bsw1){猫}; ]
]
[.\node(bsn3){VP};
[.\node(bsn4){VV}; \node(bsw2){喜欢}; ]
[.\node(bsn5){VP}; \edge[roof]; \node(bsw3){吃 \ 鱼}; ]
]
]
\node [anchor=west] (target) at ([xshift=1em]bsw3.east) {Cats like eating fish};
\node [anchor=north,inner sep=3pt] (cap1) at ([yshift=-1em]target.south west) {(a) 基于树的解码};
\draw [->,thick] (bsw3.east) -- (target.west);
\node [anchor=west] (sourcelabel) at ([xshift=6em,yshift=-1em]bsn0.east) {显式输入的结构};
\node [anchor=west] (source2) at ([xshift=3.3em]target.east) {猫$\ \ \;$喜欢$\ \;$吃\ 鱼};
\node [anchor=west] (target2) at ([xshift=1em]source2.east) {Cats like eating fish};
\node [anchor=north,inner sep=3pt] (cap2) at ([xshift=1.1em,yshift=-1em]target2.south west) {(b) 基于串的解码};
\draw [->,thick] (source2.east) -- (target2.west);
\begin{pgfonlayer}{background}
{
\path [draw,dashed,rectangle,inner sep=1em,thick,blue,rounded corners=5pt] ([xshift=-3em,yshift=0.5em]bsn0.north west) -- ([xshift=5.3em,yshift=0.5em]bsn0.north east) -- ([xshift=5.3em,yshift=-10.5em]bsn0.north east) -- ([xshift=-3em,yshift=-10.5em]bsn0.north west) -- ([xshift=-3em,yshift=0.5em]bsn0.north west);
}
\end{pgfonlayer}
\begin{scope}[xshift=3.18in,yshift=-0em,sibling distance=10pt]
\Tree[.\node(bsn0){IP};
[.\node(bsn1){NP};
[.\node(bsn2){NN}; ]
]
[.\node(bsn3){VP};
[.\node(bsn4){VV}; ]
[.\node(bsn5){VP}; ]
]
]
\begin{pgfonlayer}{background}
\node [draw,dashed,rectangle,inner sep=1em,thick,red,rounded corners=5pt] (box) [fit = (bsn0) (bsn1) (bsn2) (bsn3) (bsn4) (bsn5)] {};
\node [anchor=north west] (boxlabel) at ([xshift=2em,yshift=-2em]box.north east) {隐含结构};
\end{pgfonlayer}
\end{scope}
}
\end{scope}
\end{tikzpicture}
\end{center}
\ No newline at end of file
Chapter8/Figures/figure-rule-matching-base-tree.tex 0 → 100644
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%%% 规则使用 - 基于树的匹配
\begin{center}
\begin{tikzpicture}
\begin{scope}[scale=0.97]
{\small
\begin{scope}[sibling distance=2pt,level distance=20pt,grow'=up]
\Tree[.\node(treeroot){IP};
[.NP [.NR 阿都拉$_1$ ]]
[.\node(tn1){VP};
[.\node(tn2){PP};
[.\node(tn3){P}; \node(cw1){对$_2$}; ]
[.\node(tn4){NP}; \edge[roof]; {自己$_3$ 四$_4$\ 个$_5$\ 多$_6$\ 月$_7$\ 以来$_8$\ 的$_9$\ 施政$_{10}$\ 表现$_{11}$} ]
]
[.\node(tn5){VP};
[.VV 感到$_{12}$ ]
[.NN 满意$_{13}$ ]
]
]
]
\end{scope}
{
\node [anchor=west,fill=blue!20!white] (rulepart1) at ([yshift=2.0in,xshift=-1.3in]treeroot.east) {VP(PP(P(对) NP$_1$) VP$_2$)};
\node [anchor=north west] (rulepart2) at (rulepart1.south west) {$\to$ VP$_2$ with NP$_1$};
}
\begin{pgfonlayer}{background}
{
\node[rectangle,draw,inner sep=2pt] [fit = (rulepart1) (rulepart2)] (rulemark) {};
}
\end{pgfonlayer}
{
\node [anchor=south west] at (rulemark.north west) {\small{{树到串翻译规则}}};
}
}
\begin{scope}[xshift=1.5in,yshift=1.6in]
{
\node[anchor=center, minimum size=10pt,draw] (cell1and1) at (0,0) {};
\node[anchor=west, minimum size=10pt,draw] (cell2and1) at ([xshift=-0.02em]cell1and1.east) {};
\node[anchor=west, minimum size=10pt,draw] (cell3and1) at ([xshift=-0.02em]cell2and1.east) {};
\node[anchor=west, minimum size=10pt] (cell4and1) at ([xshift=0]cell3and1.east) {\scriptsize{$\dots$}};
\node[anchor=west, minimum size=10pt,draw] (cellnand1) at ([xshift=0]cell4and1.east) {};
\node[anchor=south, minimum size=10pt,draw] (cell1and2) at ([yshift=-0.04em]cell1and1.north) {};
\node[anchor=west, minimum size=10pt,draw] (cell2and2) at ([xshift=-0.02em]cell1and2.east) {};
\node[anchor=south, minimum size=10pt,draw] (cell1and3) at ([yshift=-0.04em]cell1and2.north) {};
\node[anchor=south, minimum size=10pt] (cell1and4) at ([yshift=0]cell1and3.north) {\scriptsize{$\vdots$}};
\node[anchor=south, minimum size=10pt] (cell2and3) at ([yshift=0pt]cell2and2.north) {\scriptsize{$\vdots$}};
\node[anchor=south, minimum size=10pt] (cell3and2) at ([yshift=1pt]cell3and1.north) {\scriptsize{$\vdots$}};
\node[anchor=south, minimum size=10pt,draw] (cell4andn) at ([yshift=11pt,xshift=10pt]cell3and1.north) {};
\node[anchor=south, minimum size=10pt,draw] (cell1andn) at ([yshift=-3pt]cell1and4.north) {};
\node[anchor=south, minimum size=10pt,draw] (cell2andn) at ([xshift=0pt,yshift=-3pt]cell2and3.north) {};
%\node[anchor=center, minimum size=10pt,draw] (cell3andn) at ([xshift=10pt,yshift=-10pt]cell2andn.center) {};
\node[anchor=west] (chartlabel) at ([xshift=-0em,yshift=-0.8em]cell1and1.south east) {\small{Chart}};
}
\end{scope}
{
\path [draw,thick,ublue,->,dashed] (rulemark.north east) .. controls +(60:2.0) and +(north east:1.5) .. ([yshift=0.05em,xshift=0.05em]cell4andn.north east) node[pos=0.25, below,yshift=-0.2em] (spanlabel) {};
}
\begin{pgfonlayer}{background}
{
\path [fill=red!20] (tn1.south west) -- ([yshift=0.2em]tn2.south west) -- ([yshift=0.2em,xshift=-0.30em]tn3.south west) -- (cw1.north west) -- (cw1.north east) -- ([xshift=0.30em]tn3.north east) -- (tn4.north east) -- (tn4.south east) -- ([xshift=0.5em]tn2.north east) -- (tn5.north east)-- ([yshift=0.2em]tn5.south east) -- (tn1.south east) -- (tn1.south west);
}
\end{pgfonlayer}
{
\path [draw,thick,ublue,<->] ([xshift=-2em]rulepart1.south east) .. controls +(south:1.7) and +(north:1.3) .. ([xshift=0em,yshift=0.10em]cw1.north) node[pos=0.5, below,xshift=0.3in] {\small{树片段的匹配}};
}
\end{scope}
\end{tikzpicture}
\end{center}
\ No newline at end of file
Chapter8/Figures/figure-structure-of-chart.tex 0 → 100644
%------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
%%% 基于树的解码方法 - chart-based decoding
\begin{center}
\begin{tikzpicture}
\begin{scope}%[scale=0.2]
\node [anchor=north] (ch) at (0,0) {\large{\textbf{Chart}}};
\draw [->,ublue] ([xshift=-1em,yshift=-1em]ch.south) -- ([xshift=-1em,yshift=-9em]ch.south);
\draw [->,ublue] ([xshift=-1em,yshift=-1em]ch.south) -- ([xshift=10em,yshift=-1em]ch.south);
{\small
\node [anchor=north] (l11) at ([xshift=-1.7em,yshift=-2.5em]ch.south) {{起}};
\node [anchor=north] (l12) at ([xshift=0em,yshift=0.5em]l11.south) {{始}};
\node [anchor=north] (l13) at ([xshift=0em,yshift=0.5em]l12.south) {{位}};
\node [anchor=north] (l14) at ([xshift=0em,yshift=0.5em]l13.south) {{置}};
\node [anchor=north] (l2) at ([xshift=4.5em,yshift=0.4em]ch.south) {{跨度大小}};
}
\draw [-,ublue] ([xshift=1em,yshift=-2em]ch.south) -- ([xshift=1em,yshift=-8em]ch.south);
\draw [-,ublue] ([xshift=5em,yshift=-2em]ch.south) -- ([xshift=5em,yshift=-8em]ch.south);
\draw [-,ublue] ([xshift=9em,yshift=-2em]ch.south) -- ([xshift=9em,yshift=-8em]ch.south);
\draw [-,ublue] ([xshift=1em,yshift=-2em]ch.south) -- ([xshift=9em,yshift=-2em]ch.south);
\draw [-,ublue] ([xshift=1em,yshift=-5em]ch.south) -- ([xshift=9em,yshift=-5em]ch.south);
\draw [-,ublue] ([xshift=1em,yshift=-8em]ch.south) -- ([xshift=9em,yshift=-8em]ch.south);
\node [anchor=north,rectangle,draw=red!40, inner sep=0mm,minimum height=4em,minimum width=9em,rounded corners=2pt,very thick] (n1) at ([xshift=18em,yshift=2em]ch.south) {};
\node [anchor=north,rectangle,draw=red!40, inner sep=0mm,minimum height=4em,minimum width=9em,rounded corners=2pt,very thick] (n2) at ([xshift=0em,yshift=-0.5em]n1.south) {};
\node [anchor=north,rectangle,draw=red!40, inner sep=0mm,minimum height=4em,minimum width=9em,rounded corners=2pt,very thick] (n3) at ([xshift=0em,yshift=-0.5em]n2.south) {};
\node [anchor=north] (n11) at ([xshift=0em,yshift=-0.5em]n1.north) {Cell[0,1]:};
\node [anchor=north] (n12) at ([xshift=1em,yshift=-1.2em]n11.north) {VV[0,1]};
\node [anchor=north] (n21) at ([xshift=0em,yshift=-0.1em]n2.north) {Cell[1,2]:};
\node [anchor=north] (n22) at ([xshift=1em,yshift=-1.2em]n21.north) {NN[1,2]};
\node [anchor=north] (n23) at ([xshift=0em,yshift=-1.3em]n22.north) {NP[1,2]};
\node [anchor=north] (n31) at ([xshift=0em,yshift=-0.1em]n3.north) {Cell[0,2]:};
\node [anchor=north] (n32) at ([xshift=1em,yshift=-1.2em]n31.north) {VP[0,2]};
\node [anchor=north] (n33) at ([xshift=0em,yshift=-1.3em]n32.north) {NP[0,2]};
\draw [->,blue!40,very thick] ([xshift=0em,yshift=-0.5em]n1.west) .. controls +(west:6em) and +(north:3em) .. ([xshift=-15em,yshift=-2em]n1.south);
\draw [->,blue!40,very thick] ([xshift=0em,yshift=1em]n2.west) .. controls +(west:2em) and +(north:2em) .. ([xshift=-14.5em,yshift=0em]n2.south);
\draw [->,blue!40,very thick] ([xshift=0em,yshift=-0.5em]n3.west) .. controls +(west:5em) and +(south:0.5em) .. ([xshift=-12em,yshift=5em]n3.south);
\end{scope}
\end{tikzpicture}
\end{center}
Chapter8/Figures/figure-syntax-tree-in-ctb.tex 0 → 100644
%%%------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
%%% tree binarization
\begin{center}
\begin{tikzpicture}
{\small
\begin{scope}[scale = 0.9, sibling distance=25pt, level distance=30pt]
{\footnotesize
\Tree[.IP
[.NP ]
[.VP ]
[., ]
[.VP ]
[., ]
[.VP ]
[., ]
[.VP ]
[.{.{\color{white} V}} ]
]
}
\end{scope}
}
\end{tikzpicture}
\end{center}
\ No newline at end of file
Chapter8/Figures/figure-syntax-tree-with-admissible-node.tex 0 → 100644
%%%------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
%%% Admissible Node的定义
\begin{center}
\begin{tikzpicture}
{\small
\begin{scope}[sibling distance=25pt, level distance=20pt]
\Tree[.\node(n1){IP};
[.\node(n2){NP}; [.\node(n3){PN}; \node(cw1){他}; ]]
[.\node(n4){VP};
[.\node(n5){PP};
[.\node(n6){P}; \node(cw2){对}; ]
[.\node(n7){NP};
[.\node(n8){NN}; \node(cw3){回答}; ]
]
]
[.\node(n9){VP};
[.\node(n10){VV}; \node(cw4){表示}; ]
[.\node(n11){NN}; \node(cw5){满意}; ]
]
]
]
\node[anchor=north,minimum size=18pt,align=center] (tw1) at ([yshift=-6.0em]cw1.south){he\\\footnotesize{1}};
\node[anchor=west,minimum size=18pt,align=center] (tw2) at ([yshift=-0.1em,xshift=1.1em]tw1.east){was\\\footnotesize{2}};
\node[anchor=west,minimum size=18pt,align=center] (tw3) at ([yshift=0.1em,xshift=1.1em]tw2.east){satisfied\\\footnotesize{3}};
\node[anchor=west,minimum size=18pt,align=center] (tw4) at ([xshift=1.1em]tw3.east){with\\\footnotesize{4}};
\node[anchor=west,minimum size=18pt,align=center] (tw5) at ([xshift=1.1em]tw4.east){the\\\footnotesize{5}};
\node[anchor=west,minimum size=18pt,align=center] (tw6) at ([yshift=-0.1em,xshift=1.1em]tw5.east){answer\\\footnotesize{6}};
\draw[dashed] (cw1.south) -- ([yshift=-0.4em]tw1.north);
\draw[dashed] (cw2.south) .. controls +(south:1.6) and +(north:0.6) .. ([yshift=-0.4em]tw4.north);
\draw[dashed] (cw3.south) -- ([yshift=-0.4em]tw5.north);
\draw[dashed] (cw3.south) -- ([yshift=-0.4em]tw6.north);
\draw[dashed] (cw4.south) .. controls +(south:2.0) and +(north:0.6) .. ([yshift=-0.4em]tw3.north);
\draw[dashed] (cw5.south) .. controls +(south:2.0) and +(north:0.6) .. ([yshift=-0.4em]tw3.north);
\node [anchor=south west,align=left,fill=red!20,drop shadow] (label1) at ([xshift=0.5em]n11.north east) {\footnotesize{span=\{3\}}\\\footnotesize{c-span=\{1,3-6\}}};
\node [anchor=south west,align=left,fill=blue!20,drop shadow] (label2) at ([xshift=0.5em,yshift=-0.5em]n4.north east) {\footnotesize{span=\{3-6\}}\\\footnotesize{c-span=\{1\}}};
\begin{pgfonlayer}{background}
\node [rectangle,fill=red!20,inner sep=0] [fit = (n11)] (n11box) {};
\node [rectangle,fill=blue!20,inner sep=0] [fit = (n4)] (n4box) {};
{
\node [rectangle,fill=blue!20,inner sep=0] [fit = (n1)] (n1box) {};
\node [rectangle,fill=blue!20,inner sep=0] [fit = (n2)] (n2box) {};
\node [rectangle,fill=blue!20,inner sep=0] [fit = (n3)] (n3box) {};
\node [rectangle,fill=blue!20,inner sep=0] [fit = (n5)] (n5box) {};
\node [rectangle,fill=blue!20,inner sep=0] [fit = (n6)] (n6box) {};
\node [rectangle,fill=blue!20,inner sep=0] [fit = (n7)] (n7box) {};
\node [rectangle,fill=blue!20,inner sep=0] [fit = (n8)] (n8box) {};
\node [rectangle,fill=blue!20,inner sep=0] [fit = (n9)] (n9box) {};
\node [rectangle,fill=red!20,inner sep=0] [fit = (n10)] (n10box) {};
}
\end{pgfonlayer}
{
\node [anchor=north] (n11boxlabel) at (label1.south) {\footnotesize{{\red{不可信}}}};
\node [anchor=north] (n4boxlabel) at (label2.south) {\footnotesize{{\red{可信}}}};
}
{
\node [anchor=north west, minimum size=1.2em, fill=blue!20] (land1) at ([xshift=1.5em,yshift=-1em]cw5.south east) {};
\node [anchor=west] (land1label) at (land1.east) {\footnotesize{可信}};
\node [anchor=north west, minimum size=1.2em, fill=red!20] (land2) at ([yshift=-0.3em]land1.south west) {};
\node [anchor=west] (land2label) at (land2.east) {\footnotesize{不可信}};
}
\end{scope}
}
\end{tikzpicture}
\end{center}
\ No newline at end of file
Chapter8/Figures/figure-translation-rule-based-on-admissible-node.tex 0 → 100644
%%%------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
%%% 规则抽取
\begin{center}
\begin{tikzpicture}
{\small
\begin{scope}[sibling distance=25pt, level distance=20pt]
\Tree[.\node(n1){IP};
[.\node(n2){NP}; [.\node(n3){PN}; \node(cw1){他}; ]]
[.\node(n4){VP};
[.\node(n5){PP};
[.\node(n6){P}; \node(cw2){对}; ]
[.\node(n7){NP};
[.\node(n8){NN}; \node(cw3){回答}; ]
]
]
[.\node[minimum height=0.7em,minimum width=1.8em](n9){};
[.\node(n10){VV}; \node(cw4){表示}; ]
[.\node(n11){NN}; \node(cw5){满意}; ]
]
]
]
\node[anchor=north,minimum size=18pt,align=center] (tw1) at ([yshift=-6.0em]cw1.south){he\\\footnotesize{1}};
\node[anchor=west,minimum size=18pt,align=center] (tw2) at ([yshift=-0.1em,xshift=1.1em]tw1.east){was\\\footnotesize{2}};
\node[anchor=west,minimum size=18pt,align=center,minimum height=2.6em,minimum width=4em] (tw3) at ([yshift=0.1em,xshift=1.1em]tw2.east){};
\node[anchor=west,minimum size=18pt,align=center] (tw4) at ([xshift=1.1em]tw3.east){with\\\footnotesize{4}};
\node[anchor=west,minimum size=18pt,align=center] (tw5) at ([xshift=1.1em]tw4.east){the\\\footnotesize{5}};
\node[anchor=west,minimum size=18pt,align=center] (tw6) at ([yshift=-0.1em,xshift=1.1em]tw5.east){answer\\\footnotesize{6}};
\node[anchor=north,minimum size=18pt,align=center] (empty) at ([xshift=-2.0em]cw1.south){};
\draw[dashed] (cw1.south) -- ([yshift=-0.4em]tw1.north);
\draw[dashed] (cw2.south) .. controls +(south:1.6) and +(north:0.6) .. ([yshift=-0.4em]tw4.north);
\draw[dashed] (cw3.south) -- ([yshift=-0.4em]tw5.north);
\draw[dashed] (cw3.south) -- ([yshift=-0.4em]tw6.north);
\draw[dashed] (cw4.south) .. controls +(south:2.0) and +(north:0.6) .. ([yshift=-0.4em]tw3.north);
\draw[dashed] (cw5.south) .. controls +(south:2.0) and +(north:0.6) .. ([yshift=-0.4em]tw3.north);
\begin{pgfonlayer}{background}
{
\node [fill=blue!30] [fit = (cw2) (cw3) (n7) (n8)] (rule1box1) {};
\node [fill=blue!30] [fit = (n4) (n9)] (rule1box2) {};
\node [fill=blue!30] [fit = (tw3) (tw4) (tw5) (tw6)] (rule1box3) {};
\path [fill=blue!30] ([xshift=0.05em]rule1box2.north west) -- ([xshift=-0.3em,yshift=0.3em]n5.north west) -- ([yshift=-0.05em]rule1box1.north west) -- ([xshift=0.05em,yshift=-0.05em]rule1box2.south west) -- ([xshift=0.05em]rule1box2.north west);
}
\node [rectangle,fill=orange!20,inner sep=0] [fit = (n11)] (n11box) {};
\node [rectangle,fill=green!20,inner sep=0] [fit = (n4)] (n4box) {};
\node [rectangle,fill=green!20,inner sep=0] [fit = (n1)] (n1box) {};
\node [rectangle,fill=green!20,inner sep=0] [fit = (n2)] (n2box) {};
\node [rectangle,fill=green!20,inner sep=0] [fit = (n3)] (n3box) {};
\node [rectangle,fill=green!20,inner sep=0] [fit = (n5)] (n5box) {};
\node [rectangle,fill=green!20,inner sep=0] [fit = (n6)] (n6box) {};
\node [rectangle,fill=green!20,inner sep=0] [fit = (n7)] (n7box) {};
\node [rectangle,fill=green!20,inner sep=0] [fit = (n8)] (n8box) {};
\node [rectangle,fill=green!20,inner sep=0] [fit = (n9)] (n9box) {};
\node [rectangle,fill=orange!20,inner sep=0] [fit = (n10)] (n10box) {};
\end{pgfonlayer}
\node [anchor=north west, minimum size=1.2em, fill=green!20] (land1) at ([xshift=1.5em,yshift=-1em]cw5.south east) {};
\node [anchor=west] (land1label) at (land1.east) {\footnotesize{可信}};
\node [anchor=north west, minimum size=1.2em, fill=orange!20] (land2) at ([yshift=-0.3em]land1.south west) {};
\node [anchor=west] (land2label) at (land2.east) {\footnotesize{不可信}};
{
\node [draw,thick,red,fill=red!20,anchor=north,minimum height=2.2em,minimum width=2.5em] (var1) at ([yshift=1.2em]n9.north) {{\color{black} VP}};
\node [draw,thick,red,fill=red!20] [fit = (tw3)] (var1v2) {{\color{black} \large{VP}}};
\node [anchor=west] (var1label) at ([yshift=0.5em]var1.east) {\footnotesize{\red{变量}}};
\node [anchor=south] (var1v2label) at ([xshift=-2em]var1v2.north) {\footnotesize{\red{变量}}};
}
\end{scope}
}
\end{tikzpicture}
\end{center}
\ No newline at end of file
Chapter8/Figures/figure-translation-rule-describe-two-sentence-generation.tex 0 → 100644
%------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
%%% 使用翻译规则
\begin{center}
\begin{tikzpicture}
\begin{scope}
{
% rule 1 (source)
\node [anchor=west] (rule1s1) at (0,0) {与};
\node [anchor=west,inner sep=2pt,fill=black] (rule1s2) at ([xshift=0.5em]rule1s1.east) {\scriptsize{{\color{white} $\textrm{X}_1$}}};
\node [anchor=west] (rule1s3) at ([xshift=0.5em]rule1s2.east) {有};
\node [anchor=west,inner sep=2pt,fill=black] (rule1s4) at ([xshift=0.5em]rule1s3.east) {\scriptsize{{\color{white} $\textrm{X}_2$}}};
% rule 1 (target)
\node [anchor=west] (rule1t1) at ([xshift=0.8in]rule1s4.east) {have};
\node [anchor=west,inner sep=2pt,fill=black] (rule1t2) at ([xshift=0.5em]rule1t1.east) {\scriptsize{{\color{white} $\textrm{X}_2$}}};
\node [anchor=west] (rule1t3) at ([xshift=0.5em]rule1t2.east) {with};
\node [anchor=west,inner sep=2pt,fill=black] (rule1t4) at ([xshift=0.5em]rule1t3.east) {\scriptsize{{\color{white} $\textrm{X}_1$}}};
}
{
% phrase 1 (source and target)
\node [anchor=north] (phrase1s1) at ([yshift=-1em]rule1s2.south) {\footnotesize{北韩}};
\node [anchor=north] (phrase1t1) at ([yshift=-1em]rule1t4.south) {\footnotesize{North Korea}};
}
{
% phrase 2 (source and target)
\node [anchor=north] (phrase2s1) at ([yshift=-3em]rule1s4.south) {\footnotesize{邦交}};
\node [anchor=north] (phrase2t1) at ([yshift=-3em]rule1t2.south) {\footnotesize{diplomatic relations}};
}
\begin{pgfonlayer}{background}
{
\node [rectangle,draw=red,inner sep=1pt,thick,fill=white,drop shadow] [fit = (rule1s1) (rule1s4)] (rule1s) {};
\node [rectangle,draw=red,inner sep=2pt,thick,fill=white,drop shadow] [fit = (rule1t1) (rule1t4)] (rule1t) {};
\draw [<->,dotted,thick,red] ([xshift=0.1em]rule1s.east) -- ([xshift=-0.1em]rule1t.west);
}
\end{pgfonlayer}
{
% edges (phrases 1-2 to rule1)
\draw [->] (phrase1s1.north) -- ([yshift=-0.1em]rule1s2.south);
\draw [->] (phrase1t1.north) -- ([yshift=-0.1em]rule1t4.south);
\draw [->] (phrase2s1.north) -- ([yshift=-0.1em]rule1s4.south);
\draw [->] (phrase2t1.north) -- ([yshift=-0.1em]rule1t2.south);
}
{
% rule 2 (source)
\node [anchor=west,inner sep=2pt,fill=black] (rule2s1) at ([yshift=3.5em,xshift=-0.5em]rule1s1.north west) {\scriptsize{{\color{white} $\textrm{X}_1$}}};
\node [anchor=west] (rule2s2) at ([xshift=0.5em]rule2s1.east) {的};
\node [anchor=west,inner sep=2pt,fill=black] (rule2s3) at ([xshift=0.5em]rule2s2.east) {\scriptsize{{\color{white} $\textrm{X}_2$}}};
% rule 2 (target)
\node [anchor=west,inner sep=2pt,fill=black] (rule2t1) at ([xshift=1.8in]rule2s3.east) {\scriptsize{{\color{white} $\textrm{X}_2$}}};
\node [anchor=west] (rule2t2) at ([xshift=0.5em]rule2t1.east) {that};
\node [anchor=west,inner sep=2pt,fill=black] (rule2t3) at ([xshift=0.5em]rule2t2.east) {\scriptsize{{\color{white} $\textrm{X}_1$}}};
% phrase 3 (source and target)
\node [anchor=north] (phrase3s1) at ([yshift=-0.8em]rule2s3.south) {\footnotesize{少数 国家}};
\node [anchor=north] (phrase3t1) at ([yshift=-0.8em]rule2t1.south) {\footnotesize{the few countries}};
% edges (phrase 3 to rule 2 and rule1 to rule2)
\draw [->] (phrase3s1.north) -- ([yshift=-0.1em]rule2s3.south);
\draw [->] (phrase3t1.north) -- ([yshift=-0.1em]rule2t1.south);
\draw [->] ([xshift=2em]rule1s.north west) ..controls +(north:1.5em) and +(south:1.5em).. ([yshift=-0.1em]rule2s1.south);
\draw [->] ([xshift=-2em]rule1t.north east) ..controls +(north:1.5em) and +(south:1.5em).. ([yshift=-0.1em]rule2t3.south);
}
\begin{pgfonlayer}{background}
{
\node [rectangle,draw=blue,inner sep=4pt,thick,fill=white,drop shadow] [fit = (rule2s1) (rule2s3)] (rule2s) {};
\node [rectangle,draw=blue,inner sep=4pt,thick,fill=white,drop shadow] [fit = (rule2t1) (rule2t3)] (rule2t) {};
\draw [<->,dotted,thick,blue] ([xshift=0.1em]rule2s.east) -- ([xshift=-0.1em]rule2t.west);
}
\end{pgfonlayer}
{
% rule 3 (source)
\node [anchor=west,inner sep=2pt,fill=black] (rule3s1) at ([yshift=2.5em,xshift=4em]rule2s1.north west) {\scriptsize{{\color{white} $\textrm{X}_1$}}};
\node [anchor=west] (rule3s2) at ([xshift=0.5em]rule3s1.east) {之一};
% rule 3 (target)
\node [anchor=west] (rule3t1) at ([xshift=1.0in]rule3s2.east) {one of};
\node [anchor=west,inner sep=2pt,fill=black] (rule3t2) at ([xshift=0.5em]rule3t1.east) {\scriptsize{{\color{white} $\textrm{X}_1$}}};
% edges: rule 2 to rule 3
\draw [->] ([xshift=-1em]rule2s.north) ..controls +(north:1.2em) and +(south:1.2em).. ([yshift=-0.1em]rule3s1.south);
\draw [->] ([xshift=1em]rule2t.north) ..controls +(north:1.2em) and +(south:1.2em).. ([yshift=-0.1em]rule3t2.south);
}
\begin{pgfonlayer}{background}
{
\node [rectangle,draw=ugreen,inner sep=1pt,thick,fill=white,drop shadow] [fit = (rule3s1) (rule3s2)] (rule3s) {};
\node [rectangle,draw=ugreen,inner sep=2pt,thick,fill=white,drop shadow] [fit = (rule3t1) (rule3t2)] (rule3t) {};
\draw [<->,dotted,thick,ugreen] ([xshift=0.1em]rule3s.east) -- ([xshift=-0.1em]rule3t.west);
}
\end{pgfonlayer}
{
% rule 4 (source)
\node [anchor=west,inner sep=2pt,fill=black] (rule4s1) at ([yshift=3.5em,xshift=-3.5em]rule3s1.north west) {\scriptsize{{\color{white} $\textrm{X}_1$}}};
\node [anchor=west] (rule4s2) at ([xshift=0.5em]rule4s1.east) {是};
\node [anchor=west,inner sep=2pt,fill=black] (rule4s3) at ([xshift=0.5em]rule4s2.east) {\scriptsize{{\color{white} $\textrm{X}_2$}}};
% rule 2 (target)
\node [anchor=west,inner sep=2pt,fill=black] (rule4t1) at ([xshift=2.0in]rule4s2.east) {\scriptsize{{\color{white} $\textrm{X}_1$}}};
\node [anchor=west] (rule4t2) at ([xshift=0.5em]rule4t1.east) {is};
\node [anchor=west,inner sep=2pt,fill=black] (rule4t3) at ([xshift=0.5em]rule4t2.east) {\scriptsize{{\color{white} $\textrm{X}_2$}}};
% phrase 4 (source and target)
\node [anchor=north] (phrase4s1) at ([yshift=-0.8em]rule4s1.south) {\footnotesize{澳洲}};
\node [anchor=north] (phrase4t1) at ([yshift=-0.8em]rule4t1.south) {\footnotesize{Australia}};
% edges (phrase 4 to rule 4 and rule3 to rule4)
\draw [->] (phrase4s1.north) -- ([yshift=-0.1em]rule4s1.south);
\draw [->] (phrase4t1.north) -- ([yshift=-0.1em]rule4t1.south);
\draw [->] ([xshift=1em]rule3s.north) ..controls +(north:1.5em) and +(south:1.5em).. ([yshift=-0.1em]rule4s3.south);
\draw [->] ([xshift=-1em]rule3t.north east) ..controls +(north:1.5em) and +(south:1.5em).. ([yshift=-0.1em]rule4t3.south);
}
\begin{pgfonlayer}{background}
{
\node [rectangle,draw=orange,inner sep=4pt,thick,fill=white,drop shadow] [fit = (rule4s1) (rule4s3)] (rule4s) {};
\node [rectangle,draw=orange,inner sep=4pt,thick,fill=white,drop shadow] [fit = (rule4t1) (rule4t3)] (rule4t) {};
\draw [<->,dotted,thick,orange] ([xshift=0.1em]rule4s.east) -- ([xshift=-0.1em]rule4t.west);
}
\end{pgfonlayer}
\end{scope}
\end{tikzpicture}
\end{center}
\ No newline at end of file
Chapter8/Figures/figure-tree-binarization.tex 0 → 100644
%%%------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
%%% tree binarization
\begin{center}
\begin{tikzpicture}
{
{\small
\begin{scope}[sibling distance=4pt, level distance=25pt]
{\footnotesize
\Tree[.\node(n1){NP};
[.NNP \node(sw1){美国}; ]
[.NN \node(sw2){总统}; ]
[.NN \node(sw3){唐纳德}; ]
[.NN \node(sw4){特朗普}; ]
]
}
\node [anchor=north] (tw1) at ([yshift=-2em]sw1.south) {U.S.};
\node [anchor=north] (tw2) at ([yshift=-2em]sw2.south) {President};
\node [anchor=north] (tw3) at ([yshift=-2em]sw3.south) {Trump};
\draw [-,dashed] (sw1.south) -- (tw1.north);
\draw [-,dashed] (sw2.south) -- (tw2.north);
\draw [-,dashed] (sw3.south) -- (tw3.north);
\draw [-,dashed] (sw4.south) -- (tw3.north);
\node [anchor=west] (rulelabel1) at ([xshift=1in,yshift=0.3em]n1.east) {{抽取到的规则：}};
\node [anchor=north west] (rule1) at (rulelabel1.south west) {NP(NNP$_1$ NN$_2$ NN(唐纳德) NN(特朗普))};
\node [anchor=north west] (rule1t) at ([yshift=0.2em]rule1.south west) {$\to$ NNP$_1$ NN$_2$ Trump};
\node [anchor=north west] (rule2) at (rule1t.south west) {NP(NNP$_1$ NN(总统) NN(唐纳德) NN(特朗普))};
\node [anchor=north west] (rule2t) at ([yshift=0.2em]rule2.south west) {$\to$ NNP$_1$ President Trump};
\node [anchor=north west] (rulelabel2) at ([yshift=-0.3em]rule2t.south west) {{{\red{不能}}抽取到的规则：}};
\node [anchor=north west] (rule3) at (rulelabel2.south west) {NP(NN(唐纳德) NN(特朗普)) $\to$ Trump};
\end{scope}
}
}
\end{tikzpicture}
\end{center}
\ No newline at end of file
Chapter8/Figures/figure-tree-cutting-defined-by-edge-nodes.tex 0 → 100644
%%%------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
%%% 规则抽取
\begin{center}
\begin{tikzpicture}
{\scriptsize
\begin{scope}[scale = 0.9, sibling distance=20pt, level distance=30pt]
{\footnotesize
\Tree[.\node(n1){IP};
[.\node(n2){NP}; [.\node(n3){PN}; \node(cw1){他}; ]]
[.\node(n4){VP};
[.\node(n5){PP};
[.\node(n6){P}; \node(cw2){对}; ]
[.\node(n7){NP};
[.\node(n8){NN}; \node(cw3){回答}; ]
]
]
[.\node(n9){VP};
[.\node(n10){VV}; \node(cw4){表示}; ]
[.\node(n11){NN}; \node(cw5){满意}; ]
]
]
]
}
\begin{pgfonlayer}{background}
{
\node [rectangle,fill=blue!20,inner sep=0] [fit = (n11)] (n11box) {};
\node [rectangle,fill=red!20,inner sep=0] [fit = (n4)] (n4box) {};
\node [rectangle,fill=red!20,inner sep=0] [fit = (n1)] (n1box) {};
\node [rectangle,fill=red!20,inner sep=0] [fit = (n2)] (n2box) {};
\node [rectangle,fill=red!20,inner sep=0] [fit = (n3)] (n3box) {};
\node [rectangle,fill=red!20,inner sep=0] [fit = (n5)] (n5box) {};
\node [rectangle,fill=red!20,inner sep=0] [fit = (n6)] (n6box) {};
\node [rectangle,fill=red!20,inner sep=0] [fit = (n7)] (n7box) {};
\node [rectangle,fill=red!20,inner sep=0] [fit = (n8)] (n8box) {};
\node [rectangle,fill=red!20,inner sep=0] [fit = (n9)] (n9box) {};
\node [rectangle,fill=blue!20,inner sep=0] [fit = (n10)] (n10box) {};
\node [anchor=north west, minimum size=1.2em, fill=red!20] (land1) at ([xshift=7.0em,yshift=0em]n1.north east) {};
\node [anchor=west] (land1label) at (land1.east) {\scriptsize{可信}};
\node [anchor=north west, minimum size=1.2em, fill=blue!20] (land2) at ([yshift=-0.3em]land1.south west) {};
\node [anchor=west] (land2label) at (land2.east) {\scriptsize{不可信}};
}
\end{pgfonlayer}
\node[anchor=north,minimum size=18pt] (tw1) at ([yshift=-10.0em]cw1.south){he};
\node[anchor=west,minimum size=18pt] (tw2) at ([yshift=-0.1em,xshift=0.3em]tw1.east){was};
\node[anchor=west,minimum size=18pt] (tw3) at ([yshift=0.1em,xshift=0.3em]tw2.east){satisfied};
\node[anchor=west,minimum size=18pt] (tw4) at ([xshift=0.3em]tw3.east){with};
\node[anchor=west,minimum size=18pt] (tw5) at ([xshift=0.3em]tw4.east){the};
\node[anchor=west,minimum size=18pt] (tw6) at ([yshift=-0.1em,xshift=0.3em]tw5.east){answer};
\draw[dashed] (cw1.south) -- ([yshift=-0.4em]tw1.north);
\draw[dashed] (cw2.south) .. controls +(south:2.0) and +(north:0.6) .. ([yshift=-0.4em]tw4.north);
\draw[dashed] (cw3.south) -- ([yshift=-0.4em]tw5.north);
\draw[dashed] (cw3.south) -- ([yshift=-0.4em]tw6.north);
\draw[dashed] (cw4.south) .. controls +(south:2.5) and +(north:0.6) .. ([yshift=-0.4em]tw3.north);
\draw[dashed] (cw5.south) .. controls +(south:2.5) and +(north:0.6) .. ([yshift=-0.4em]tw3.north);
\end{scope}
\begin{scope} [yshift = -1.87in, xshift = 1.9in]
{
\begin{scope}[level distance=20pt]
\node[scale=0.8, inner sep=0.1cm,align=center,draw] (cfrag1) at
(0,0.25) {\Tree[.\node(sn1){NP}; [.\node(sn2){PN}; 他 ]]};
\end{scope}
\begin{scope}[level distance=20pt]
\node[scale=0.8, inner sep=0.1cm,align=center,anchor=south west,draw] (cfrag2) at
([xshift=1.2em]cfrag1.south east) {\Tree[.\node(sn3){P}; 对 ]};
\end{scope}
\begin{scope}[level distance=20pt]
\node[scale=0.8, inner sep=0.1cm,align=center,anchor=south west,draw] (cfrag3) at
([xshift=1.2em]cfrag2.south east) {\Tree[.\node(sn4){NP}; [.NN 回答 ]]};
\end{scope}
\begin{scope}[sibling distance=15pt,level distance=20pt]
\node[scale=0.8, inner sep=0.1cm,align=center,anchor=south west,draw] (cfrag4) at
([xshift=1.4em]cfrag3.south east) {\Tree[.\node(sn5){VP}; [.\node(sn6){VV}; 表示 ] [.\node(sn7){NN}; 满意 ]]};
\end{scope}
\begin{scope}[sibling distance=20pt,,level distance=25pt]
\node[scale=0.8, inner sep=0.1cm,align=center,anchor=south west,draw] (cfrag5) at
([xshift=0.3em,yshift=2.5em]cfrag2.north west) {\Tree[.\node(sn8){PP}; [.\node(sn9){P}; ] [.\node(sn10){NP}; ]]};
\end{scope}
\begin{scope}[sibling distance=60pt]
\node[scale=0.8, inner sep=0.1cm,align=center,anchor=south west,draw] (cfrag6) at
([xshift=1.6em,yshift=0.8em]cfrag5.north west) {\Tree[.\node(sn11){VP}; [.\node(sn12){PP}; ] [.\node(sn13){VP}; ]]};
\end{scope}
\begin{scope}[sibling distance=80pt,level distance=18pt]
\node[scale=0.8, inner sep=0.1cm,align=center,anchor=south east,draw] (cfrag7) at
([xshift=-3.6em,yshift=0.8em]cfrag6.north east) {\Tree[.\node(sn14){IP}; [.\node(sn15){NP}; ] [.\node(sn16){VP}; ]]};
\end{scope}
\node[scale=0.9,anchor=north,minimum size=18pt] (tw11) at ([xshift=-0.3em,yshift=-1.2em]cfrag1.south){he};
\node[scale=0.9,anchor=west,minimum size=18pt] (tw12) at ([yshift=-0.1em,xshift=0.5em]tw11.east){was};
\node[scale=0.9,anchor=west,minimum size=18pt] (tw13) at ([yshift=0.1em,xshift=0.5em]tw12.east){satisfied};
\node[scale=0.9,anchor=west,minimum size=18pt] (tw14) at ([xshift=0.5em]tw13.east){with};
\node[scale=0.9,anchor=west,minimum size=18pt] (tw15) at ([xshift=0.5em]tw14.east){the};
\node[scale=0.9,anchor=west,minimum size=18pt] (tw16) at ([yshift=-0.1em,xshift=0.5em]tw15.east){answer};
\draw[dashed] ([xshift=-0.3em]cfrag1.south) -- ([yshift=-0.3em]tw11.north);
\draw[dashed] (cfrag2.south) -- ([yshift=-0.4em]tw14.north);
\draw[dashed] (cfrag3.south) -- ([yshift=-0.4em]tw15.north);
\draw[dashed] (cfrag3.south) -- ([yshift=-0.4em]tw16.north);
\draw[dashed] (cfrag4.south) .. controls +(south:0.6) and +(north:0.6) .. ([yshift=-0.4em]tw13.north);
\draw[*-*] ([xshift=0.0em,yshift=-0.2em]cfrag1.north) -- ([xshift=0.0em,yshift=11.3em]cfrag1.north);
\draw[*-*] ([xshift=0.1em,yshift=-0.2em]cfrag2.north) -- ([xshift=0.1em,yshift=2.9em]cfrag2.north);
\draw[*-*] ([xshift=0.1em,yshift=-0.4em]cfrag3.north) -- ([xshift=0.1em,yshift=0.9em]cfrag3.north);
\draw[*-*] ([xshift=0.0em,yshift=-0.2em]cfrag4.north) -- ([xshift=0.0em,yshift=5.7em]cfrag4.north);
\draw[*-*] ([xshift=0.1em,yshift=-0.2em]cfrag5.north) -- ([xshift=0.1em,yshift=1em]cfrag5.north);
\draw[*-*] ([xshift=0.0em,yshift=-0.2em]cfrag6.north) -- ([xshift=0.0em,yshift=1em]cfrag6.north);
}
\end{scope}
}
\end{tikzpicture}
\end{center}
\ No newline at end of file
Chapter8/Figures/figure-tree-fragment-to-string-mapping.tex 0 → 100644
%%%------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
%%% 树到串规则
\begin{center}
\begin{tikzpicture}
\begin{scope}[scale=1]
\Tree[.\node(sn1){VP};
[.\node(sn2){VV}; \node(scw1){提高}; ]
[.\node(sn3){NN}; ]
]
\path [draw, ->, thick] ([xshift=1em]sn3.east) -- ([xshift=2.5em]sn3.east);
\node [anchor=west] (tw1) at ([xshift=3.5em]sn3.east) {increases};
\node [anchor=west,fill=red!20] (tw2) at ([xshift=0.3em]tw1.east) {NN};
\draw[dotted,thick,<->] ([yshift=-0.1em]sn3.south)..controls +(south:1.2) and +(south: 1.2)..([yshift=-0.1em]tw2.south);
\begin{pgfonlayer}{background}
\node [rectangle,inner sep=0em,fill=red!20] [fit = (sn3)] (nn1) {};
\end{pgfonlayer}
\end{scope}
\end{tikzpicture}
\end{center}
Chapter8/Figures/figure-tree-segment-corresponding-to-phrase.tex 0 → 100644
%%%------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
%%% SPMT规则
\begin{tikzpicture}
{\small
\begin{scope}
{
\begin{scope}[level distance=20pt]
\node[scale=0.8, inner sep=0.1cm,align=center,draw] (cfrag1) at
(0,0.25) {\Tree[.\node(sn1){NP}; [.\node(sn2){PN}; 他 ]]};
\end{scope}
\begin{scope}[level distance=20pt]
\node[scale=0.8, inner sep=0.1cm,align=center,anchor=south west,draw] (cfrag2) at
([xshift=1.2em]cfrag1.south east) {\Tree[.\node(sn3){P}; 对 ]};
\end{scope}
\begin{scope}[level distance=20pt]
\node[scale=0.8, inner sep=0.1cm,align=center,anchor=south west,draw] (cfrag3) at
([xshift=1.2em]cfrag2.south east) {\Tree[.\node(sn4){NP}; [.NN 形式 ]]};
\end{scope}
\begin{scope}[sibling distance=15pt,level distance=20pt]
\node[scale=0.8, inner sep=0.1cm,align=center,anchor=south west,draw] (cfrag4) at
([xshift=1.4em]cfrag3.south east) {\Tree[.\node(sn5){VP}; [.\node(sn6){VV}; 表示 ] [.\node(sn7){NN}; 担心 ]]};
\end{scope}
\begin{scope}[sibling distance=40pt,level distance=20pt]
\node[scale=0.8, inner sep=0.1cm,align=center,anchor=south west,draw] (cfrag6) at
([xshift=0em,yshift=4em]cfrag2.north west) {\Tree[.\node(sn11){VP}; [.\node(sn9){P}; ] [.\node(sn10){NP}; ] [.\node(sn13){VP}; ]]};
\end{scope}
\begin{scope}[sibling distance=75pt,level distance=18pt]
\node[scale=0.8, inner sep=0.1cm,align=center,anchor=south east,draw] (cfrag7) at
([xshift=-4.6em,yshift=0.5em]cfrag6.north east) {\Tree[.\node(sn14){IP}; [.\node(sn15){NP}; ] [.\node(sn16){VP}; ]]};
\end{scope}
\node[scale=0.9,anchor=north,minimum size=18pt] (tw11) at ([xshift=-0.3em,yshift=-1.2em]cfrag1.south){he};
\node[scale=0.9,anchor=west,minimum size=18pt] (tw12) at ([yshift=-0.1em,xshift=0.5em]tw11.east){was};
\node[scale=0.9,anchor=west,minimum size=18pt] (tw13) at ([yshift=0.1em,xshift=0.5em]tw12.east){worried};
\node[scale=0.9,anchor=west,minimum size=18pt] (tw14) at ([xshift=0.5em]tw13.east){about};
\node[scale=0.9,anchor=west,minimum size=18pt] (tw15) at ([xshift=0.5em]tw14.east){the};
\node[scale=0.9,anchor=west,minimum size=18pt] (tw16) at ([yshift=-0.1em,xshift=0.5em]tw15.east){situation};
\draw[dashed] ([xshift=-0.3em]cfrag1.south) -- ([yshift=-0.3em]tw11.north);
\draw[dashed] (cfrag2.south) -- ([yshift=-0.4em]tw14.north);
\draw[dashed] (cfrag3.south) -- ([yshift=-0.4em]tw15.north);
\draw[dashed] (cfrag3.south) -- ([yshift=-0.4em]tw16.north);
\draw[dashed] (cfrag4.south) .. controls +(south:0.6) and +(north:0.6) .. ([yshift=-0.4em]tw13.north);
{
\draw[dashed,red] (cfrag2.south) -- ([yshift=-0.4em]tw14.north);
\draw[dashed,red] (cfrag3.south) -- ([yshift=-0.4em]tw15.north);
\draw[dashed,red] (cfrag3.south) -- ([yshift=-0.4em]tw16.north);
}
\draw[*-*] ([xshift=0.0em,yshift=-0.2em]cfrag1.north) -- ([xshift=0.0em,yshift=6.3em]cfrag1.north);
\draw[*-*] ([xshift=-0.1em,yshift=-0.2em]cfrag2.north) -- ([xshift=-0.1em,yshift=4.2em]cfrag2.north);
\draw[*-*] ([xshift=0.1em,yshift=-0.2em]cfrag3.north) .. controls +(north:2.4em) and +(south:2.4em) .. ([xshift=1.1em,yshift=2.6em]cfrag3.north);
\draw[*-*] ([xshift=0.0em,yshift=-0.2em]cfrag4.north) -- ([xshift=0.0em,yshift=2.6em]cfrag4.north);
\draw[*-*] ([xshift=0.0em,yshift=-0.2em]cfrag6.north) -- ([xshift=0em,yshift=0.8em]cfrag6.north);
{
\node [fill=blue,circle,inner sep=2pt] (rlabel2) at (cfrag2.north east) {{\color{white} \footnotesize{2}}};
\node [fill=blue,circle,inner sep=2pt] (rlabel3) at (cfrag3.north east) {{\color{white} \footnotesize{3}}};
\node [fill=blue,circle,inner sep=2pt] (rlabel6) at (cfrag6.north east) {{\color{white} \footnotesize{5}}};
}
\begin{pgfonlayer}{background}
{
\node [fill=green!20,inner sep=0pt] (cfrag2back) [fit = (cfrag2)] {};
\node [fill=green!20,inner sep=0pt] (cfrag3back) [fit = (cfrag3)] {};
\node [fill=green!20,inner sep=0pt] (cfrag6back) [fit = (cfrag6)] {};
}
{
\node [anchor=south west,draw=red,thick,fill=red!20,inner sep=0pt,minimum height = 2em, minimum width=5.4em] (ps) at ([xshift=0em,yshift=0em]cfrag2.south west) {};
\node [anchor=south west,draw=red,thick,fill=red!20,inner sep=0pt] (pt) [fit = (tw14) (tw15) (tw16)] {};
}
\end{pgfonlayer}
}
\end{scope}
}
\end{tikzpicture}
\ No newline at end of file
Chapter8/Figures/figure-tree-to-string-rule-empty-alignment-1.tex 0 → 100644
%%%------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
%%% 处理空对其单词
\begin{minipage}[b]{0.38\textwidth}
{\small
\renewcommand*{\arraystretch}{1.3}
\begin{tabular}{l l}
{$r_1$} & {NP(PN(他)) $\to$ he} \\
{$r_4$} & {VP(VV(表示) NN(满意) $\to$} \\
& {satisfied} \\
{$r_6$} & {VP(PP$_1$ VP$_2$) $\to$ VP$_2$ PP$_1$} \\
{$r_7$} & {IP(NP$_1$ VP$_2$) $\to$ NP$_1$ VP$_2$} \\
{$r_8$} & {NP(PN(他)) $\to$ he {\red{was}}} \\
{$r_9$} & {VP(VV(表示) NN(满意)) $\to$} \\
& {{\red{was}} satisfied} \\
{$r_{10}$} & {VP(PP$_1$ VP$_2$) $\to$} \\
& {{\red{was}} VP$_2$ PP$_1$} \\
{$r_{11}$} & {IP(NP$_1$ VP$_2$) $\to$} \\
& {NP$_1$ {\red{was}} VP$_2$} \\
\end{tabular}
\renewcommand*{\arraystretch}{1.0}
}
\end{minipage}
Chapter8/Figures/figure-tree-to-string-rule-empty-alignment-2.tex 0 → 100644
%%%------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
%%% 处理空对其单词
\begin{minipage}[t]{0.47\textwidth}
\begin{tikzpicture}
{\scriptsize
\begin{scope}
{
\begin{scope}[level distance=20pt]
\node[scale=0.8, inner sep=0.1cm,align=center,draw] (cfrag1) at
(0,0.25) {\Tree[.\node(sn1){NP}; [.\node(sn2){PN}; 他 ]]};
\end{scope}
\begin{scope}[level distance=20pt]
\node[scale=0.8, inner sep=0.1cm,align=center,anchor=south west,draw] (cfrag2) at
([xshift=1.2em]cfrag1.south east) {\Tree[.\node(sn3){P}; 对 ]};
\end{scope}
\begin{scope}[level distance=20pt]
\node[scale=0.8, inner sep=0.1cm,align=center,anchor=south west,draw] (cfrag3) at
([xshift=1.2em]cfrag2.south east) {\Tree[.\node(sn4){NP}; [.NN 回答 ]]};
\end{scope}
\begin{scope}[sibling distance=15pt,level distance=20pt]
\node[scale=0.8, inner sep=0.1cm,align=center,anchor=south west,draw] (cfrag4) at
([xshift=1.4em]cfrag3.south east) {\Tree[.\node(sn5){VP}; [.\node(sn6){VV}; 表示 ] [.\node(sn7){NN}; 满意 ]]};
\end{scope}
\begin{scope}[sibling distance=20pt,,level distance=25pt]
\node[scale=0.8, inner sep=0.1cm,align=center,anchor=south west,draw] (cfrag5) at
([xshift=0.3em,yshift=2.5em]cfrag2.north west) {\Tree[.\node(sn8){PP}; [.\node(sn9){P}; ] [.\node(sn10){NP}; ]]};
\end{scope}
\begin{scope}[sibling distance=60pt]
\node[scale=0.8, inner sep=0.1cm,align=center,anchor=south west,draw] (cfrag6) at
([xshift=1.6em,yshift=0.8em]cfrag5.north west) {\Tree[.\node(sn11){VP}; [.\node(sn12){PP}; ] [.\node(sn13){VP}; ]]};
\end{scope}
\begin{scope}[sibling distance=80pt,level distance=18pt]
\node[scale=0.8, inner sep=0.1cm,align=center,anchor=south east,draw] (cfrag7) at
([xshift=-3.6em,yshift=0.8em]cfrag6.north east) {\Tree[.\node(sn14){IP}; [.\node(sn15){NP}; ] [.\node(sn16){VP}; ]]};
\end{scope}
\node[scale=0.9,anchor=north,minimum size=18pt] (tw11) at ([xshift=-0.3em,yshift=-1.2em]cfrag1.south){he};
\node[scale=0.9,anchor=west,minimum size=18pt] (tw12) at ([yshift=-0.1em,xshift=0.5em]tw11.east){\red{was}};
\node[scale=0.9,anchor=west,minimum size=18pt] (tw13) at ([yshift=0.1em,xshift=0.5em]tw12.east){satisfied};
\node[scale=0.9,anchor=west,minimum size=18pt] (tw14) at ([xshift=0.5em]tw13.east){with};
\node[scale=0.9,anchor=west,minimum size=18pt] (tw15) at ([xshift=0.5em]tw14.east){the};
\node[scale=0.9,anchor=west,minimum size=18pt] (tw16) at ([yshift=-0.1em,xshift=0.5em]tw15.east){answer};
\draw[dashed] ([xshift=-0.3em]cfrag1.south) -- ([yshift=-0.3em]tw11.north);
\draw[dashed] (cfrag2.south) -- ([yshift=-0.4em]tw14.north);
\draw[dashed] (cfrag3.south) -- ([yshift=-0.4em]tw15.north);
\draw[dashed] (cfrag3.south) -- ([yshift=-0.4em]tw16.north);
\draw[dashed] (cfrag4.south) .. controls +(south:0.6) and +(north:0.6) .. ([yshift=-0.4em]tw13.north);
\draw[*-*] ([xshift=0.0em,yshift=-0.2em]cfrag1.north) -- ([xshift=0.0em,yshift=11.3em]cfrag1.north);
\draw[*-*] ([xshift=0.1em,yshift=-0.2em]cfrag2.north) -- ([xshift=0.1em,yshift=2.9em]cfrag2.north);
\draw[*-*] ([xshift=0.1em,yshift=-0.4em]cfrag3.north) -- ([xshift=0.1em,yshift=0.9em]cfrag3.north);
\draw[*-*] ([xshift=0.0em,yshift=-0.2em]cfrag4.north) -- ([xshift=0.0em,yshift=5.7em]cfrag4.north);
\draw[*-*] ([xshift=0.1em,yshift=-0.2em]cfrag5.north) -- ([xshift=0.1em,yshift=1em]cfrag5.north);
\draw[*-*] ([xshift=0.0em,yshift=-0.2em]cfrag6.north) -- ([xshift=0.0em,yshift=1em]cfrag6.north);
{
\node [fill=blue,circle,inner sep=2pt] (rlabel1) at (cfrag1.south east) {{\color{white} \tiny{1}}};
}
%\node [fill=blue,circle,inner sep=2pt] (rlabel2) at (cfrag2.south east) {{\color{white} \tiny{2}}};
%\node [fill=blue,circle,inner sep=2pt] (rlabel3) at (cfrag3.south east) {{\color{white} \tiny{3}}};
{
\node [fill=blue,circle,inner sep=2pt] (rlabel4) at (cfrag4.south east) {{\color{white} \tiny{4}}};
}
%\node [fill=blue,circle,inner sep=2pt] (rlabel5) at (cfrag5.north west) {{\color{white} \tiny{5}}};
{
\node [fill=blue,circle,inner sep=2pt] (rlabel6) at (cfrag6.north east) {{\color{white} \tiny{6}}};
}
{
\node [fill=blue,circle,inner sep=2pt] (rlabel7) at (cfrag7.south west) {{\color{white} \tiny{7}}};
}
\begin{pgfonlayer}{background}
{
\node [fill=white,draw=red,thick,minimum height=1.2em,minimum width=2.2em] (tw12label) at (tw12) {};
}
{
\node [fill=green!20,inner sep=0pt] (cfrag1back) [fit = (cfrag1)] {};
}
{
\node [fill=green!20,inner sep=0pt] (cfrag1back) [fit = (cfrag4)] {};
}
{
\node [fill=green!20,inner sep=0pt] (cfrag1back) [fit = (cfrag6)] {};
}
{
\node [fill=green!20,inner sep=0pt] (cfrag1back) [fit = (cfrag7)] {};
}
\end{pgfonlayer}
{
\draw [->,red] ([xshift=0.2em]tw12label.north west) .. controls +(north:0.4) and +(south:0.4) .. ([xshift=0em]cfrag1.south);
}
{
\draw [->,red] ([xshift=0.8em]tw12label.north west) -- ([xshift=0.8em,yshift=18.4em]tw12label.north west);
}
{
\draw [->,red] ([xshift=0.2em]tw12label.north) .. controls +(north:7em) and +(south:11em) .. ([xshift=0em,yshift=0em]cfrag6.south);
}
{
\draw [->,red] ([xshift=0.6em]tw12label.north) -- ([xshift=-2em]cfrag4.south);
}
}
\end{scope}
}
\end{tikzpicture}
\end{minipage}
\ No newline at end of file
Chapter8/Figures/figure-tree-to-tree-rule-extraction-base-node-alignment.tex 0 → 100644
%%%------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
%%% 方法2：直接进行节点对齐然后归纳句法映射
\begin{tikzpicture}
\begin{scope}
{
\begin{scope}[scale=0.65, level distance=27pt]
\Tree[.\node[draw](en1){S};
[.\node[draw](en2){NP};
[.DT the ]
[.NNS imports ]
]
[.\node[draw](en3){VP};
[.\node[draw](en4){VBZ}; have ]
[.ADVP
[.\node[draw](en5){RB}; drastically ]
[.\node[draw](en6){VBN}; fallen ]
]
]
]
\end{scope}
\begin{scope}[scale=0.65, level distance=27pt, grow'=up, xshift=-13pt, yshift=-3.5in, sibling distance=22pt]
\Tree[.\node[draw](cn1){\ \ IP\ \ };
[.\node[draw](cn2){NN}; 进口 ]
[.\node[draw](cn3){VP};
[.\node[draw](cn4){AD}; 大幅度 ]
[.VP
[.\node[draw](cn5){VV}; 下降 ]
[.\node[draw](cn6){AS}; 了 ]
]
]
]
\end{scope}
}
{
\draw[latex-latex, dotted, thick, red] (cn4.east) .. controls +(east:0.5) and +(west:0.5) .. (en5.west);
\draw[latex-latex, dotted, thick, red] (cn5.east) .. controls +(east:0.5) and +(south:0.5) .. (en6.south west);
\draw[latex-latex, dotted, thick, red] (cn6.north west) .. controls +(north:1.5) and +(south:2.5) .. (en4.south west);
\draw[latex-latex, dotted, thick, red] (cn3.north west) -- (en3.south west);
\draw[latex-latex, dotted, thick, red] (cn2.west) .. controls +(west:0.6) and +(west:0.6) .. (en2.west);
\draw[latex-latex, dotted, thick, red] (cn1.north west) .. controls +(north:4) and +(south:5.5) .. (en1.south west);
}
\end{scope}
\node[anchor=north](t1) at (5.8,0.3){{\small{抽取得到的规则(子树对齐)}}};
\node[anchor=north](t2) at ([xshift=2.9em,yshift=0.5em]t1.south){\underline{\qquad \qquad \qquad \quad \qquad \qquad \qquad \qquad \qquad}};
\node[anchor=north](t3) at ([xshift=-7.7em,yshift=0.0em]t2.south){\color{gray!70}\small{$r_1$}};
\node[anchor=west](t3-1) at ([xshift=0.0em,yshift=0.0em]t3.east){\color{gray!70}\small{AS(了) $\rightarrow$ DT(the)}};
\node[anchor=north](t4) at ([xshift=0.0em,yshift=0.0em]t3.south){\color{gray!70}\small{$r_2$}};
\node[anchor=west](t4-1) at ([xshift=0.0em,yshift=0.0em]t4.east){\color{gray!70}\small{NN(进口) $\rightarrow$ NNS(imports)}};
\node[anchor=north](t5) at ([xshift=0.0em,yshift=0.0em]t4.south){\small{$r_3$}};
\node[anchor=west](t5-1) at ([xshift=0.0em,yshift=0.0em]t5.east){\small{AD(大幅度) $\rightarrow$ RB(drastically)}};
\node[anchor=north](t6) at ([xshift=0.0em,yshift=0.0em]t5.south){\small{$r_4$}};
\node[anchor=west](t6-1) at ([xshift=0.0em,yshift=0.0em]t6.east){\small{VV(下降) $\rightarrow$ VBN(fallen)}};
\node[anchor=north](t7) at ([xshift=0.0em,yshift=0.0em]t6.south){\color{gray!70}\small{$r_5$}};
\node[anchor=west](t7-1) at ([xshift=0.0em,yshift=0.0em]t7.east){\color{gray!70}\small{IP(NN$_1$ VP(AD$_2$ VP(VV$_3$ AS$_4$)) $\rightarrow$}};
\node[anchor=north](t8) at ([xshift=9.4em,yshift=0.0em]t7.south){\color{gray!70}\scriptsize{S(NP(DT$_4$ NNS$_1$) VP(VBZ(have) ADVP(RB$_2$ VBN$_3$))}};
\node[anchor=north](s3) at ([xshift=0.0em,yshift=-1.3em]t7.south){\red{\small{$r_{6}$}}};
\node[anchor=west](s3-1) at ([xshift=0.0em,yshift=0.0em]s3.east){\red{\small{AS(了) $\rightarrow$ VBZ(have)}}};
\node[anchor=north](s4) at ([xshift=0.0em,yshift=0.0em]s3.south){\red{\small{$r_{7}$}}};
\node[anchor=west](s4-1) at ([xshift=0.0em,yshift=0.0em]s4.east){\red{\small{NN(进口) $\rightarrow$}}};
\node[anchor=north](s5) at ([xshift=0.0em,yshift=0.0em]s4.south){\small{\color{white}{$r_{?}$}}};
\node[anchor=west](s5-1) at ([xshift=0.0em,yshift=0.0em]s5.east){\red{\small{NP(DT(the) NNS(imports))}}};
\node[anchor=north](s6) at ([xshift=0.0em,yshift=0.0em]s5.south){\red{\small{$r_{8}$}}};
\node[anchor=west](s6-1) at ([xshift=0.0em,yshift=0.0em]s6.east){\red{\small{VP(AD$_1$ VP(VV$_2$ AS$_3$)) $\rightarrow$}}};
\node[anchor=north](s7) at ([xshift=0.0em,yshift=0.0em]s6.south){\red{\small{\color{white}{$r_{?}$}}}};
\node[anchor=west](s7-1) at ([xshift=0.0em,yshift=0.0em]s7.east){\red{\small{VP(VBZ$_3$ ADVP(RB$_1$ VBN$_2$)}}};
\node[anchor=north](s8) at ([xshift=0.0em,yshift=0.0em]s7.south){\red{\small{$r_{9}$}}};
\node[anchor=west](s8-1) at ([xshift=0.0em,yshift=0.0em]s8.east){\red{\small{IP(NN$_1$ VP$_2$) $\rightarrow$ S(NP$_1$ VP$_2$)}}};
\end{tikzpicture}
Chapter8/Figures/figure-tree-to-tree-rule-extraction-base-word-alignment.tex 0 → 100644
\begin{tikzpicture}
\begin{scope}
\begin{scope}[scale=0.65, level distance=27pt]
\Tree[.S
[.NP
[.DT \node(ew1){the}; ]
[.NNS \node(ew2){imports}; ]
]
[.VP
[.VBZ \node(ew3){have}; ]
[.ADVP
[.RB \node(ew4){drastically}; ]
[.VBN \node(ew5){fallen}; ]
]
]
]
\end{scope}
\begin{scope}[scale=0.65, level distance=27pt, grow'=up, xshift=-13pt, yshift=-3.5in, sibling distance=22pt]
\Tree[.IP
[.NN \node(cw1){进口}; ]
[.VP
[.AD \node(cw2){大幅度}; ]
[.VP
[.VV \node(cw3){下降}; ]
[.AS \node(cw4){了}; ]
]
]
]
\end{scope}
{
\draw[-, dashed] (cw1) -- (ew2);
\draw[-, dashed] (cw2) -- (ew4);
\draw[-, dashed] (cw3) -- (ew5);
\draw[-, dashed] (cw4) .. controls +(north:1.0) and +(south:1.6) .. (ew1);
}
{
\draw[-, red, dashed,thick] (cw4) .. controls +(north:1.0) and +(south:1.6) .. (ew1);
}
\end{scope}
\node[anchor=north](t1) at (4.5,0.3){{\small{抽取得到的规则}}};
\node[anchor=north](t2) at ([xshift=5.5em,yshift=0.5em]t1.south){\underline{\qquad \qquad \qquad \quad \qquad \qquad \qquad \qquad \qquad}};
\node[anchor=north](t3) at ([xshift=-7.7em,yshift=0.0em]t2.south){\small{$r_1$}};
\node[anchor=west](t3-1) at ([xshift=0.0em,yshift=0.0em]t3.east){\small{AS(了) $\rightarrow$ DT(the)}};
\node[anchor=north](t4) at ([xshift=0.0em,yshift=0.0em]t3.south){\small{$r_2$}};
\node[anchor=west](t4-1) at ([xshift=0.0em,yshift=0.0em]t4.east){\small{NN(进口) $\rightarrow$ NNS(imports)}};
\node[anchor=north](t5) at ([xshift=0.0em,yshift=0.0em]t4.south){\small{$r_3$}};
\node[anchor=west](t5-1) at ([xshift=0.0em,yshift=0.0em]t5.east){\small{AD(大幅度) $\rightarrow$ RB(drastically)}};
\node[anchor=north](t6) at ([xshift=0.0em,yshift=0.0em]t5.south){\small{$r_4$}};
\node[anchor=west](t6-1) at ([xshift=0.0em,yshift=0.0em]t6.east){\small{VV(下降) $\rightarrow$ VBN(fallen)}};
\node[anchor=north](t7) at ([xshift=0.0em,yshift=0.0em]t6.south){\small{$r_6$}};
\node[anchor=west](t7-1) at ([xshift=0.0em,yshift=0.0em]t7.east){\small{IP(NN$_1$ VP(AD$_2$ VP(VV$_3$ AS$_4$)) $\rightarrow$}};
\node[anchor=north](t8) at ([xshift=9.4em,yshift=0.0em]t7.south){\scriptsize{S(NP(DT$_4$ NNS$_1$) VP(VBZ(have) ADVP(RB$_2$ VBN$_3$))}};
\node[anchor=north](s1) at ([yshift=-8.0em]t1.south){{\small{无法得到的规则}}};
\node[anchor=north](s2) at ([xshift=5.5em,yshift=0.5em]s1.south){\underline{\qquad \qquad \qquad \quad \qquad \qquad \qquad \qquad \qquad}};
\node[anchor=north](s3) at ([xshift=-7.7em,yshift=0.0em]s2.south){\small{$r_{?}$}};
\node[anchor=west](s3-1) at ([xshift=0.0em,yshift=0.0em]s3.east){\small{AS(了) $\rightarrow$ VBZ(have)}};
\node[anchor=north](s4) at ([xshift=0.0em,yshift=0.0em]s3.south){\small{$r_{?}$}};
\node[anchor=west](s4-1) at ([xshift=0.0em,yshift=0.0em]s4.east){\small{NN(进口) $\rightarrow$}\small{NP(DT(the) NNS(imports))}};
\node[anchor=north](s6) at ([xshift=0.0em,yshift=0.0em]s4.south){\small{$r_{?}$}};
\node[anchor=west](s6-1) at ([xshift=0.0em,yshift=0.0em]s6.east){\small{IP(NN$_1$ VP$_2$) $\rightarrow$ S(NP$_1$ VP$_2$)}};
\end{tikzpicture}
Chapter8/Figures/figure-word-and-index-of-pos.tex 0 → 100644
%------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
%%% 基于树的解码方法 - chart-based decoding
\begin{center}
\begin{tikzpicture}
\begin{scope}
\node [anchor=north west] (w1) at (0, 0) {猫};
\node [anchor=west] (w2) at ([xshift=0.3em]w1.east) {喜欢};
\node [anchor=west] (w3) at ([xshift=0.3em]w2.east) {吃};
\node [anchor=west] (w4) at ([xshift=0.3em]w3.east) {鱼};
\node [anchor=north east] (p0) at ([xshift=0.3em]w1.south west) {\blue{0}};
\node [anchor=north east] (p1) at ([xshift=0.3em]w2.south west) {\blue{1}};
\node [anchor=north east] (p2) at ([xshift=0.3em]w3.south west) {\blue{2}};
\node [anchor=north east] (p3) at ([xshift=0.3em]w4.south west) {\blue{3}};
\node [anchor=north west] (p4) at ([xshift=-0.4em]w4.south east) {\blue{4}};
\end{scope}
\end{tikzpicture}
\end{center}
Chapter8/chapter8.tex
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